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Edexcel GCSE Chinese Grammar Foundation Tier (1CN0F) 2021 Edition Sample

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LEGOO MANDARIN
LEGOO MANDARIN

Edexcel GCSE Chinese Grammar Foundation Tier (1CN0F) 2021 Edition 国际汉语水平考试规范性语法-The latest and most complete grammar by referring GCSE and HSK Syllabus 规范性语法等级大纲 (169 Grammatical points, 1445 Illustrations) New Book Launching, More details and Best Price @ https://bit.ly/2XfQQXE The new Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1) in Chinese (spoken Mandarin/spoken Cantonese) has been developed to help students of all abilities progress and develop a passion for languages, through culturally engaging content, which will enable students to manipulate and use the target language effectively, independently and creatively, so that they have a solid basis from which to progress to A Level or employment. By referring Edexcel GCSE Chinese and HSK 1-2 (version 2009 and the latest version 2021) Syllabus, we edited a series of Chinese Vocabulary for those who are studying Chinese or preparing international examinations, such as IB, SAT, AP, IGCSE, GCSE Chinese. This book gives students a quick revision for their coming exam! Combining our 26 years’ expertise in Teaching and editing our own materials, here is the “LIFE SAVING” book called by many students for their exams. Grab it! Thanks for your support for us creating better contents for you!

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2 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Contents Preface -AQA GCSE Chinese 8673H V2021..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Preface 2021 HSK Chinese New Standards for International Chinese Language Education.............................12 HSK V2021 General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar..................................................................................24 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?..................................................................................................25 About the Author: ...............................................................................................................................................28 Our Story ............................................................................................................................................................29 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................30 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................31 II. Test Levels.................................................................................................................................................31 I. Test Target ..................................................................................................................................................33 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB, CEF ........................................................................................34 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..............................................................................................................................34 Youth Chinese Test.............................................................................................................................................39 Business Chinese Test ........................................................................................................................................43 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................46 Notationsφ.........................................................................................................................................................50 Part 1: AQA Minimum Core Grammar ..............................................................................................................51 1 Foundation Tier................................................................................................................................................52 1.1 Nouns .......................................................................................................................................................52 Noun suffixes: ᆆθᇬθ઎........................................................................................................................52 ᆆ ................................................................................................................................................................52 ᇬ ................................................................................................................................................................52 ઎ ................................................................................................................................................................53 1.2 Measure words .........................................................................................................................................54 The following measure words: Ѡθ኷θᒪθਠθཟθᵢθਙ...............................................................54 Ѡ ................................................................................................................................................................54 ኷ ................................................................................................................................................................55 ᒪ ................................................................................................................................................................55 ਠ ................................................................................................................................................................56 ཟ ................................................................................................................................................................57 ᵢ ................................................................................................................................................................57 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................30 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................31 II. Test Levels........................................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .... .............. .. .. .. .. ..........................................................31 I. Test Target ................................................... .. .. .... ................ .. ............ .. .. ................ .. .........................................................33 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB IB IB IB IB IB IB, CEF .... .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .... .. .. ..........................................................34 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .. ............ .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................34 Youth Chinese Test................................. .. .................................................... .. ............................................................39 Business Chinese Test ......................... .. .. .. .............................................. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...................................................................43 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Pr Pr Pr Pr Proficiency Te Te Te Te Te Test (MCT) ... .. .. .. .... ............ .. .. ............................................................46 Notationsφ............................................. .. .............................................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ................................................................50 Part 1: AQA Minimum Core Grammar ............... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .....................................................................................51 1 Foundation Tier....... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...............................52 1.1 Nouns .............. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................52 Noun suffixes: ᆆθᇬθ઎........................................................................................................................52 ᆆ ................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................52 ᇬ ................. .. .... .. .................. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. ...................................... ...............................................................52 ઎ ............................................................. .. .. .....................................................................................................53 1.2 Measure words .........................................................................................................................................54
3 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ਙ ................................................................................................................................................................58 with ∅ to mean 'every' ...............................................................................................................................59 1.3 Adjectives/ stative verbs...........................................................................................................................59 As predicate: positive and negative ............................................................................................................59 With modifiers: ᖾθ䶔ᑮ..........................................................................................................................60 Modification of nouns with or without Ⲻ ..................................................................................................61 With Ҽ to imply limits have been passed ..................................................................................................62 With Ҽ to imply a new situation................................................................................................................62 Stative verbs as adverbs (ླਹθ䳴ᆜ) ......................................................................................................62 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ............................................................................................63 1.5 Comparatives ∊; ∊䖹; ᴶ; 䐕/ૂжṭ;...................................................................................................64 Use of ∊.....................................................................................................................................................64 Use of ∊䖹 + adjective ..............................................................................................................................64 Use of ᴶ.....................................................................................................................................................64 Use of 䐕/ૂжṭ to state similarity ...........................................................................................................64 1.6 Adverbs 䶔ᑮθᑮᑮθжᇐθҕθ䘎 , ቧ.............................................................................................65 䶔ᑮ ............................................................................................................................................................65 ᑮᑮ ............................................................................................................................................................65 жᇐ ............................................................................................................................................................65 ҕ ................................................................................................................................................................66 䘎 ................................................................................................................................................................67 ቧ ................................................................................................................................................................68 1.7 Pronouns...................................................................................................................................................72 All personal pronouns, singular and plural.................................................................................................72 Personal pronouns with Ⲻ..........................................................................................................................72 Demonstrative pronouns 䘏θ䛙, ཝᇬ ......................................................................................................73 1.8 Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................74 The verb ᱥ (to be), positive and negative..................................................................................................74 The verb ᴿ (to have), positive and negative ⋗ᴿ .....................................................................................74 Simple sentences with verb and object, positive and negative ...................................................................75 Verb-object type verbs (୧ↂθ䐩㡔 etc.)..................................................................................................76 Verbs of motion, methods of transport, purpose in coming and going.......................................................76 Modal verbs: Րθᜩθ㾷θᓊ䈛θਥԛ ..................................................................................................77 Future intention: ᢉ㇍.................................................................................................................................78 Attitude: ௒⅘θ⡧ .....................................................................................................................................79 Stative verbs as adverbs (ླਹθ䳴ᆜ) ......................................................................................................62 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ............................................................................................63 1.5 Comparatives ∊; ∊䖹; ᴶ; 䐕/ૂжṭ;................. .. .. .. .... ...................... .... ............................................................64 Use of ∊......................................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .......... .. .. ................ .. ........................................................64 Use of ∊䖹 + adjective ........................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .........................................................................64 Use of ᴶ............................................. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .............. .. .............. .. .. .. ................................................................64 Use of 䐕/ૂжṭ to state similarity y y y y ................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ..............................................................64 1.6 Adverbs 䶔ᑮθᑮᑮθжᇐθҕ θҕ θҕ θҕ θҕ θҕθ䘎 , ቧ ቧ............................... .. .. ................................................................65 䶔ᑮ ............................................. ........................ .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ...... ...........................................................65 ᑮᑮ ............................................. .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. .............................................................65 жᇐ ................................................... .. .. ........................................ .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................65 ҕ ................................................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .....................................................................................66 䘎 ....................... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...............................67 ቧ ....................... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................68 1.7 Pronouns...................................................................................................................................................72 All personal al al p p p p p p pro ro ro ro rono no no no noun un un un un uns, s, s, s, s, s, s, s s s sin in in in ingu gu gu gu gu gu gula la la la la la lar r r r r and pl pl pl pl pl pl pl plur ur ur ur ur ur ur ural al al al al al al. . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ..................72 Personal pronouns with Ⲻ..........................................................................................................................72 Demonstrat ativ iv iv iv iv iv ive e e e e e pr pr pr pron on on on on onou ou ou ou ouns ns ns ns ns ns ns 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙, , ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ . . . ..... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .........................................73 1.8 Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................74
4 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Actions in progress: ൞θ↙൞ ...................................................................................................................80 Requests: 䈭................................................................................................................................................80 Completed actions: Ҽ ................................................................................................................................81 Experiential suffix: 䗽 ................................................................................................................................81 Complements of direction, degree and manner...........................................................................................81 1.9 Prepositions/ co-verbs Ԅθࡦθ൞θ⭞, ආ............................................................................................82 1.10 Interrogatives..........................................................................................................................................84 Questions using ੍......................................................................................................................................84 Choice type questions: questions using 䘎ᱥ .............................................................................................84 Questions using the following interrogatives: ӶѾθ䈷θଠ‫ݵ‬θѰӶѾθ ᙄѾθࠖθଠѠθӶѾᰬ ُθᙄѾθᙄѾṭθཐቇθཐཝθࠖ኷θ.............................................................................................85 Tag questions using ઘθ੝........................................................................................................................88 1.11 Location..................................................................................................................................................89 Giving location using ൞.............................................................................................................................89 Giving location using ᱥ.............................................................................................................................90 Positional phrases using Ⲻδ໏рⲺ⭱ε.................................................................................................90 1.12 Conjunctions...........................................................................................................................................90 Joining nouns to nouns: ૂ .........................................................................................................................90 Saying 'with' ૂθ䐕...................................................................................................................................91 Subjects in parallel 䜳.................................................................................................................................92 Others:.........................................................................................................................................................92 1.13 Number, quality, dates and time.............................................................................................................95 All numbers up to 1 million........................................................................................................................95 Ordinal numbers using ㅢ.........................................................................................................................100 Stating quantities.......................................................................................................................................100 Giving the time and date...........................................................................................................................101 Currencies and prices................................................................................................................................105 Giving the length of time..........................................................................................................................107 Word order when using time expressions.................................................................................................108 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Grammar Points)..........................................109 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨...............................................................................109 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of speech.........................................................................................................................109 1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun ...........................................................................................................................109 ᯯփ੃䈃 )ƗQJZqL míngcí Location nouns..........................................................................................109 2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí Verb..................................................................................................................................115 Choice type questions: questions using 䘎ᱥ .............................................................................................84 Questions using the following interrogatives: ӶѾθ䈷θଠ‫ݵ‬θѰӶѾθ ᙄѾθࠖθଠѠθӶѾᰬ ُθᙄѾθᙄѾṭθཐቇθཐཝθࠖ኷θ............... .. .. .. .... .. .. ................ .. .. .. ................................................................85 Tag questions using ઘθ੝.............................. .. .. .................. .. .. ........ .. .............. .. .. .... .. ........................................................88 1.11 Location................................................ .... .. .. .................. .. .. ............ .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................89 Giving location using ൞....................... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .... .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. ............................................................89 Giving location using ᱥ................... .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ........................................................................90 Positional phrases using Ⲻδ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏рⲺ⭱ε..................................... .. .. .. ..............................................................90 1.12 Conjunctions........................... .. .............................................. .... .. .. .. ....................................................................90 Joining nouns to nouns: ૂ ......... .. .......................... .. .. .................... .... .. .. ............ .. .. .. ............................................................90 Saying 'with' ૂθ䐕....................... .. .. .. ................................................ .. .. .... ..............................................................91 Subjects in parallel 䜳........................... .... .. .. .......................... .. .... .. .. ............................................................................92 Others:.........................................................................................................................................................92 1.13 Number, quali li li li li li li lity ty ty ty ty ty, da da da date te te te te te te tes s s s s s an an an an an an and d d d d d d d d d ti ti ti ti ti ti time me me me me me me me me............................................................................. .. .. .. .. .. ..................................95 All numbers up t t t t t t to 1 1 1 mi mi mi mi mi mi mi mill ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llio io io io io io ion n n n n n n........................................................................................................................95 Ordinal numbers using ㅢ.........................................................................................................................100 Stating quan an an anti ti ti ti ti ti titi ti ti ti ti ti ties.. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .................100 Giving the tim im im im im ime e e an an an an and d d d d da da date te te te te. ... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .............................. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. ............................................101 Currencies a a and nd nd nd nd nd nd p p pri ri ri ri ri rice ce ces............................... ...................................................................................................105 Giving the length of time..........................................................................................................................107
