The document discusses the usage of articles like 'the', 'a' and 'an' in English grammar. It provides examples to explain when to use definite vs indefinite articles with specific vs non-specific nouns. It also discusses the rules for using 'a' and 'an' based on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel sound. The document then provides examples of correct and incorrect usage of articles in different sentences. It analyzes the errors and explains the appropriate article to be used in each case. Finally, it discusses some other aspects like the usage of 'too' and adverbs of frequency in sentences.

1. GRH - 5
ARTICLES
‘the’ dk iz;ksx specific nouns (singular ;k plural) dks O;Dr djrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Please hand me the book that’s on the table.
Please hand me all the books that are on the table.
Q. 1. I have been invited to a party hosted by my cousin sister.
(1) I have been (2) invited to a party
(3) hosted by my cousin sister. (4) No error
[SSC CHSL (10+2) LDC, DEO & PA/SA Exam 20.12.2015, (2nd Sitting]
Ans. (2) ;gk¡, Definite article — invited to the party ..... dk iz;ksx mfpr gSA
Q. 2. Thanks to an insight and persistence of the local doctor, hundreds
of victims have been able to resume normal life.
(1) No error (2) and persistence of the local doctor,
(3) hundreds of victims have been able to resume normal life.
(4) Thanks to an insight
[SSC CGL Tier-II Exam, 25.10.2015 TF No. 2148789]
Ans. (4) ;gk¡, definite article — Thanks to the insight..... dk iz;ksx mfpr gSA
okD; ns[ksa %
Milk is white.
The milk of cow is sweet.
↓
Preposition
Q. 3. __________ sun rises in the east.
(1) A (2) An
(3) The (4) That
[IPD PA/SA Exam (Madhya Pradesh Zone) 22.06.2014]
Ans. (3) Heavenly body osQ iwoZ The dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
‘A’ ,oa ‘An’ dk iz;ksx non-specific nouns osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Please hand me a book; any book will do.
Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.
Golden Rules
of English Grammar

2. GRH - 6
Q. 1. When one hears of the incident (1) / about the plane crash (2) / he
feels very sorry (3). / No error (4)
[SSC CAPFs SI & SISF ASI Exam, 23.06.2013]
Ans. (2) ;gk¡, indefinite article — about a plane crash dk iz;ksx mfpr gSA
;gk¡ dksbZ fo'ks"k incident Li"V ugha gSA
Q. 2. He told (1)/that his brother (2)/was singer.(3)/ No error (4)
[NDA 2011 II]
Ans. (3) ‘singer’ countable noun gSA vr% blls igys indefinite article ‘a’
dk iz;ksx vko';d gSA
Indefinite articles (‘a’ ,oa ‘an’) dk iz;ksx unspecified thing ;k quantity dks
O;Dr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc ge tkurs gh ugha
fd ge fdl fo"k; esa ppkZ dj jgs gSaA
mnkgj.k : There once was a sheep.
(;gk¡, ge ugha tkurs fd ge fdl sheep dh ppkZ dj jgs gaS] mldk uke ugha tkurs
vkSj ;g Hkh ugha tkurs fd og dgk¡ ls vkbZ gSA vr% ge the sheep dk iz;ksx ugha djrs gSaA
Q. 1. An experimental vaccine (1) / has brought (2) / glimmer of hope
for malarial researcher (3). / No error (4)
[SSC Section Officer (Commercial Audit) Exam, 25.09.2005]
Ans. (3) ;gk¡, article ls lacaf/r xyrh gSA vr% a/the glimmer of hope … dk
iz;ksx lgh gSA
Q. 2. He was a versatile genius (1)/ and made his mark (2)/ as a great
warrior, able administrator (3)/and a liberal patron of art and literature
(4)/ No error (5)
[Telangana State Cooperative Bank Ass. (Clerk) Online Exam, 15.11.2015]
Ans. (4) ;gk¡, articles osQ repetition dh vko';drk ugha gS] D;ksafd ,d gh vkneh
osQ virtues dh ppkZ gSA vr% a liberal osQ LFkku ij liberal dk iz;ksx gksxkA
a dk iz;ksx Mr./Mrs./miss + Surname osQ igys fo'ks"k vFkZ esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k : A Mr. Sinha, A Mrs. Sharma
è;ku nsa % a yxus ls oDrk Mr. Sinha ;k Mrs. Sharma dks ugha tkurk gSA blh rjg&
This letter is written by a Ramesh (jes'k uke dk dksbZ vutku O;fDr)
tks nouns ,oa adjectives consonant ls izkjEHk gksrs gSa ;k ‘U’, ‘Y’, ‘O’ ‘W’ dh
rjg mPpfjr gksrs gSa] muls igys ‘a’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
a cat, a university, a young puppy, a one-eyed man

