1. Chapter VII – The Leisure Experience: The Motivational Factors Ready or Not... BY: Kristy MightonTRMT392: Special topic – seniorsDave robinson, phd.
2. Contents 3 – Model of Motivation 4 - Motivation explained 5 - Maslow’s Hierarchy 6 - Maslow explained 7 - Iso – Ahola’s Model 8 - Iso – Ahola explained 9 - MihalyCsikszentmihalyi’sFlow 10 - Flow explained 11 - Creativity of motivation 12 - Lawton’s meaning 13 - Personal interviews 14 - Just for thought 15 - Conclusion 16 -Motivation Circle 17 - References
4. The Model of Motivation Explained.... 1st– the need for something creates an imbalance in humans (lack of something, desire for something, or awareness of potential gain or satisfaction), which and individual will try to reduce – this is energetic component of motivation. (loneliness)2nd – it is believed that certain actions will reduce the imbalance. (Go to A & W for morning coffee with fellow seniors).3rd – This is the point when goals or incentives are created both conscious and unconscious. People will react in a certain way to achieve the desired goal or satisfaction. (will or will not continue going in the morning to have coffee at A & W) If the participation in an activity results in fulfillment of the need, the experience results in positive feedback. ( Individual met new people and stayed for 2 coffees and will return tomorrow). If the participation/behaviour/action does not satisfy the need the feedback will be negative, resulting in stopping or altering the activity. (Coffee was cold, and no one interesting to talk to, individual will try going to afternoon tea at Tim Horton’s)
6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs... We are individuals with biological needs(home, food, water, etc.) and once these motivations to obtain them have been acted on, we become satisfied. Then we become bored, we have urges outside biological needs (relationships & safety) that now require new levels of motivation/needs/desires. These motivations from within become more personal and become individualized with more meaning.
8. Iso-Ahola Motivational pyramid explained.... Takes Maslow’s model a step further. This model suggests that leisure(which can be any activity) is harder to obtain, requiring a lot of self determination and intrinsic motivation. It is much easier to participate in free time activities (watch TV). Most motivations for leisure are physiological, learned and cognitive motives, which are influenced by socializing experiences Leisure participation generally involves competence and a desire for freedom. Most people are unaware of these motivations. The top of the pyramid is the desire for optimum arousal (optimum m0otivation)( Mannell, R. C., & Klieber, D. A. p. 198).
9. One form of optimum arousal state is Csikszentmihalyi’s, Flow....
10. MihalyCsikszentmihalyi’s flow... How does it feel to be in "the flow"? Completely involved, focused, concentrating - with this either due to innate curiosity or as the result of training Sense of ecstasy - of being outside everyday reality Great inner clarity - knowing what needs to be done and how well it is going Knowing the activity is doable - that the skills are adequate, and neither anxious or bored Sense of serenity - no worries about self, feeling of growing beyond the boundaries of ego - afterwards feeling of transcending ego in ways not thought possible Timeliness - thoroughly focused on present, don't notice time passing Intrinsic motivation - whatever produces "flow" becomes its own reward ("Flow" and MihalyCsikszentmihalyi).
11. The Creativity of Motivation.... Each elder has their own .... Joe Watson, 80, of Eugene, Ore., says the "lavish bike paths" and fine weather in his city lure him onto his bike for 12- to 15-mile rides about four times weekly. Watson is a stroke survivor. Marjorie Wester, 72, of Thornton, N.H., says: "What keeps me moving is our dog, Sam… Sam gets walked at least four times a day by either me or my 81-year-old husband, who is also in good health, although he has had an implanted defibrillator/pacemaker for three years." Joan Brusven, 65, of Rowayton, Conn., says an outdoor 40-minute brisk walk every day "keeps me from getting depressed," especially during the winter. "Activity works even better than Prozac."
12. Lawton’s – meaning of leisure to older adults. Solitude Intrinsic satisfaction Diversion Relaxation Intellectual challange Health Personal competence Expression and personal development Social interaction Opportunity for service Social status (McGuire, F. A. et all. p. 130).
14. Just for Thought... (1)Recreation and leisure is a need, (2) needs must be fully satisfied, (3) the marketplace is not fulfilling the needs of all people, (4) therefore the public sector must expand to meet the need. Chappellereminded his readers, though, that the widely recognized needs for clothing, shelter, food, and medical care are still not met for all people. In that light, how can anyone credibly argue that government must meet all recreation and leisure needs? (Dictionary of Concepts on Recreation and Liesure Studies).
15. Conclusion Motivation or the “why question”, identifies needs/satisfactions that a person desires and the behaviour that is associated with it. Motivation is like a personal trait that has a personal history, situational and time component. There are certain leisure activities that motivate and pull a person (environment & experiences). There are also elements that push an individual to participate (family). Motivation is different for each individual and especially among retiree’s and elders, therefore programming for this group of people need to take into consideration that each individual will be motivated differently, and the meaning of the activity will be different as well. My interviews of 4 individuals, showed me just how different people can be. We need to listen to older adults and find out what they really want to do rather than pushing them. THE BEST WAY TO FIND THE ANSWER... IS TO ASK!
17. References Dictionary of Concepts on Recreation and Leisure Studies. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&docId=25986147 "Flow" and MihalyCsikszentmihalyi. Retrieved fromhttp://austega.com/gifted/articles/flow.htm Inger, Donna, Gerry & Bev. (personal communication. June 03, 2010). Liesure Theory of the Week: Iso – Ahola’s Pyramid. Retrieved from http://www.uiowa.edu/~c169070/outlines/theory02.html. McGuire, F. A., Boyd, R. K., & Tedrick, R. E. (1999). Liesure and Aging: Ulyssean Living in Later Life. Sagamore Publishing. Mannell, R. C., & Klieber, D. A. (1997). A Social Psychology of Liesure. PA. Venture Publishing, Inc. Model of Motivation. Retrieved fromhttp://cgda.nic.in/rt/rtcblr/website/Training%20Material/H%20R%20D/Image11.gif Motivation Circle. Retrieved from http://www.google.ca/images?rlz=1T4SKPB_enCA341CA342&q=Motivation&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wi MihalyCsikszentmihalyi. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihaly_Csikszentmihalyi