5 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs ...........................................................................................115 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish................................................................................................117 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䈛Ƚ ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should, should.............................................................................118 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ᝵ᝅ Willing .........................................................................................................................119 ࣞ䈃䠃ਖφVerb overlap AAȽ A ж AȽ A Ҽ AȽABABȽA ⵶ A ⵶ȽAABBȽ ж A ж BȽ ᘳ A ᘳ B...........................................................................................................................................................119 3 ԙ䈃 dàicí Pronouns.............................................................................................................................120 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative pronouns ཐȽཐቇȽଠȽଠѠȽଠ䠂ȽଠӑȽӶѾȽ䈷ȽᙄѾȽࠖ.........120 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................124 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................126 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................127 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................131 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ.......................................................134 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral .............................................................................................................................138 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Word (MW)......................................................................................143 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享................................................................143 ੃䠅䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ..........................................................................................................................145 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ с..............................................................................................148 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................152 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................152 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................153 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭...............................................................158 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................159 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRIWLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................160 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................162 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repetitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃.......................................................................167 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................168 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎.............................................................................................................172 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ............................................................................................................173 ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJIFt1HJDWLYH$GYHUEV ࡡȽуȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................174 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Manner ᭻ᝅ .........................................................................................................177 ᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ᗻ亱ȽᐤуཐȽླ‫܅‬ȽжᇐȽҕ䇮.............................................................178 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................181 8 ԁ䈃 jiècí Preposition...........................................................................................................................185 ⯇䰤 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................124 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................126 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................127 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ ȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................131 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ. . . . .......................................................134 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral ....................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .............. .. .. .. .............. .. .... .. .. ............................................................138 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Wo Wo Wo Wo Word (MW MW) ) ) ) )......................................................................................143 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享..... .. .. .............................................................143 ੃䠅䈃φ 䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ............ .. ........................ .. ................................ .. .. .. ...... ........................................................145 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ൰ ഔ с........ .. ................ .... .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................148 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb ....................... .... .. .......................................... .. .... .. .. ................................................................152 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ ȽᖾȽའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ ȽའȽⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ ȽⵕȽᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ...........................................................................152 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s of of of of of of d d d d d d deg eg eg eg eg eg eg egre re re re re re re ree: e: e: e: e: e: ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡȽᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ ȽᥰȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ж ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................153 㤹പ 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ ੂࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 R R R R R R R R Ran an an an an an an an ange ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge, , , sy sy sy sy sy sy sy syne ne ne ne ne nerg rg rg rg rg rgy y y y y y y y y ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad adve ve ve ve ve ve ve verb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s s s s s 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚжඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..............................158 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................159 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6K 6K 6K 6K 6K 6K 6KtMLƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗQ Q Q Q Q Q QI I I I I I I IFt Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft$ $ $ $ $ $GY GY GY GY GY GYHU HU HU HU HU HU HU HU HUEVRI I I I I I I IWL WL WL WL WL WL WL WLPH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ/ /ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ . . . . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .................160 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................162 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 F F F F F Fre re re re requ qu qu qu qu quen en en en en ency cy cy cy cy, , , , Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Repe pe pe pe pe pe pe peti ti ti ti ti ti titi ti ti ti ti ti tive ve ve ve ve A A A A A Adver er er er erbs bs bs bs bs bs bs ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃. . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........................................167 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................168
6 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the time and place ԄȽ൞...........................................................................185 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead time ᖉȽᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬُ....................................................................................................186 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................187 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Bring out Objects 䐕ȽૂȽ∊ ................................................................................................193 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading objects ሯȽ㔏Ƚ⿱ ...................................................................................................194 ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ৕ഖ Lead purpose and reason Ѱ.........................................................................................200 9 䘔䈃 liáncí Conjunction........................................................................................................................201 㺞⽰㚊ਾީ㌱ Indicates a joint relationship 䐕Ƚ䘎ᱥȽᡌ㘻Ƚૂ........................................................201 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................202 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ..................................................................................................................................................................203 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle...........................................................................................................................205 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ...............................................................................................205 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle ....................................................................................................206 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽.............................................................................................................207 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ.................................................................................................................208 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle..............................................................................................................209 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................210 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................................................................................212 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ...........................................................................................214 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ஀........................................................................................................................216 ⸣䈣 GXӽQԃ3KUDVH .....................................................................................................................................217 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................217 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type..........................................................................................................................217 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type..........................................................................................................217 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure types ........................................................................................................220 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWSH+6.9*..........................................................222 ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase.........................................................................................................................222 ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase..........................................................................................................................222 ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Adjective phrases.............................................................................................................223 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................223 ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................223 രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pattern....................................................................................................................................226 䘎ᱥ……੝ ..............................................................................................................................................226 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................202 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ................................................................................... .... .. .. .. .................... .. .. .. .... .. ...........................................................203 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .............. .... .. .. ......................................................205 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ................ .. .. .. ............ .. .................. .. .. .. .......................................................205 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle e e e e e ................. .............. .. .. .............. .. .... .. .. .. ...........................................................206 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽... .. .. .... .................... ........................................................................................207 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ..... .. .. .................................................... .. .. .. ............................................................208 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle....................... .. .. .... .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .........................................................209 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ... .. .. .................. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................210 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................. .... .. .. .. .. ...............................................................212 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ........... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ................................................................................214 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection on on on on on ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀... .. .. .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. ........ .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ............ .. .... .. .. .. .. .......... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. .. .................................216 ⸣䈣 GXӽQԃ ԃ3KUDV DV DV DV DV DV DV DVH H H H H H H H H . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..............................217 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................217 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ St St St St St St Stru ru ru ru ru ruct ct ct ctur ur ur ur ur ure e e e e ty ty ty ty ty ty type pe pe pe pe pe pe..... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .................217 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ Basic structure type pe pe pe pe pe......... .. .. ...................................................................................................217 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ Ot Ot Ot Ot Othe he he he he her r r r r st st st st st stru ru ru ru ru ruct ct ct ct ct ctur ur ur ur ure e e e e ty ty ty ty ty ty type pe pe pe pe pe pes s s s s s ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .................... ........ ........ ...... .... .... .. .... .. .... ...... .. ...... .... .... .... .........................................220 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJ QJQpQJ QJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWS SH+6.9*..........................................................222
7 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ৾... ... ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................227 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ੄/ࢃ/੄...................................................................................................................227 ਛᆆᡆ࠼ M]ӿFKpQJIqQ6HQWHQFH(OHPHQWV...........................................................................................229 ѱ䈣 ]Kԃԃ6XEMHFW...............................................................................................................................229 䉉䈣 ZqLԃ3UHGLFDWH............................................................................................................................229 䉉䈣 Predicate......................................................................................................................................230 ੃䈃Ƚԙ䈃Ƚᮦ䈃ᡌᮦ䠅⸣䈣Ƚ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣֒䉉䈣 Nouns, pronouns, numerals or quantitative phrases, nominal 230 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................231 ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃAttributive.......................................................................................................................232 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ...............................................................................232 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO....................................................................................................................233 㺛䈣 Complement .......................................................................................................................................234 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1............................................................................................................234 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complement 1 ......................................................................................................236 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 Quantity Complement 1......................................................................238 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 Quantity Complement 2..................................................................239 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of sentence ............................................................................................240 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ..............................................................................................................240 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................240 ѱ䉉ਛ ]KԃZqLM6XEMHFW-Predicate Sentence ................................................................................240 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;tQJUyQJFtZqLԃM$GMHFWLYH-predicate sentence .....................................................241 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................241 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃䉉䈣ਛ Subject-Predicate Sentence 3: Noun-Predicate Sentence....................................241 䱾䘦ਛ chénshùjù Declarative Sentence ..............................................................................................242 ⯇䰤ਛ Yíwènjù Interrogative sentence ...............................................................................................242 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................243 ᝕ਯਛ *ӽQWjQM([FODPDWRU6HQWHQFH.............................................................................................244 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDWWHUQV ..............................................................................244 “ᴿ”ᆍਛ ³ԁX´]uM+DYHVHQWHQFH ..............................................................................................245 “ᴿ” ᆍਛ 2 “ᴿ Have” sentence 2 ..........................................................................................................245 ᆎ⧦ਛ 1: 㺞⽰ᆎ൞ There is/are …............................................................................................................246 䘔ࣞਛ 1 Double verbs.............................................................................................................................248 ∊䖹ਛ %ӿMLjRMRPSDUDWLYHSentence...............................................................................................248 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................231 ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃAttributive.......................................................................................................................232 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ..................... .. .. .. .... ..........................................................232 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO........................... .. .. .................. .. .. .. ........ .. ................ .. .......................................................233 㺛䈣 Complement ....................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ........................................................234 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1..... .. .... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .............................................................234 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complemen en ent t t t t 1 ............... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .............................................................236 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 Qu Qu Qu Qu Quantity Complement 1........... .. .............................................................238 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 Quantity C C C Com om ompl plem emen ent t t t t 2 2 2 2 2....... .. .. .. ...... .........................................................239 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of of of of of sentence ....... .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. ...........................................................240 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ....... .. .. ...................................... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................240 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................240 ѱ䉉ਛ ]Kԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃZq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq ZqLM M M M M M M M M M6 6 6 6 6 6XE XE XE XE XE XE XE XE XEMH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MHFW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW- - -Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at at ate e e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nt nten ence ce ce ce ce ce ce . . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...............................240 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;tQJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJUy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy UyQJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJFt Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft FtZ Z Z Z Z ZqL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM           $G $G $G $G $G $G $G $G $G $G $GMH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MHFW FW FW FW FW FW FWLY LY LY LY LY LY LY LYH H H H H H H H H-pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pred ed ed ed ed ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at ate e e e e e e e se se se se se se se sent nt nt nt nt nt nt nten en en en en en en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ..............................241 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................241 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ Su Su Su Su Su Su Subj bj bj bj bj bj bjec ec ec ec ec ect t t t t t- - - - -Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at ate e e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce 3: : : No No No No No Noun un un un un- - -Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic icat at at at at ate e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce. . . . ... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .................241 䱾䘦ਛ chén én én én én énshùj ùj ùj ùj ùjù ù ù ù ù De De De Decl cl cl cl cl clarat at at ative Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en ence ce ce ce ce ............................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. ...........................................242 ⯇䰤ਛ Yí Yí Yíwè wè wè wè wè wè wènj nj nj njù ù ù ù ù ù In In In In Inte te te te terr rr rr rr rr rrog og og og og ogat at at at ativ iv iv iv iv iv iv ive se se se se se sent nt nt nt nt nt nten en ence ce ce ce ce ce ...............................................................................................242 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................243
8 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ∊䖹ਛ 2 Comparative sentence 2................................................................................................................249 ∊䖹ਛ 3 Comparative sentence 3................................................................................................................251 “ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ,W VRIVHQWHQFHWRHPSKDVL]H...................................................................................252 ਂᇴ䈣ਛ Double object sentence................................................................................................................253 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2................................................................................................................253 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + 㔏 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2........................................................................................................254 གྷਛ Fùjù Complex sentences..................................................................................................................255 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQJOLqIMRRUGLQDWHRPSOH[6HQWHQFH.........................................................................255 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................256 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................257 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ....................................................................................................259 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence.......................................................................................................260 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences...................................................................................................261 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Conditional compound sentence: .........................................................263 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sentence: once..then...............................................................................263 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense.....................................................................................................................................265 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................265 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................266 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVLYH7HQVH........................................................................................266 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................268 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the state..........................................................................268 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the action .......................................................................269 㔅়ᰬᘷ The experience state.................................................................................................................269 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ WqVKnjELӽRGiIӽ6SHFLDOH[SUHVVLRQ ......................................................................................271 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TLiQVKELӽRVKuIӽ0RQHQXPEHUQRWDWLRQ....................................................................271 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ 6KtMLƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................271 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]KǀQJGLӽQELӽRVKuIӽ+RXUQRWDWLRQ.................................................................................272 ᓅᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Ordinal number notation..........................................................................................................272 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Approximate number notation.................................................................................................273 ᮦ䈃 + ཐ + 䠅䈃 Numeral + ཐ + quantifier ...........................................................................................273 ᮦ䈃 + 䠅䈃 + ཐ Numeral + quantifier +ཐ more...................................................................................274 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Methods of emphasis ...................................................................................................................275 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 8VHቧ MXVWWRH[SUHVVHPSKDVLV ................................................................................275 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................256 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................257 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ................. .. .............................. .. .. .........................................................259 䖢ᣎ 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence........... .. .. .. .................. .. .......... .. .. .... ................ .. ......................................................260 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences es es................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .... ........................................................261 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Con on on on on on ondi di di di di ditional com om om om ompoun un un un und d d d d d d senten en en en en ence ce ce ce ce: .........................................................263 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sent nt nt nt ntence: once..th th then....................... .. .. ..........................................................263 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense........................ .. .. .. ................................................ .. .... .. ...............................................................265 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰.......................................... .. .. .... .......... .. .... ........................................................265 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰.. .. .. .................................................. .. .. .. ............................................................266 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVL VL VL VL VL VLYH YH YH YH YH YH7HQVH............... .. .. .... .. .. .. .........................................................................266 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................268 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 In In In In In In Indi di dica ca ca ca ca ca ca cate te te te te te tes s s s th th th th th th th th th the e e e e co co co co cont nt nt nt nt nt ntin in in in in in in in inua ua ua ua ua uati ti ti ti ti ti tion on on on on on on on o o o o of f f f f th the e e e st st st st st st stat at at at at ate e e e e..........................................................................268 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 Indicates th th th th th th th the continuation of the action .......................................................................269 㔅়ᰬᘷ The e e e e e expe pe pe pe perience state te.................................................................................................................269 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ Wq Wq Wq Wq Wq Wq WqVK VK VK VKnj nj nj nj njEL EL EL EL EL EL ELӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽRGi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi GiI I Iӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ6S 6S 6S 6S 6S 6S 6SHFLD LD LD LD LD LD LDO O O O O O OH[ H[ H[ H[ H[ H[ H[SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SUHV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HVVL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VLRQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ ... .. ............ .... ........ .... ...... .... .... .... ........ .......... .......... ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .... ...... .................271 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TL TL TL TL TL TL TLiQ iQ iQ iQ iQ iQ iQVK K K K K K KE E E E E E E ELӽRV RV RV RV RV RVKu Ku Ku Ku Ku KuI I I I I I I Iӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0RQH QH QH QH QH QH QH QXPE PE PE PE PE PE PEHU HU HU HU HU HUQ Q Q Q Q QRW RW RW RW RW RWDW DW DW DW DW DW DWLR LR LR LR LR LRQ Q Q Q Q Q.. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........................................271 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ 6KtM tMLƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................271 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]K ]K ]K ]KǀQ ǀQ ǀQ ǀQJG JG JG JGLӽ Lӽ Lӽ Lӽ EL EL EL ELӽR ӽR ӽR ӽRVK VK VK VKu u u uIӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ+ + + + WD WD WD WDWL WL WL WL
13 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . The Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1) in Chinese (spoken Mandarin/spoken Cantonese) consists of four externally examined papers based on the following skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Students must complete their speaking assessment in April/May and all other assessments in May/June in any single year. Each paper is available at Foundation tier or Higher tier. Students must be entered for a single tier across all papers. Paper 1: Listening and understanding in Chinese (*Paper code: 1CN0/1F and 1H) Paper 2: Speaking in Chinese (*Paper code: 1CN0/2MF and 2MH/2CF and 2CH) Paper 3: Reading and understanding in Chinese (*Paper code: 1CN0/3F and 3H) Paper 4: Writing in Chinese (*Paper code: 1CN0/4F and 4H) The Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1) in Chinese (spoken Mandarin/spoken Cantonese) allows students to develop their ability to communicate with Chinese native speakers in both speech and writing. Students will study across a variety of contexts relevant to their age and interests and will also develop a greater awareness of the culture of Chinese-speaking communities and countries. These contexts are listed under Themes and topics. Students will need to develop and use their knowledge and understanding of Chinese grammar progressively through their course of other assessments in May/June in any single year. Each paper is available at Foundation ti i ie e e e er r r r r o o o o or r r r r H H Higher tier. Students must be entered for a single tier across a a a a al l l l ll l l l l pap p p p p pe e e e e er r r r rs s s s s. Paper 1: Listening and under rs s s s s st t t t t tandin n n n ng g g g g in C C C C C Chines s s s se e e e e (*Paper code: 1CN0/1F and 1H) Paper 2: Speaking in Chin n n n nese (*Paper code: 1 1 1 1 1C C C C C C C CN0/2MF and 2MH/2CF and 2CH) Paper 3: Reading and und d d d de e e e e erstanding i i i i in Chine e e e e es s s s se (*Paper code: 1CN0/3F and 3H) Paper 4: Writi i i i i in n n n n n n ng g g g g g g i i i in n n n n n n n C C C C C C Ch h h h h h h h h h hi i i i i i i i i in n n ne e e e e e es s s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (* * * * * * * *P P P P P P P P P P Pa a a a a ap p p p p p per r r r r c c c c c co o o o o o od d d d d d d de e e e e e e e e e e: : : : : : : : : 1 1 1 1 1 1C C C C C C C CN N N N N N N N N N0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0/ / / / / / / /4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4F F F F F F F F F F a a a a a an n n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d d d 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4H H H H H) The Pearson n n n n n n E E E E E Ed d d d d de e e e ex x x x x xc c c c c ce e e e el l l L L L L L Le e e e e eve e e e e el l l l l l l 1 1 1 1 1 1/ / / / / / /L L L L L L L L Le e e e e e e e ev v v v v v v v v ve e e e e e el l l l l l 2 2 2 2 2 G G G G G G G G GC C C C C C C CS S S S S S S SE E E E E E E E ( ( ( ( ( ( (9 9 9 9 9– – – –1 1 1 1 1 1) ) ) ) ) ) i i i in n n n n n n n C C C C C Ch h h h h h h h h hi i i i i in n n n n n ne e e e e es s s s s se e e e e ( ( ( ( ( ( (s s s s spoken Mandarin/s s s s sp p p p p p p po o o o ok k k k k ke e e e e en n n n C C C C C C C Ca a a a a ant t t t to o o o on n n n ne e e e e e e es s s s s se e e e) ) ) ) ) ) ) a a a a a al llo ow w w w w ws s s s s s s s s st t t t tu u u u u ud d d d de e e e e en n n n n n nt t t t t t ts s s s s s s t t t t t to o o o o o o d d d d de e e e ev v v v ve e e e el l l l lo o o o o o o op their ability to communicate with Chinese native speakers in both speech and writing.
23 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . David yao -81(
33 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . I. Test Target The HSK (Level V) is intended for students who have studied Chinese 2-4 class hours per week for more than two academic years. These students have mastered 2,500 commonly used words and related grammar patterns.
43 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . 4. A benchmark for students who want to participate in the HSK test. V. Results Certificate Test takers will receive their test results for the new YCT issued by Hanban within three weeks after the test. Business Chinese Test The BCT, as an international, standardized test of Chinese language proficiency, focuses on assessing non-native Chinese speakers’ abilities to use the Chinese language in real business or common working environments. The BCT consists of a writing test and a speaking test, which are independent of each other. The writing test is divided into two levels, namely, the BCT (A), and the BCT (B). The different levels of the BCT can meet some of the levels in the Chinese Language Proficiency Scales for Speakers of Other Languages (CLPS) and the Common European Framework of Reference (CEF), as well as HSK and YCT levels; details are as follows: Business Chinese Test The BCT, as an international l l l l, standard di i i iz z ze ed d t te es st t o o o o of f f f f C C C C C Ch h h hi i i i in n n n nese language proficiency, focuses on assessing non-nat t t t ti i i i ive Chines s s s s se e e e speak k k k k ke e e e er r r r rs s s s’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ab bi i i i ilities to use the Chinese language in real business or co o o o o ommon working env v vi i i ir r r r r ro o o o onments. The BCT con n n n n ns s s s si i i i i ist t ts s s s o o o o of f f f f f a a a a a a w w w w wr r r r ri i i i it t t t t ti i i i i ing t t t t t te e e e e es s s s st t t t t t t a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n nd d d d d d d a a a a a a s s s s s spe e e e e e e ea a a a a a ak k k k k ki i i i i i i in n n ng g g g g g g g t t t t te e e e e e es s s s s st t t t, w w w w w wh h h h hi i ic c c ch h h h h h h h a a a a ar r r r r r re e e e e e e e e e i i i i i in n n n n n nd d d d d d de e e e ep p p pe e e e e e en n n n ndent of each other. T T T T Th h h h h h he e e e e e w w w w w wr r r r ri i i i iti i in n n n n ng g g g g g g g tes s s s st t t t i i i i is s s s s s d d d d d d d div v v v v vi i i i id d d d d ded i i i i i in n n n nt t t t to o o o o t t t t tw w w w wo o o o o le e e e e ev v v v v v ve e e e e e el l l l l ls s s s s s, , , n n n n na a a a am m m m me e e e el l l l l l l ly y y y y y y, , , , , , , the BCT (A), and the BCT (B). The different levels of the BCT can meet some of the levels in the Chinese Language Proficiency Scales for Speakers of Other Languages (CLPS)
53 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ⭱ᇬ KXjMLƗ Painter HSK 3 V2021 G02.04 ֒ᇬ ]XzMLƗ Writer HSK 3 V2021 G02.05 㺂ᇬ KiQJMLƗ professional; expert HSK 3 V2021 G02.06 YAO ᇬ MLƗ (੃) 4 a specialist in a certain field: HSK 3 V2021 G02.07 YAO // HSK 2 V2021 щᇬ ]KXƗQMLƗ (੃) expert; specialist HSK 3 V2021 G02.08 YAO 〇ᆜᇬ NƝ[XpMLƗ (੃) scientist HSK 3 V2021 G02.09 YAO // HSK 2 V2021 B ઎ ઎ yuán (੃) 1 a person engaged in some field of activity HSK 3 V2021 G02.12 YAO // HSK 3 V2021 䱕઎ GXuXiQ (੃) team member HSK 3 V2021 Ր઎ KXuXiQ (੃) member: HSK 3 V2021 ᡆ઎ chéngyuán (੃) member HSK 6 V2009 // HSK 3 V2021 ᇬ MLƗ ( Ɨ Ɨ ੃) 4 a specialist in a certain field: HSK 3 V2021 G02.07 YAO // HSK 2 V2021 щᇬ ]KXƗQ QMLƗ Q Q ( Ɨ Ɨ ੃) expert; sp p p p p pecialis s s s s st t t t t HS S S S SK 3 V V V V V2021 G02.08 YAO 〇ᆜᇬ NƝ[XpMLƗ ( Ɨ Ɨ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃) scientist HSK K K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 V2021 G02.09 YAO // HSK 2 V2021 B ઎ ઎ yuán (੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃) 1 1 a a a a a pe e e ers s s so o o on e e eng g g g g g ga a ag g g g ge e e ed d d d d i i i i in n n n s s s so o o o om m m m me e e e e e f f f f fi i i i ie e e e e eld d d d d d o o o o o of f f f activity HSK 3 V2021 G0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2.12 2 2 2 2 Y Y Y Y YA A A A A AO O O O O // H H H H H H HS SK K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 3 V2021 䱕઎ GXuXiQ ( Q Q ੃) team member HSK 3 V2021
63 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ∊䎭ѣᮽᶛθ⌋䈣ᴪ䳴ᆜȾ %ӿ Tӿ]KǀQJZpQOiLIӽԃJqQJQiQ[Xp Compared to Chinese, French is more difficult to learn. 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ འ tài 2 extremely: 䘏⵶ἁའ࿏Ҽ zhèzhe qí tài miàole This is an extremely wise move. ஀έའ㗄Ҽέ $7jLPČLOH what! So beautiful! ିθ འᲐҼ jLWjLZӽQOH Oh, It's too late! ⵕ =KƝQ (ࢥ) 3 really; truly; indeed: HSK 1 V2021 G09.04 HSK 4 V2009 HSK 7-9 V2021 Plus ֖Ⲻᡵ䰪ⵕᒨ߶έ 1ӿGHIiQJMLƗQ]KƝQJƗQMuQJ Your room is so clean! HSK 1 V2021 G09.04A འ tài 2 extremely: 䘏⵶ἁའ࿏Ҽ zhèzhe qí tài m m m m mi i i i i iàole Th h h h hi i i i is is an n n n n extremely wise move. ஀έའ㗄Ҽέ $7jLPČL L L L L LO O O O O O OH w w w w what! ! ! ! ! S S S S So o o o o b b b b b beautiful! ିθ འᲐҼ jLWjLZ Z Z Z Z Zӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽQOH O O O Oh h, , I It t's s t t t t to o o o oo l l l l la a a a ate! ⵕ =KƝQ (ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 r r r r r r re e e ea a a a a al l l l l l ll l l l ly y y y y y y y y y; t t t t tr r r r ru u ul l l ly y y y y y y y; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; i i i in n nd d d d d de e ee e e e ed d d d d d: : : : : : H H H H HS S SK K K K K K K 1 1 1 1 V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 G G G G G0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09 9 9 9 9 9.04 HSK 4 V2009 HS S S S S SK K K K K 7 7 7 7 7 7 7-9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P P P P P P P P P Pl l l l l l l l l lu u u u u u us s s s s s s ֖Ⲻᡵ䰪ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ߶ ߶ ߶ ߶ ߶ ߶ ߶έ έ έ έ έ έ έ έ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1ӿ ӿ ӿG G G G G G G GH H H H H H HI I I I I I I I Ii i i i i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J J JM M M M M M M M ML L L L L L L L L L LƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ Q Q Q Q Q Q] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K K K KƝ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ ƝQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J J JƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ Q Q Q Q Q Q QM M M M M Mu u u u u u u u uQ Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J Y Y Y Y Y Y Yo o o o o o ou u u u u u ur r r r r r r r r r r ro o o o o o oo o o o om is so clean! H H H H H H H HS S SK K K K K K K 1 1 1 1 1 V V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 G G G G G G G G09 9 9 9 9 9.04A A A A A A A
73 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᡇ྾྾ ZԁPƗPƗ My mother ᡇᵁਁ ZԁSpQJԁX my friend Demonstrative pronouns 䘏θ䛙, ཝᇬ 䘏 zhè (ԙ) 1 this HSK 1 V2021 G06.01 HSK 1 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 䘏ᱥ䈷Ⲻᢁᵰϋ ]KqVKuVKpLGHVKԁXMƯWhose phone is this? HSK 1 V2021 G06.01A 䛙 nà (ԙ) 1 that HSK 1 V2021 G06.02 HSK 1 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 䛙ᱥ䈷 QjVKuVKXt Who is that man? ཝᇬ GjMLƗ (ԙ) 1 all; everybody HSK 2 V2021 G06.02 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 ཝᇬж䎭୧ↂ੝Ⱦ 'jMLƗuTӿFKjQJJƝED Let's sing together. HSK 2 V2021 G06.02A HSK 1 V2021 䘏ᱥ䈷Ⲻᢁᵰϋ ]KqVKuVKpLGHV V V V V VK K K K K Kԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁXM M M M M MƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư W W W W Whose phone is this? HSK 1 V2021 G06.01A 䛙 nà ( à ԙ) 1 that HS S S S SK 1 V2021 G06.02 2 2 2 2 2 HSK 1 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 䛙ᱥ䈷 QjVKuVKXt Who i is t t t t th h h h ha a a a at t t t t m m m m ma a a a a an n n n n? ? ? ? ? ཝᇬ GjMLƗ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Ɨ Ɨ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ) ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 a a a a a a al l l l l ll l l l l; e e e e ev v v v v v v ve e e ery y y y y yb b b b b b b bo o o o o o o od d d d d d dy y y y y y y y H H H H H H HS S S S S S S S SK K K K K K 2 2 2 2 2 2 V V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G G0 0 0 0 06 6 6 6 6 6 6 6. . .0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 HSK 2 V2009 H H H H H H H HS S S S SK K K K K K 2 V V V V V V V V V20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 ཝᇬж䎭୧ↂ੝ 'jMLƗ u Tӿ FKjQJJƝ ED Let's sing together
83 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Ԅ cóng (ԁ) 1 [ used to indicate the starting point ] from; pass by: HSK 1 V2021 G15.01 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 ᡇԢԄ᱕ᵕжࡦ᱕ᵕӊᐛ֒Ⱦ ZԁPHQFyQJ[ƯQJTtƯGjR[ƯQJTtZԃ JǀQJ]Xz We work from Monday to Friday. HSK 1 V2021 G15.01A ֖Ԅଠ‫ݵ‬ᶛϋ 1ӿFyQJQӽ HUOiL Where are you from? HSK 1 V2021 G15.01A ࡦ dào 5 (ԁ) (㺞⽰ࣞ֒ᡌ㺂Ѱ䗴ࡦⲺᰬ䰪) up until; up to Ԅ᱕ᵕࡦ᱕ᵕӊ FyQJ[ƯQJTtGjR[ƯQJTtZԃ from Monday to Friday. ൞ zài (ԁ) 2 [indicating the position of a person or thing]: at, in, on HSK 1 V2021 G16.01 HSK 1 V2009 ֖Ԅଠ‫ݵ‬ᶛϋ 1ӿFyQJQӽ HUOiL Where are you from? HSK 1 V2021 G15.01A A ࡦ dào 5 (ԁ) (㺞⽰ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ֒ᡌ㺂Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ䗴ࡦⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ䰪 䰪 䰪 䰪 䰪 䰪) up until; up to Ԅ᱕ᵕࡦ᱕ᵕӊ FyQJ[ [ [ [ [ [Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯQ Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J JTtGjR R R [ [ [ [ [ [Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯQ Q Q Q Q QJTtZԃ from Monday to Friday.
92 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Subjects in parallel 䜳 䜳 GǀX (ࢥ) 1 all; both: HSK 1 V2021 G10.01 HSK 1 V2009 ੂᆜԢ䜳ᖾ䇚ⵕȾ WyQJ[XpPHQGǀXKČQUqQ]KƝQ The students are very serious. HSK 1 V2021 G10.01A Others: 㲳❬ VXƯUiQ (䘔) though; although HSK 6 V2021 G49.002 YAO HSK 3 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 㲳❬……θռᱥ 6XƯUiQGjQVKu though; although… but… Ԍ㲳❬ᖾᘏθռᱥ䘎㾷ৱ䘆ࣞȾ 7ƗVXƯUiQKČQPiQJGjQVKuKiL yào qù yùndòng.he although very busy, but still want go to exercise. (Lit.) ഖѰ ƯQZqL (䘔) because; for; on account of HSK 3 V2021 G25.002 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 Others: 㲳❬ V VX XƯUiQ ( Q Q 䘔) though h h h h h; ; ; ; ; althou u u u ug gh H H H H H H HS S S S SK 6 6 V V V V V2021 G49.002 YAO HSK 3 V2009 HSK 2 2 2 2 V V V2 2 20 0 02 2 21 1 1 㲳❬……θռᱥ 6X X X X X XƯUiQG G G G G Gj j jQVK K Ku u u t t t t t th h h h ho o o ough; although… but… Ԍ㲳❬ᖾᘏθռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞȾ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗV V V V V V VX X X X X X X X X XƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯU U U Ui i i i i i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QK K K K K K K K K KČ Č Č Č Č Č Č Č Č Č Č ČQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QP P P P P P P P P P Pi i i i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J J JGjQVKuKiL yào qù yùndòng.he although very busy, but still want go to exercise. (Lit.)
106 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ғඍпδ∑ε (9.30 ‫ݹ‬ε MLԃNXjLVƗQPiR
XiQ
Nine yuan three (mao) (9.30 yuan) ॷӊඍ‫∑ޣ‬пδ࠼ε (15.63 ‫ݹ‬ε VKtZԃNXjLOLPiRVƗQIƝQ
(15.63 Yuán) Fifteen yuan and six cents (cents) (15.63 yuan) ӂॷӊඍ䴬‫ޡ‬δ࠼ε (25.08 ‫ݹ‬ε qUVKtZԃNXjLOtQJEƗIƝQ
Yuán) Twenty-five yuan and eight (minutes) (25.08 yuan) жⲴӊॷδ‫ݹ‬ε жⲴӊॷδඍε(150 ‫ݹ‬ε ƯEӽLZԃVKtXiQ
ƯEӽLZԃVKtNXjL
XiQ
One hundred and fifty (yuan) One hundred and fifty (yuan) (150 yuan) жⲴ䴬ӊδ‫ݹ‬ε жⲴ䴬ӊδඍε(105 ‫ݹ‬ε ƯEӽLOtQJZԃXiQ
ƯEӽLOtQJZԃNXjL
XiQ
One hundred and five (yuan) One hundred and five (yuan) (105 yuan) 㤯᷒ཐቇ䫧жѠϋ 3tQJJXԁGXǀVKӽRTLiQƯJq How much is an apple? HSK 1 V2021 G43.06 YAO 㤯᷒ཐቇ䫧ж‫ޢ‬ᯚϋ PíQJJXԁGXǀVKӽRTLiQƯJǀQJMƯQ How much is an apple per kilogram? HSK 1 V2021 G43.06 YAO 䘏Ԭ㺙ᵃཐቇ䫧ϋ =KqMLjQƯI~GXǀVKӽRTLiQhow much is this shirt?HSK 1 V2021 G43.06 YAO ( J
Yuán) Twenty-five yuan and eight (minutes) (25.08 yuan) жⲴӊॷδ‫ݹ‬ε жⲴӊॷδඍ ඍ ඍ ඍ ඍ ඍ ඍ ඍε ε ε ε ε ε(15 5 5 5 50 0 0 0 0 0 ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ε ƯEӽLZԃVKtXiQ
ƯEӽLZԃVKtNXjL
XiQ Q Q

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Edexcel GCSE Chinese Grammar Foundation Tier (1CN0F) 2021 Edition Sample

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  • 18. 2 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Contents Preface -AQA GCSE Chinese 8673H V2021..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Preface 2021 HSK Chinese New Standards for International Chinese Language Education.............................12 HSK V2021 General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar..................................................................................24 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?..................................................................................................25 About the Author: ...............................................................................................................................................28 Our Story ............................................................................................................................................................29 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................30 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................31 II. Test Levels.................................................................................................................................................31 I. Test Target ..................................................................................................................................................33 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB, CEF ........................................................................................34 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..............................................................................................................................34 Youth Chinese Test.............................................................................................................................................39 Business Chinese Test ........................................................................................................................................43 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................46 Notationsφ.........................................................................................................................................................50 Part 1: AQA Minimum Core Grammar ..............................................................................................................51 1 Foundation Tier................................................................................................................................................52 1.1 Nouns .......................................................................................................................................................52 Noun suffixes: ᆆθᇬθ઎........................................................................................................................52 ᆆ ................................................................................................................................................................52 ᇬ ................................................................................................................................................................52 ઎ ................................................................................................................................................................53 1.2 Measure words .........................................................................................................................................54 The following measure words: Ѡθ኷θᒪθਠθཟθᵢθਙ...............................................................54 Ѡ ................................................................................................................................................................54 ኷ ................................................................................................................................................................55 ᒪ ................................................................................................................................................................55 ਠ ................................................................................................................................................................56 ཟ ................................................................................................................................................................57 ᵢ ................................................................................................................................................................57 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................30 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................31 II. Test Levels........................................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .... .............. .. .. .. .. ..........................................................31 I. Test Target ................................................... .. .. .... ................ .. ............ .. .. ................ .. .........................................................33 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB IB IB IB IB IB IB, CEF .... .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .... .. .. ..........................................................34 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .. ............ .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................34 Youth Chinese Test................................. .. .................................................... .. ............................................................39 Business Chinese Test ......................... .. .. .. .............................................. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...................................................................43 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Pr Pr Pr Pr Proficiency Te Te Te Te Te Test (MCT) ... .. .. .. .... ............ .. .. ............................................................46 Notationsφ............................................. .. .............................................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ................................................................50 Part 1: AQA Minimum Core Grammar ............... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .....................................................................................51 1 Foundation Tier....... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...............................52 1.1 Nouns .............. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................52 Noun suffixes: ᆆθᇬθ઎........................................................................................................................52 ᆆ ................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................52 ᇬ ................. .. .... .. .................. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. ...................................... ...............................................................52 ઎ ............................................................. .. .. .....................................................................................................53 1.2 Measure words .........................................................................................................................................54
  • 19. 3 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ਙ ................................................................................................................................................................58 with ∅ to mean 'every' ...............................................................................................................................59 1.3 Adjectives/ stative verbs...........................................................................................................................59 As predicate: positive and negative ............................................................................................................59 With modifiers: ᖾθ䶔ᑮ..........................................................................................................................60 Modification of nouns with or without Ⲻ ..................................................................................................61 With Ҽ to imply limits have been passed ..................................................................................................62 With Ҽ to imply a new situation................................................................................................................62 Stative verbs as adverbs (ླਹθ䳴ᆜ) ......................................................................................................62 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ............................................................................................63 1.5 Comparatives ∊; ∊䖹; ᴶ; 䐕/ૂжṭ;...................................................................................................64 Use of ∊.....................................................................................................................................................64 Use of ∊䖹 + adjective ..............................................................................................................................64 Use of ᴶ.....................................................................................................................................................64 Use of 䐕/ૂжṭ to state similarity ...........................................................................................................64 1.6 Adverbs 䶔ᑮθᑮᑮθжᇐθҕθ䘎 , ቧ.............................................................................................65 䶔ᑮ ............................................................................................................................................................65 ᑮᑮ ............................................................................................................................................................65 жᇐ ............................................................................................................................................................65 ҕ ................................................................................................................................................................66 䘎 ................................................................................................................................................................67 ቧ ................................................................................................................................................................68 1.7 Pronouns...................................................................................................................................................72 All personal pronouns, singular and plural.................................................................................................72 Personal pronouns with Ⲻ..........................................................................................................................72 Demonstrative pronouns 䘏θ䛙, ཝᇬ ......................................................................................................73 1.8 Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................74 The verb ᱥ (to be), positive and negative..................................................................................................74 The verb ᴿ (to have), positive and negative ⋗ᴿ .....................................................................................74 Simple sentences with verb and object, positive and negative ...................................................................75 Verb-object type verbs (୧ↂθ䐩㡔 etc.)..................................................................................................76 Verbs of motion, methods of transport, purpose in coming and going.......................................................76 Modal verbs: Րθᜩθ㾷θᓊ䈛θਥԛ ..................................................................................................77 Future intention: ᢉ㇍.................................................................................................................................78 Attitude: ௒⅘θ⡧ .....................................................................................................................................79 Stative verbs as adverbs (ླਹθ䳴ᆜ) ......................................................................................................62 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ............................................................................................63 1.5 Comparatives ∊; ∊䖹; ᴶ; 䐕/ૂжṭ;................. .. .. .. .... ...................... .... ............................................................64 Use of ∊......................................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .......... .. .. ................ .. ........................................................64 Use of ∊䖹 + adjective ........................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .........................................................................64 Use of ᴶ............................................. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .............. .. .............. .. .. .. ................................................................64 Use of 䐕/ૂжṭ to state similarity y y y y ................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ..............................................................64 1.6 Adverbs 䶔ᑮθᑮᑮθжᇐθҕ θҕ θҕ θҕ θҕ θҕθ䘎 , ቧ ቧ............................... .. .. ................................................................65 䶔ᑮ ............................................. ........................ .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ...... ...........................................................65 ᑮᑮ ............................................. .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. .............................................................65 жᇐ ................................................... .. .. ........................................ .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................65 ҕ ................................................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .....................................................................................66 䘎 ....................... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...............................67 ቧ ....................... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................68 1.7 Pronouns...................................................................................................................................................72 All personal al al p p p p p p pro ro ro ro rono no no no noun un un un un uns, s, s, s, s, s, s, s s s sin in in in ingu gu gu gu gu gu gula la la la la la lar r r r r and pl pl pl pl pl pl pl plur ur ur ur ur ur ur ural al al al al al al. . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ..................72 Personal pronouns with Ⲻ..........................................................................................................................72 Demonstrat ativ iv iv iv iv iv ive e e e e e pr pr pr pron on on on on onou ou ou ou ouns ns ns ns ns ns ns 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙, , ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ . . . ..... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .........................................73 1.8 Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................74
  • 20. 4 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Actions in progress: ൞θ↙൞ ...................................................................................................................80 Requests: 䈭................................................................................................................................................80 Completed actions: Ҽ ................................................................................................................................81 Experiential suffix: 䗽 ................................................................................................................................81 Complements of direction, degree and manner...........................................................................................81 1.9 Prepositions/ co-verbs Ԅθࡦθ൞θ⭞, ආ............................................................................................82 1.10 Interrogatives..........................................................................................................................................84 Questions using ੍......................................................................................................................................84 Choice type questions: questions using 䘎ᱥ .............................................................................................84 Questions using the following interrogatives: ӶѾθ䈷θଠ‫ݵ‬θѰӶѾθ ᙄѾθࠖθଠѠθӶѾᰬ ُθᙄѾθᙄѾṭθཐቇθཐཝθࠖ኷θ.............................................................................................85 Tag questions using ઘθ੝........................................................................................................................88 1.11 Location..................................................................................................................................................89 Giving location using ൞.............................................................................................................................89 Giving location using ᱥ.............................................................................................................................90 Positional phrases using Ⲻδ໏рⲺ⭱ε.................................................................................................90 1.12 Conjunctions...........................................................................................................................................90 Joining nouns to nouns: ૂ .........................................................................................................................90 Saying 'with' ૂθ䐕...................................................................................................................................91 Subjects in parallel 䜳.................................................................................................................................92 Others:.........................................................................................................................................................92 1.13 Number, quality, dates and time.............................................................................................................95 All numbers up to 1 million........................................................................................................................95 Ordinal numbers using ㅢ.........................................................................................................................100 Stating quantities.......................................................................................................................................100 Giving the time and date...........................................................................................................................101 Currencies and prices................................................................................................................................105 Giving the length of time..........................................................................................................................107 Word order when using time expressions.................................................................................................108 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Grammar Points)..........................................109 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨...............................................................................109 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of speech.........................................................................................................................109 1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun ...........................................................................................................................109 ᯯփ੃䈃 )ƗQJZqL míngcí Location nouns..........................................................................................109 2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí Verb..................................................................................................................................115 Choice type questions: questions using 䘎ᱥ .............................................................................................84 Questions using the following interrogatives: ӶѾθ䈷θଠ‫ݵ‬θѰӶѾθ ᙄѾθࠖθଠѠθӶѾᰬ ُθᙄѾθᙄѾṭθཐቇθཐཝθࠖ኷θ............... .. .. .. .... .. .. ................ .. .. .. ................................................................85 Tag questions using ઘθ੝.............................. .. .. .................. .. .. ........ .. .............. .. .. .... .. ........................................................88 1.11 Location................................................ .... .. .. .................. .. .. ............ .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................89 Giving location using ൞....................... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .... .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. ............................................................89 Giving location using ᱥ................... .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ........................................................................90 Positional phrases using Ⲻδ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏рⲺ⭱ε..................................... .. .. .. ..............................................................90 1.12 Conjunctions........................... .. .............................................. .... .. .. .. ....................................................................90 Joining nouns to nouns: ૂ ......... .. .......................... .. .. .................... .... .. .. ............ .. .. .. ............................................................90 Saying 'with' ૂθ䐕....................... .. .. .. ................................................ .. .. .... ..............................................................91 Subjects in parallel 䜳........................... .... .. .. .......................... .. .... .. .. ............................................................................92 Others:.........................................................................................................................................................92 1.13 Number, quali li li li li li li lity ty ty ty ty ty, da da da date te te te te te te tes s s s s s an an an an an an and d d d d d d d d d ti ti ti ti ti ti time me me me me me me me me............................................................................. .. .. .. .. .. ..................................95 All numbers up t t t t t t to 1 1 1 mi mi mi mi mi mi mi mill ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llio io io io io io ion n n n n n n........................................................................................................................95 Ordinal numbers using ㅢ.........................................................................................................................100 Stating quan an an anti ti ti ti ti ti titi ti ti ti ti ti ties.. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .................100 Giving the tim im im im im ime e e an an an an and d d d d da da date te te te te. ... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .............................. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. ............................................101 Currencies a a and nd nd nd nd nd nd p p pri ri ri ri ri rice ce ces............................... ...................................................................................................105 Giving the length of time..........................................................................................................................107
  • 21. 5 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs ...........................................................................................115 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish................................................................................................117 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䈛Ƚ ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should, should.............................................................................118 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ᝵ᝅ Willing .........................................................................................................................119 ࣞ䈃䠃ਖφVerb overlap AAȽ A ж AȽ A Ҽ AȽABABȽA ⵶ A ⵶ȽAABBȽ ж A ж BȽ ᘳ A ᘳ B...........................................................................................................................................................119 3 ԙ䈃 dàicí Pronouns.............................................................................................................................120 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative pronouns ཐȽཐቇȽଠȽଠѠȽଠ䠂ȽଠӑȽӶѾȽ䈷ȽᙄѾȽࠖ.........120 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................124 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................126 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................127 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................131 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ.......................................................134 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral .............................................................................................................................138 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Word (MW)......................................................................................143 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享................................................................143 ੃䠅䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ..........................................................................................................................145 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ с..............................................................................................148 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................152 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................152 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................153 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭...............................................................158 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................159 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRIWLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................160 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................162 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repetitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃.......................................................................167 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................168 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎.............................................................................................................172 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ............................................................................................................173 ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJIFt1HJDWLYH$GYHUEV ࡡȽуȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................174 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Manner ᭻ᝅ .........................................................................................................177 ᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ᗻ亱ȽᐤуཐȽླ‫܅‬ȽжᇐȽҕ䇮.............................................................178 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................181 8 ԁ䈃 jiècí Preposition...........................................................................................................................185 ⯇䰤 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................124 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................126 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................127 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ ȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................131 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ. . . . .......................................................134 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral ....................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .............. .. .. .. .............. .. .... .. .. ............................................................138 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Wo Wo Wo Wo Word (MW MW) ) ) ) )......................................................................................143 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享..... .. .. .............................................................143 ੃䠅䈃φ 䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ............ .. ........................ .. ................................ .. .. .. ...... ........................................................145 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ൰ ഔ с........ .. ................ .... .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................148 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb ....................... .... .. .......................................... .. .... .. .. ................................................................152 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ ȽᖾȽའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ ȽའȽⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ ȽⵕȽᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ...........................................................................152 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s of of of of of of d d d d d d deg eg eg eg eg eg eg egre re re re re re re ree: e: e: e: e: e: ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡȽᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ ȽᥰȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ж ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................153 㤹പ 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ ੂࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 R R R R R R R R Ran an an an an an an an ange ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge, , , sy sy sy sy sy sy sy syne ne ne ne ne nerg rg rg rg rg rgy y y y y y y y y ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad adve ve ve ve ve ve ve verb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s s s s s 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚжඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..............................158 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................159 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6K 6K 6K 6K 6K 6K 6KtMLƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗQ Q Q Q Q Q QI I I I I I I IFt Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft$ $ $ $ $ $GY GY GY GY GY GYHU HU HU HU HU HU HU HU HUEVRI I I I I I I IWL WL WL WL WL WL WL WLPH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ/ /ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ . . . . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .................160 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................162 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 F F F F F Fre re re re requ qu qu qu qu quen en en en en ency cy cy cy cy, , , , Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Repe pe pe pe pe pe pe peti ti ti ti ti ti titi ti ti ti ti ti tive ve ve ve ve A A A A A Adver er er er erbs bs bs bs bs bs bs ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃. . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........................................167 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................168
  • 22. 6 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the time and place ԄȽ൞...........................................................................185 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead time ᖉȽᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬُ....................................................................................................186 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................187 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Bring out Objects 䐕ȽૂȽ∊ ................................................................................................193 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading objects ሯȽ㔏Ƚ⿱ ...................................................................................................194 ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ৕ഖ Lead purpose and reason Ѱ.........................................................................................200 9 䘔䈃 liáncí Conjunction........................................................................................................................201 㺞⽰㚊ਾީ㌱ Indicates a joint relationship 䐕Ƚ䘎ᱥȽᡌ㘻Ƚૂ........................................................201 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................202 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ..................................................................................................................................................................203 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle...........................................................................................................................205 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ...............................................................................................205 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle ....................................................................................................206 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽.............................................................................................................207 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ.................................................................................................................208 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle..............................................................................................................209 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................210 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................................................................................212 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ...........................................................................................214 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ஀........................................................................................................................216 ⸣䈣 GXӽQԃ3KUDVH .....................................................................................................................................217 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................217 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type..........................................................................................................................217 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type..........................................................................................................217 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure types ........................................................................................................220 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWSH+6.9*..........................................................222 ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase.........................................................................................................................222 ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase..........................................................................................................................222 ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Adjective phrases.............................................................................................................223 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................223 ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................223 രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pattern....................................................................................................................................226 䘎ᱥ……੝ ..............................................................................................................................................226 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................202 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ................................................................................... .... .. .. .. .................... .. .. .. .... .. ...........................................................203 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .............. .... .. .. ......................................................205 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ................ .. .. .. ............ .. .................. .. .. .. .......................................................205 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle e e e e e ................. .............. .. .. .............. .. .... .. .. .. ...........................................................206 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽... .. .. .... .................... ........................................................................................207 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ..... .. .. .................................................... .. .. .. ............................................................208 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle....................... .. .. .... .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .........................................................209 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ... .. .. .................. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................210 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................. .... .. .. .. .. ...............................................................212 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ........... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ................................................................................214 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection on on on on on ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀... .. .. .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. ........ .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ............ .. .... .. .. .. .. .......... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. .. .................................216 ⸣䈣 GXӽQԃ ԃ3KUDV DV DV DV DV DV DV DVH H H H H H H H H . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..............................217 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................217 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ St St St St St St Stru ru ru ru ru ruct ct ct ctur ur ur ur ur ure e e e e ty ty ty ty ty ty type pe pe pe pe pe pe..... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .................217 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ Basic structure type pe pe pe pe pe......... .. .. ...................................................................................................217 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ Ot Ot Ot Ot Othe he he he he her r r r r st st st st st stru ru ru ru ru ruct ct ct ct ct ctur ur ur ur ure e e e e ty ty ty ty ty ty type pe pe pe pe pe pes s s s s s ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .................... ........ ........ ...... .... .... .. .... .. .... ...... .. ...... .... .... .... .........................................220 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJ QJQpQJ QJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWS SH+6.9*..........................................................222
  • 23. 7 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ৾... ... ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................227 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ੄/ࢃ/੄...................................................................................................................227 ਛᆆᡆ࠼ M]ӿFKpQJIqQ6HQWHQFH(OHPHQWV...........................................................................................229 ѱ䈣 ]Kԃԃ6XEMHFW...............................................................................................................................229 䉉䈣 ZqLԃ3UHGLFDWH............................................................................................................................229 䉉䈣 Predicate......................................................................................................................................230 ੃䈃Ƚԙ䈃Ƚᮦ䈃ᡌᮦ䠅⸣䈣Ƚ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣֒䉉䈣 Nouns, pronouns, numerals or quantitative phrases, nominal 230 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................231 ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃAttributive.......................................................................................................................232 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ...............................................................................232 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO....................................................................................................................233 㺛䈣 Complement .......................................................................................................................................234 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1............................................................................................................234 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complement 1 ......................................................................................................236 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 Quantity Complement 1......................................................................238 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 Quantity Complement 2..................................................................239 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of sentence ............................................................................................240 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ..............................................................................................................240 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................240 ѱ䉉ਛ ]KԃZqLM6XEMHFW-Predicate Sentence ................................................................................240 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;tQJUyQJFtZqLԃM$GMHFWLYH-predicate sentence .....................................................241 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................241 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃䉉䈣ਛ Subject-Predicate Sentence 3: Noun-Predicate Sentence....................................241 䱾䘦ਛ chénshùjù Declarative Sentence ..............................................................................................242 ⯇䰤ਛ Yíwènjù Interrogative sentence ...............................................................................................242 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................243 ᝕ਯਛ *ӽQWjQM([FODPDWRU6HQWHQFH.............................................................................................244 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDWWHUQV ..............................................................................244 “ᴿ”ᆍਛ ³ԁX´]uM+DYHVHQWHQFH ..............................................................................................245 “ᴿ” ᆍਛ 2 “ᴿ Have” sentence 2 ..........................................................................................................245 ᆎ⧦ਛ 1: 㺞⽰ᆎ൞ There is/are …............................................................................................................246 䘔ࣞਛ 1 Double verbs.............................................................................................................................248 ∊䖹ਛ %ӿMLjRMRPSDUDWLYHSentence...............................................................................................248 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................231 ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃAttributive.......................................................................................................................232 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ..................... .. .. .. .... ..........................................................232 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO........................... .. .. .................. .. .. .. ........ .. ................ .. .......................................................233 㺛䈣 Complement ....................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ........................................................234 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1..... .. .... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .............................................................234 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complemen en ent t t t t 1 ............... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .............................................................236 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 Qu Qu Qu Qu Quantity Complement 1........... .. .............................................................238 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 Quantity C C C Com om ompl plem emen ent t t t t 2 2 2 2 2....... .. .. .. ...... .........................................................239 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of of of of of sentence ....... .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. ...........................................................240 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ....... .. .. ...................................... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................240 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................240 ѱ䉉ਛ ]Kԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃZq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq ZqLM M M M M M M M M M6 6 6 6 6 6XE XE XE XE XE XE XE XE XEMH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MHFW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW- - -Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at at ate e e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nt nten ence ce ce ce ce ce ce . . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...............................240 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;tQJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJUy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy UyQJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJFt Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft FtZ Z Z Z Z ZqL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM           $G $G $G $G $G $G $G $G $G $G $GMH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MHFW FW FW FW FW FW FWLY LY LY LY LY LY LY LYH H H H H H H H H-pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pred ed ed ed ed ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at ate e e e e e e e se se se se se se se sent nt nt nt nt nt nt nten en en en en en en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ..............................241 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................241 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ Su Su Su Su Su Su Subj bj bj bj bj bj bjec ec ec ec ec ect t t t t t- - - - -Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at ate e e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce 3: : : No No No No No Noun un un un un- - -Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic icat at at at at ate e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce. . . . ... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .................241 䱾䘦ਛ chén én én én én énshùj ùj ùj ùj ùjù ù ù ù ù De De De Decl cl cl cl cl clarat at at ative Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en ence ce ce ce ce ............................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. ...........................................242 ⯇䰤ਛ Yí Yí Yíwè wè wè wè wè wè wènj nj nj njù ù ù ù ù ù In In In In Inte te te te terr rr rr rr rr rrog og og og og ogat at at at ativ iv iv iv iv iv iv ive se se se se se sent nt nt nt nt nt nten en ence ce ce ce ce ce ...............................................................................................242 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................243
  • 24. 8 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ∊䖹ਛ 2 Comparative sentence 2................................................................................................................249 ∊䖹ਛ 3 Comparative sentence 3................................................................................................................251 “ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ,W VRIVHQWHQFHWRHPSKDVL]H...................................................................................252 ਂᇴ䈣ਛ Double object sentence................................................................................................................253 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2................................................................................................................253 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + 㔏 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2........................................................................................................254 གྷਛ Fùjù Complex sentences..................................................................................................................255 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQJOLqIMRRUGLQDWHRPSOH[6HQWHQFH.........................................................................255 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................256 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................257 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ....................................................................................................259 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence.......................................................................................................260 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences...................................................................................................261 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Conditional compound sentence: .........................................................263 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sentence: once..then...............................................................................263 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense.....................................................................................................................................265 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................265 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................266 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVLYH7HQVH........................................................................................266 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................268 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the state..........................................................................268 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the action .......................................................................269 㔅়ᰬᘷ The experience state.................................................................................................................269 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ WqVKnjELӽRGiIӽ6SHFLDOH[SUHVVLRQ ......................................................................................271 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TLiQVKELӽRVKuIӽ0RQHQXPEHUQRWDWLRQ....................................................................271 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ 6KtMLƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................271 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]KǀQJGLӽQELӽRVKuIӽ+RXUQRWDWLRQ.................................................................................272 ᓅᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Ordinal number notation..........................................................................................................272 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Approximate number notation.................................................................................................273 ᮦ䈃 + ཐ + 䠅䈃 Numeral + ཐ + quantifier ...........................................................................................273 ᮦ䈃 + 䠅䈃 + ཐ Numeral + quantifier +ཐ more...................................................................................274 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Methods of emphasis ...................................................................................................................275 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 8VHቧ MXVWWRH[SUHVVHPSKDVLV ................................................................................275 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................256 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................257 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ................. .. .............................. .. .. .........................................................259 䖢ᣎ 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence........... .. .. .. .................. .. .......... .. .. .... ................ .. ......................................................260 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences es es................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .... ........................................................261 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Con on on on on on ondi di di di di ditional com om om om ompoun un un un und d d d d d d senten en en en en ence ce ce ce ce: .........................................................263 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sent nt nt nt ntence: once..th th then....................... .. .. ..........................................................263 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense........................ .. .. .. ................................................ .. .... .. ...............................................................265 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰.......................................... .. .. .... .......... .. .... ........................................................265 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰.. .. .. .................................................. .. .. .. ............................................................266 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVL VL VL VL VL VLYH YH YH YH YH YH7HQVH............... .. .. .... .. .. .. .........................................................................266 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................268 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 In In In In In In Indi di dica ca ca ca ca ca ca cate te te te te te tes s s s th th th th th th th th th the e e e e co co co co cont nt nt nt nt nt ntin in in in in in in in inua ua ua ua ua uati ti ti ti ti ti tion on on on on on on on o o o o of f f f f th the e e e st st st st st st stat at at at at ate e e e e..........................................................................268 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 Indicates th th th th th th th the continuation of the action .......................................................................269 㔅়ᰬᘷ The e e e e e expe pe pe pe perience state te.................................................................................................................269 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ Wq Wq Wq Wq Wq Wq WqVK VK VK VKnj nj nj nj njEL EL EL EL EL EL ELӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽRGi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi GiI I Iӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ6S 6S 6S 6S 6S 6S 6SHFLD LD LD LD LD LD LDO O O O O O OH[ H[ H[ H[ H[ H[ H[SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SUHV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HVVL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VLRQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ ... .. ............ .... ........ .... ...... .... .... .... ........ .......... .......... ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .... ...... .................271 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TL TL TL TL TL TL TLiQ iQ iQ iQ iQ iQ iQVK K K K K K KE E E E E E E ELӽRV RV RV RV RV RVKu Ku Ku Ku Ku KuI I I I I I I Iӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0RQH QH QH QH QH QH QH QXPE PE PE PE PE PE PEHU HU HU HU HU HUQ Q Q Q Q QRW RW RW RW RW RWDW DW DW DW DW DW DWLR LR LR LR LR LRQ Q Q Q Q Q.. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........................................271 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ 6KtM tMLƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................271 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]K ]K ]K ]KǀQ ǀQ ǀQ ǀQJG JG JG JGLӽ Lӽ Lӽ Lӽ EL EL EL ELӽR ӽR ӽR ӽRVK VK VK VKu u u uIӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ+ + + + WD WD WD WDWL WL WL WL
  • 25. 13 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . The Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1) in Chinese (spoken Mandarin/spoken Cantonese) consists of four externally examined papers based on the following skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Students must complete their speaking assessment in April/May and all other assessments in May/June in any single year. Each paper is available at Foundation tier or Higher tier. Students must be entered for a single tier across all papers. Paper 1: Listening and understanding in Chinese (*Paper code: 1CN0/1F and 1H) Paper 2: Speaking in Chinese (*Paper code: 1CN0/2MF and 2MH/2CF and 2CH) Paper 3: Reading and understanding in Chinese (*Paper code: 1CN0/3F and 3H) Paper 4: Writing in Chinese (*Paper code: 1CN0/4F and 4H) The Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1) in Chinese (spoken Mandarin/spoken Cantonese) allows students to develop their ability to communicate with Chinese native speakers in both speech and writing. Students will study across a variety of contexts relevant to their age and interests and will also develop a greater awareness of the culture of Chinese-speaking communities and countries. These contexts are listed under Themes and topics. Students will need to develop and use their knowledge and understanding of Chinese grammar progressively through their course of other assessments in May/June in any single year. Each paper is available at Foundation ti i ie e e e er r r r r o o o o or r r r r H H Higher tier. Students must be entered for a single tier across a a a a al l l l ll l l l l pap p p p p pe e e e e er r r r rs s s s s. Paper 1: Listening and under rs s s s s st t t t t tandin n n n ng g g g g in C C C C C Chines s s s se e e e e (*Paper code: 1CN0/1F and 1H) Paper 2: Speaking in Chin n n n nese (*Paper code: 1 1 1 1 1C C C C C C C CN0/2MF and 2MH/2CF and 2CH) Paper 3: Reading and und d d d de e e e e erstanding i i i i in Chine e e e e es s s s se (*Paper code: 1CN0/3F and 3H) Paper 4: Writi i i i i in n n n n n n ng g g g g g g i i i in n n n n n n n C C C C C C Ch h h h h h h h h h hi i i i i i i i i in n n ne e e e e e es s s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (* * * * * * * *P P P P P P P P P P Pa a a a a ap p p p p p per r r r r c c c c c co o o o o o od d d d d d d de e e e e e e e e e e: : : : : : : : : 1 1 1 1 1 1C C C C C C C CN N N N N N N N N N0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0/ / / / / / / /4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4F F F F F F F F F F a a a a a an n n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d d d 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4H H H H H) The Pearson n n n n n n E E E E E Ed d d d d de e e e ex x x x x xc c c c c ce e e e el l l L L L L L Le e e e e eve e e e e el l l l l l l 1 1 1 1 1 1/ / / / / / /L L L L L L L L Le e e e e e e e ev v v v v v v v v ve e e e e e el l l l l l 2 2 2 2 2 G G G G G G G G GC C C C C C C CS S S S S S S SE E E E E E E E ( ( ( ( ( ( (9 9 9 9 9– – – –1 1 1 1 1 1) ) ) ) ) ) i i i in n n n n n n n C C C C C Ch h h h h h h h h hi i i i i in n n n n n ne e e e e es s s s s se e e e e ( ( ( ( ( ( (s s s s spoken Mandarin/s s s s sp p p p p p p po o o o ok k k k k ke e e e e en n n n C C C C C C C Ca a a a a ant t t t to o o o on n n n ne e e e e e e es s s s s se e e e) ) ) ) ) ) ) a a a a a al llo ow w w w w ws s s s s s s s s st t t t tu u u u u ud d d d de e e e e en n n n n n nt t t t t t ts s s s s s s t t t t t to o o o o o o d d d d de e e e ev v v v ve e e e el l l l lo o o o o o o op their ability to communicate with Chinese native speakers in both speech and writing.
  • 26. 23 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . David yao -81(
  • 27. 33 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . I. Test Target The HSK (Level V) is intended for students who have studied Chinese 2-4 class hours per week for more than two academic years. These students have mastered 2,500 commonly used words and related grammar patterns.
  • 28. 43 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . 4. A benchmark for students who want to participate in the HSK test. V. Results Certificate Test takers will receive their test results for the new YCT issued by Hanban within three weeks after the test. Business Chinese Test The BCT, as an international, standardized test of Chinese language proficiency, focuses on assessing non-native Chinese speakers’ abilities to use the Chinese language in real business or common working environments. The BCT consists of a writing test and a speaking test, which are independent of each other. The writing test is divided into two levels, namely, the BCT (A), and the BCT (B). The different levels of the BCT can meet some of the levels in the Chinese Language Proficiency Scales for Speakers of Other Languages (CLPS) and the Common European Framework of Reference (CEF), as well as HSK and YCT levels; details are as follows: Business Chinese Test The BCT, as an international l l l l, standard di i i iz z ze ed d t te es st t o o o o of f f f f C C C C C Ch h h hi i i i in n n n nese language proficiency, focuses on assessing non-nat t t t ti i i i ive Chines s s s s se e e e speak k k k k ke e e e er r r r rs s s s’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ab bi i i i ilities to use the Chinese language in real business or co o o o o ommon working env v vi i i ir r r r r ro o o o onments. The BCT con n n n n ns s s s si i i i i ist t ts s s s o o o o of f f f f f a a a a a a w w w w wr r r r ri i i i it t t t t ti i i i i ing t t t t t te e e e e es s s s st t t t t t t a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n nd d d d d d d a a a a a a s s s s s spe e e e e e e ea a a a a a ak k k k k ki i i i i i i in n n ng g g g g g g g t t t t te e e e e e es s s s s st t t t, w w w w w wh h h h hi i ic c c ch h h h h h h h a a a a ar r r r r r re e e e e e e e e e i i i i i in n n n n n nd d d d d d de e e e ep p p pe e e e e e en n n n ndent of each other. T T T T Th h h h h h he e e e e e w w w w w wr r r r ri i i i iti i in n n n n ng g g g g g g g tes s s s st t t t i i i i is s s s s s d d d d d d d div v v v v vi i i i id d d d d ded i i i i i in n n n nt t t t to o o o o t t t t tw w w w wo o o o o le e e e e ev v v v v v ve e e e e e el l l l l ls s s s s s, , , n n n n na a a a am m m m me e e e el l l l l l l ly y y y y y y, , , , , , , the BCT (A), and the BCT (B). The different levels of the BCT can meet some of the levels in the Chinese Language Proficiency Scales for Speakers of Other Languages (CLPS)
  • 29. 53 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ⭱ᇬ KXjMLƗ Painter HSK 3 V2021 G02.04 ֒ᇬ ]XzMLƗ Writer HSK 3 V2021 G02.05 㺂ᇬ KiQJMLƗ professional; expert HSK 3 V2021 G02.06 YAO ᇬ MLƗ (੃) 4 a specialist in a certain field: HSK 3 V2021 G02.07 YAO // HSK 2 V2021 щᇬ ]KXƗQMLƗ (੃) expert; specialist HSK 3 V2021 G02.08 YAO 〇ᆜᇬ NƝ[XpMLƗ (੃) scientist HSK 3 V2021 G02.09 YAO // HSK 2 V2021 B ઎ ઎ yuán (੃) 1 a person engaged in some field of activity HSK 3 V2021 G02.12 YAO // HSK 3 V2021 䱕઎ GXuXiQ (੃) team member HSK 3 V2021 Ր઎ KXuXiQ (੃) member: HSK 3 V2021 ᡆ઎ chéngyuán (੃) member HSK 6 V2009 // HSK 3 V2021 ᇬ MLƗ ( Ɨ Ɨ ੃) 4 a specialist in a certain field: HSK 3 V2021 G02.07 YAO // HSK 2 V2021 щᇬ ]KXƗQ QMLƗ Q Q ( Ɨ Ɨ ੃) expert; sp p p p p pecialis s s s s st t t t t HS S S S SK 3 V V V V V2021 G02.08 YAO 〇ᆜᇬ NƝ[XpMLƗ ( Ɨ Ɨ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃) scientist HSK K K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 V2021 G02.09 YAO // HSK 2 V2021 B ઎ ઎ yuán (੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃) 1 1 a a a a a pe e e ers s s so o o on e e eng g g g g g ga a ag g g g ge e e ed d d d d i i i i in n n n s s s so o o o om m m m me e e e e e f f f f fi i i i ie e e e e eld d d d d d o o o o o of f f f activity HSK 3 V2021 G0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2.12 2 2 2 2 Y Y Y Y YA A A A A AO O O O O // H H H H H H HS SK K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 3 V2021 䱕઎ GXuXiQ ( Q Q ੃) team member HSK 3 V2021
  • 30. 63 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ∊䎭ѣᮽᶛθ⌋䈣ᴪ䳴ᆜȾ %ӿ Tӿ]KǀQJZpQOiLIӽԃJqQJQiQ[Xp Compared to Chinese, French is more difficult to learn. 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ འ tài 2 extremely: 䘏⵶ἁའ࿏Ҽ zhèzhe qí tài miàole This is an extremely wise move. ஀έའ㗄Ҽέ $7jLPČLOH what! So beautiful! ିθ འᲐҼ jLWjLZӽQOH Oh, It's too late! ⵕ =KƝQ (ࢥ) 3 really; truly; indeed: HSK 1 V2021 G09.04 HSK 4 V2009 HSK 7-9 V2021 Plus ֖Ⲻᡵ䰪ⵕᒨ߶έ 1ӿGHIiQJMLƗQ]KƝQJƗQMuQJ Your room is so clean! HSK 1 V2021 G09.04A འ tài 2 extremely: 䘏⵶ἁའ࿏Ҽ zhèzhe qí tài m m m m mi i i i i iàole Th h h h hi i i i is is an n n n n extremely wise move. ஀έའ㗄Ҽέ $7jLPČL L L L L LO O O O O O OH w w w w what! ! ! ! ! S S S S So o o o o b b b b b beautiful! ିθ འᲐҼ jLWjLZ Z Z Z Z Zӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽQOH O O O Oh h, , I It t's s t t t t to o o o oo l l l l la a a a ate! ⵕ =KƝQ (ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 r r r r r r re e e ea a a a a al l l l l l ll l l l ly y y y y y y y y y; t t t t tr r r r ru u ul l l ly y y y y y y y; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; i i i in n nd d d d d de e ee e e e ed d d d d d: : : : : : H H H H HS S SK K K K K K K 1 1 1 1 V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 G G G G G0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09 9 9 9 9 9.04 HSK 4 V2009 HS S S S S SK K K K K 7 7 7 7 7 7 7-9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P P P P P P P P P Pl l l l l l l l l lu u u u u u us s s s s s s ֖Ⲻᡵ䰪ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕ ⵕᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ ᒨ߶ ߶ ߶ ߶ ߶ ߶ ߶έ έ έ έ έ έ έ έ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1ӿ ӿ ӿG G G G G G G GH H H H H H HI I I I I I I I Ii i i i i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J J JM M M M M M M M ML L L L L L L L L L LƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ Q Q Q Q Q Q] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K K K KƝ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ ƝQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J J JƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ Q Q Q Q Q Q QM M M M M Mu u u u u u u u uQ Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J Y Y Y Y Y Y Yo o o o o o ou u u u u u ur r r r r r r r r r r ro o o o o o oo o o o om is so clean! H H H H H H H HS S SK K K K K K K 1 1 1 1 1 V V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 G G G G G G G G09 9 9 9 9 9.04A A A A A A A
  • 31. 73 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᡇ྾྾ ZԁPƗPƗ My mother ᡇᵁਁ ZԁSpQJԁX my friend Demonstrative pronouns 䘏θ䛙, ཝᇬ 䘏 zhè (ԙ) 1 this HSK 1 V2021 G06.01 HSK 1 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 䘏ᱥ䈷Ⲻᢁᵰϋ ]KqVKuVKpLGHVKԁXMƯWhose phone is this? HSK 1 V2021 G06.01A 䛙 nà (ԙ) 1 that HSK 1 V2021 G06.02 HSK 1 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 䛙ᱥ䈷 QjVKuVKXt Who is that man? ཝᇬ GjMLƗ (ԙ) 1 all; everybody HSK 2 V2021 G06.02 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 ཝᇬж䎭୧ↂ੝Ⱦ 'jMLƗuTӿFKjQJJƝED Let's sing together. HSK 2 V2021 G06.02A HSK 1 V2021 䘏ᱥ䈷Ⲻᢁᵰϋ ]KqVKuVKpLGHV V V V V VK K K K K Kԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁXM M M M M MƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư W W W W Whose phone is this? HSK 1 V2021 G06.01A 䛙 nà ( à ԙ) 1 that HS S S S SK 1 V2021 G06.02 2 2 2 2 2 HSK 1 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 䛙ᱥ䈷 QjVKuVKXt Who i is t t t t th h h h ha a a a at t t t t m m m m ma a a a a an n n n n? ? ? ? ? ཝᇬ GjMLƗ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Ɨ Ɨ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ) ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 a a a a a a al l l l l ll l l l l; e e e e ev v v v v v v ve e e ery y y y y yb b b b b b b bo o o o o o o od d d d d d dy y y y y y y y H H H H H H HS S S S S S S S SK K K K K K 2 2 2 2 2 2 V V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G G0 0 0 0 06 6 6 6 6 6 6 6. . .0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 HSK 2 V2009 H H H H H H H HS S S S SK K K K K K 2 V V V V V V V V V20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 ཝᇬж䎭୧ↂ੝ 'jMLƗ u Tӿ FKjQJJƝ ED Let's sing together
  • 32. 83 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Ԅ cóng (ԁ) 1 [ used to indicate the starting point ] from; pass by: HSK 1 V2021 G15.01 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 ᡇԢԄ᱕ᵕжࡦ᱕ᵕӊᐛ֒Ⱦ ZԁPHQFyQJ[ƯQJTtƯGjR[ƯQJTtZԃ JǀQJ]Xz We work from Monday to Friday. HSK 1 V2021 G15.01A ֖Ԅଠ‫ݵ‬ᶛϋ 1ӿFyQJQӽ HUOiL Where are you from? HSK 1 V2021 G15.01A ࡦ dào 5 (ԁ) (㺞⽰ࣞ֒ᡌ㺂Ѱ䗴ࡦⲺᰬ䰪) up until; up to Ԅ᱕ᵕࡦ᱕ᵕӊ FyQJ[ƯQJTtGjR[ƯQJTtZԃ from Monday to Friday. ൞ zài (ԁ) 2 [indicating the position of a person or thing]: at, in, on HSK 1 V2021 G16.01 HSK 1 V2009 ֖Ԅଠ‫ݵ‬ᶛϋ 1ӿFyQJQӽ HUOiL Where are you from? HSK 1 V2021 G15.01A A ࡦ dào 5 (ԁ) (㺞⽰ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ֒ᡌ㺂Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ䗴ࡦⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ䰪 䰪 䰪 䰪 䰪 䰪) up until; up to Ԅ᱕ᵕࡦ᱕ᵕӊ FyQJ[ [ [ [ [ [Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯQ Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J JTtGjR R R [ [ [ [ [ [Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯQ Q Q Q Q QJTtZԃ from Monday to Friday.
  • 33. 92 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Subjects in parallel 䜳 䜳 GǀX (ࢥ) 1 all; both: HSK 1 V2021 G10.01 HSK 1 V2009 ੂᆜԢ䜳ᖾ䇚ⵕȾ WyQJ[XpPHQGǀXKČQUqQ]KƝQ The students are very serious. HSK 1 V2021 G10.01A Others: 㲳❬ VXƯUiQ (䘔) though; although HSK 6 V2021 G49.002 YAO HSK 3 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 㲳❬……θռᱥ 6XƯUiQGjQVKu though; although… but… Ԍ㲳❬ᖾᘏθռᱥ䘎㾷ৱ䘆ࣞȾ 7ƗVXƯUiQKČQPiQJGjQVKuKiL yào qù yùndòng.he although very busy, but still want go to exercise. (Lit.) ഖѰ ƯQZqL (䘔) because; for; on account of HSK 3 V2021 G25.002 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 Others: 㲳❬ V VX XƯUiQ ( Q Q 䘔) though h h h h h; ; ; ; ; althou u u u ug gh H H H H H H HS S S S SK 6 6 V V V V V2021 G49.002 YAO HSK 3 V2009 HSK 2 2 2 2 V V V2 2 20 0 02 2 21 1 1 㲳❬……θռᱥ 6X X X X X XƯUiQG G G G G Gj j jQVK K Ku u u t t t t t th h h h ho o o ough; although… but… Ԍ㲳❬ᖾᘏθռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռ ռᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆 䘆ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞȾ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗV V V V V V VX X X X X X X X X XƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯU U U Ui i i i i i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QK K K K K K K K K KČ Č Č Č Č Č Č Č Č Č Č ČQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QP P P P P P P P P P Pi i i i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J J JGjQVKuKiL yào qù yùndòng.he although very busy, but still want go to exercise. (Lit.)
  • 34. 106 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ғඍпδ∑ε (9.30 ‫ݹ‬ε MLԃNXjLVƗQPiR
  • 35. XiQ
  • 36. Nine yuan three (mao) (9.30 yuan) ॷӊඍ‫∑ޣ‬пδ࠼ε (15.63 ‫ݹ‬ε VKtZԃNXjLOLPiRVƗQIƝQ
  • 37. (15.63 Yuán) Fifteen yuan and six cents (cents) (15.63 yuan) ӂॷӊඍ䴬‫ޡ‬δ࠼ε (25.08 ‫ݹ‬ε qUVKtZԃNXjLOtQJEƗIƝQ
  • 38. Yuán) Twenty-five yuan and eight (minutes) (25.08 yuan) жⲴӊॷδ‫ݹ‬ε жⲴӊॷδඍε(150 ‫ݹ‬ε ƯEӽLZԃVKtXiQ
  • 40. XiQ
  • 41. One hundred and fifty (yuan) One hundred and fifty (yuan) (150 yuan) жⲴ䴬ӊδ‫ݹ‬ε жⲴ䴬ӊδඍε(105 ‫ݹ‬ε ƯEӽLOtQJZԃXiQ
  • 43. XiQ
  • 44. One hundred and five (yuan) One hundred and five (yuan) (105 yuan) 㤯᷒ཐቇ䫧жѠϋ 3tQJJXԁGXǀVKӽRTLiQƯJq How much is an apple? HSK 1 V2021 G43.06 YAO 㤯᷒ཐቇ䫧ж‫ޢ‬ᯚϋ PíQJJXԁGXǀVKӽRTLiQƯJǀQJMƯQ How much is an apple per kilogram? HSK 1 V2021 G43.06 YAO 䘏Ԭ㺙ᵃཐቇ䫧ϋ =KqMLjQƯI~GXǀVKӽRTLiQhow much is this shirt?HSK 1 V2021 G43.06 YAO ( J
  • 45. Yuán) Twenty-five yuan and eight (minutes) (25.08 yuan) жⲴӊॷδ‫ݹ‬ε жⲴӊॷδඍ ඍ ඍ ඍ ඍ ඍ ඍ ඍε ε ε ε ε ε(15 5 5 5 50 0 0 0 0 0 ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ε ƯEӽLZԃVKtXiQ
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54. O On n n n ne hu u u u u un n n n n ndred d d d d and fifty (yuan) One hundred and fifty (yuan) ( ( ( ( (1 1 1 1 150 yuan n n n) ) ) жⲴ䴬ӊδ‫ݹ‬ε жⲴ䴬 䴬 䴬 䴬 䴬 䴬ӊδඍε ε ε ε ε ε( (1 10 05 5 ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬ε ε ε ε ε ε ε ƯEӽLOtQJZԃXiQ
  • 57. One hundr r r re e e e e ed d d d d and five (yuan) One hundred and five (yuan) (105 yua a an n n n) ) ) ) 㤯᷒ཐቇ䫧 䫧 䫧 䫧 䫧 䫧 䫧 䫧ж ж ж ж ж жѠ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡϋ ϋ ϋ ϋ ϋ ϋ ϋ ϋ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3t t t t tQJ J J J J J J JJ J J J J J J J JX X X X X X X X Xԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁG G G G G G G G G GX X X X X X X X X Xǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀV V V V V V V VK K K K K K K Kӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽR R R R R R RT T T T T T T T TL L L L L L Li i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯJ J J J J J J J J Jq q q q q q q H H H H H Ho o o o o o ow w w w w w m m m m m m mu u u u uch is an apple? H H H H H H H HS S SK K K K K K K 1 1 1 1 1 V V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G G G G4 4 4 4 43 3 3 3 3 3.06 Y Y Y Y Y Y YA A A A A AO O O O O O O 㤯᷒ཐቇ䫧 ‫ޢ‬ᯚϋ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ G G G G ǀ K K K Kӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ L L L Li i i i Ư ǀ M M M MƯ
  • 58. 117 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . 㜭ᝯࣘ䇽 Auxiliary Verb to express wish 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 néng yuàn dòngcí Auxiliary Verb to express wish HSK 2 V2021 G015 .00 ਟ㜭 ਥ㜳 NČQpQJ (ࣞ) may HSK 2 V2021 G01.01 Ԍਥ㜳࠰ৱҼȾ WƗNČQpQJFKnjTOH He might be out. HSK 2 V2021 G01.01A ᡇԀཟуਥ㜳ߏᇂ䘏Ѿཐ֒ѐȾ :ԁMƯQWLƗQENČQpQJ[LČ ZiQ]KqPHGXǀ]Xzq It is impossible for me to finish so many homework today. HSK 2 V2021 G01.01A ᱄ཟਥ㜳с䴞Ⱦ PtQJWLƗQNČQpQJ[Ljԃ It may rain tomorrow. HSK 2 V2021 G01.01A YAO6 ਟԕ ਥԛ NČӿ (ࣞ) 1 can; may: HSK 2 V2021 G01.02 5 G01 Indicates grammatical point #1 based on New Standards for International Chinese Language Education, which started from July 1, 2021. See: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202103/t20210329_523304.html 6 YAO indicates the extra sample sentences added by David YAO, from his more than 500,000 vocabulary entries database. Ԍਥ㜳࠰ৱҼȾ WƗNČQpQJFK K K K Knj nj nj nj nj njT T T T T T     OH He might be out. HSK 2 V2021 G01.01A ᡇԀཟуਥ㜳ߏᇂ䘏Ѿཐ֒ ֒ ֒ ֒ ֒ ֒ ֒ ֒ѐȾ : : : : : : :ԁMƯQWLƗQENČQpQJ[LČ ZiQ]KqPHGXǀ]Xzq It is impossible fo o or r r r r r r me to finish so many homework today. HS S S S SK 2 V20 0 0 0 02 2 21 1 G G0 01 1.0 0 0 0 01 1 1 1A A A A A A ᱄ཟਥ㜳с䴞Ⱦ PtQJWLƗQNČQp p p pQ Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J[Ljԃ It may rain tomorrow. HS SK 2 V V V V V20 0 021 G01.01A YAO O O O6 ਟԕ ਥԛ N N N N N N N NČ Č Č Č Č Č Č Čӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ( ( ( ( (ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 1 ca a a an n n n; m m m m m ma a a a ay: H H H H H HS S S S S SK K K K K K 2 2 2 2 2 2 V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 G G G01.02
  • 59. 127 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᡇԢৱҜᓍθ֖Ԣৱଠ‫ݵ‬ϋ ZԁPHQTVKnjGLjQQӿPHQTQӽ HU We are going to the bookstore, where are you going? ԌԢᱥᆜ⭕Ⱦ 7ƗPHQVKu[XpVKƝQJ They are students. ԌԢ‫؟‬ WƗPHQOLӽ the two of them. ྯ WƗ (ԙ) she; her ྯԢ WƗPHQ (ԙ) [ indicating the female sex] they ྯᖾ儎Ⱦ 7ƗKČQJƗR She is very tall. ྯԢᱥᡇⲺੂᆜȾ 7ƗPHQVKuZԁGHWyQJ[Xp They are my classmates. ࢃ䗯 qiánbian (੃) in front 侣ᓍⲺࢃ䶘 fàndiàn de qiánmiàn In front of the hotel Ӫ〠ԓ䇽˖Personal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ UpQFKƝQJGjLFt%LpUpQGjMLƗWƗWƗPHQ]iQ]iQPHQ]uMӿ Personal pronouns: others, everyone, it, them, we, we, ourselves HSK 2 V2021 G06.00A ྯ WƗ ( Ɨ Ɨ ԙ) she; her ྯԢ WƗPHQ Q ( Q Q ԙ) [ indicating th h h h he e e e e f f f f female se e e e e ex x x x x x] they ྯᖾ儎Ⱦ 7ƗKČQJƗR S S S S S Sh h h h h he is v v v ve e e e ery ta a a a a al l l l ll. ྯԢᱥᡇⲺੂᆜȾ 7ƗP P P P P PHQVKuZԁ ԁ ԁ ԁG G G GHWy y y yQJ[X X X X X Xp They are my classmates. ࢃ䗯 qiánbian ( n ੃) in fro o o o on n n n nt 侣ᓍⲺࢃ䶘 f f f f f fà à à à à à à à àn n n n n n n n nd d d d d di i i i i i ià à à à à à à à à à àn n n n n n n n d d d d d d d d d de e e e e e e e e e q q q q q q q qi i i i i i i iá á á á á á á á á án n n n n n n n n nm m m m m m m mià à à à à àn n n n n n I I I In n n n n n n n n n n n n f f f f f f f fr r r r r ro o o o o o o on n n n n n n nt t t t t t t t t o o o o o o o of f f f f f f f t t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h h he e e e e e e e e e h h h h h h h h ho o o o o o o o o ot t t t t t t te e e e e e e e e el l l l l Ӫ〠ԓ䇽˖P Pe ersonal p pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ ᐧ ᐧ Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹ ᆹ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ
  • 60. 136 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Ӂ᛻уՐ䘏Ѿㆶঋ VKuTtQJEKXu]KqPHMLӽQGƗQ The matter wouldn't be as simple as that. HSK 2 V2021 G07.03A YAO 䘏䰪ኁᆆ䘏Ѿཝଠ! ]KqMLƗQZnj]L]KqPHGjQӽ This room is so big! HSK 2 V2021 G07.03A YAO 䘏ѾཐӰ, ᴿ൦ᯯ੍? =KqPHGXǀUpQԁXGuIƗQJPD Is there enough room for so many people? HSK 2 V2021 G07.03A YAO 䘏Ѿླ ]KqPHKӽR It 's better this way. HSK 2 V2021 G07.03A YAO 䘏ṭ zhèyàng (ԙ) so; such; like this; this way: HSK 2 V2021 G07.04 䘏Ѡ≿ᆍ䘏ṭߏȾ =KqJHKjQ]u]KqjQJ[LČ This Chinese character is written like this. HSK 2 V2021 G07.04A ࡡ䎦䘏ṭᘡ ELp]ԁX]KqjQJNXjL Don't walk so fast. HSK 2 V2021 G07.04A YAO ᛻߫ቧᱥ䘏ṭ. TtQJNXjQJMLVKu]KqjQJ That's how things standHSK 2 V2021 G07.04A YAO , J there enough room for so many people? HSK 2 V2021 G07.03A YAO 䘏Ѿླ ]KqPHKӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽR It 's better this way y y y y y y y. HSK 2 V2021 G07.03A YAO 䘏ṭ zhèyàng (ԙ) ) ) ) s s s s so; such; like th h h h hi i i i is s s s s; this way: HSK 2 V2021 G07.04 䘏Ѡ≿ᆍ䘏ṭߏȾ =Kq q q q q qJHKjQ]u]K K K K K K KqjQJ[LČ This Chinese character is s s s s w w w w w w wr r ri i i i it t t t t tt t t t t te e e e en n n n n n l l l l li i ik k k k k k ke e e e e e t thi i i i i i is s s s s s. . . . H H H H H H H H H H HS S S S S S S S SK K K K K K K K K 2 2 2 2 2 2 V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G G0 0 07 7 7 7 7 7 7 7. . .0 0 0 0 0 0 04 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4A A A A A A A ࡡ䎦䘏ṭᘡ ᘡ ᘡ ᘡ ᘡ ᘡ ᘡ ᘡ E E E E E E EL L L L L L L Lp p p p p p]ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁX]Kqj j j j j j jQJN N N N N N NXj j j j j j jL L L L L L L D D D D D D D Don't t t t t wal l l lk so fast. HSK
  • 61. 147 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᶗ tiáo (䠅) 5 MW for long things, such as: fish, ship, road, etc. HSK 2 V2021 G10.03 жᶗ⋩ ƯWLiRKp a river HSK 2 V2021 G10.03A G10.03A YAO њᶗ劲 OLӽQJWLiR~ two fish HSK 2 V2021 G10.03A YAO пᶗ㡯 VƗQWLiRFKXiQ three ships HSK 2 V2021 G10.03A YAO жᶗ俏✕ ƯWLiR[LƗQJƗQ a carton of cigarettes HSK 2 V2021 G10.03A YAO ഑ᶗᔰ䇤 VuWLiRMLjQufour proposals HSK 2 V2021 G10.03A YAO փ wèi (䠅) [polite form] : for person HSK 2 V2021 G10.04 жփ㘷ᐾ ƯZqLOӽRVKƯ a teacher HSK 2 V2021 G10.04A ഑փᇘӰ VuZqLNqUpQ four guestsHSK 2 V2021 G10.04A YAO њᶗ劲 OLӽQJWLiR~ two fish HSK 2 V2021 G10.03A YAO пᶗ㡯 VƗQWLiRFKXiQ thre e e ee e e e e shi i i i ip p p p ps HSK 2 V2021 G10.03A YAO жᶗ俏✕ ƯWLiR[L L L LƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQJƗQ a carton of f f f c c c c ci i igarettes HSK 2 V2021 G10.03A YAO ഑ᶗᔰ䇤 VuWLiRMLjQu u u u u uf f f f fo o o o ou u u u ur r r p p p p prop p p p po o o o o os s s s sa a a a al l l l ls HSK 2 V2021 G10.03A YAO փ w w w w w wè è è è èi (䠅 䠅 䠅 䠅 䠅 䠅 䠅 䠅 䠅) ) ) ) [p p p p pol l l li i i i i i it t t t t t t te e e e e f f f f f fo o o o or r r r rm m] ] ] ] ] ] : f f fo o o o or r r r r p p p p per r r r r rs s s s so o on n n n n H H H H H HS S S S S SK 2 V2021 G10.04 жփ㘷ᐾ Ư ZqL OӽRVKƯ a teacher HSK 2 V2021 G10 04A