3. GRH - 51
Third conditional – If + Past Perfect … would have + Past Participle
If we had played tennis, I would have won.
vr% ‘supposing if he fails’ osQ LFkku ij ‘if he failed’ dk iz;ksx gksxkA blosQ
vykok principal clause Simple Past esa gSA
Q. 6. I would have asked him (1)/ to leave our house immediately (2)/
if my father would not have been (3)/ at home and awake. (4)/ No error (5)
[Corporation Bank Clerk Exam 10.08.2003]
Ans. (3) fn;k gqvk expression Past laHkkouk O;Dr djrk gS tks ,d laHkkouk cu
dj jg xbZA bldk structure bl izdkj gksxk%
If + Sub-ordinate clause (Simple Past/Past Perfect) + Principal clause
(Past Perfect)
mnkgj.k %
If he had worked hard, he would have passed.
If I had been the Prime Minister, I would have abolished examinations.
If father were at home, I would have got the money easily.
vr% ‘If my father would not have been’ osQ LFkku ij ‘if my father were
not’ dk iz;ksx mfpr gSA
Q. 7. If the police would have worked (1) in time (2) the not would not
have occurred. (3) No error (4) [NDA/NA 2012 II]
Ans. (1) Would have osQ LFkku ij had dk iz;ksx mfpr gS] D;kasfd ;g Past
Conditional gSA If- Clause esa Past Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Conditional sentence rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gS &
(a) Open condition sentence
mnkgj.k :
If one buys a car, it costs money
If I know the answer, I will tell you.
(b) Improbable, Unlikely ;k Imaginary ;k Hypothetical condition
doubtful condition
mnkgj.k :
If he worked hard, he would pass.
If I were in his place, I would wait a little longer.
(c) Impossible/closed condition
mnkgj.k :
If he worked hard, he would pass.
If I were in his place, I would wait a little longer.

4. GRH - 52
vf/dka'k Multipart Verbs dks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d Auxiliary Verbs osQ ckn
Past Participle dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k :
Seema had bitten into the muffin before Parul mentioned that it was
her infamous chocolate-vanilla variety.
;gk¡, had = auxiliary verb; bitten = past participle
Once Prateek has written his essay for Raju, he plans to reward
himself with a packet of chocolates.
;gk¡, has = auxiliary verb; written = past participle
Rashmi might have slept better if she hadn’t watched The Jurassic
Park on Star Movies.
;gk¡, might have = auxiliary verbs; slept = past participle
Regular Verbs osQ fy, Simple Past ,oa Past Participle osQ chp dk varj
tkuuk vuko';d gS] D;ksafd nksuksa gh leku gSA
mnkgj.k :
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks ns[ksa %
Sapna giggled as the clown rubbed his cold wet nose into the elephant’s
stomach.
;gk¡, giggled = simple past
Until the disapproving Mrs. Kapoor elbowed Kavita in the ribs, the
young girl had giggled without stop at the coloured sticker attached on her
friend’s collar.
;gk¡, had = auxiliary verb; giggled = past participle
tc vki fdlh okD; osQ fy, Irregular Verb dk p;u djrs gks rks Simple Past
vkSj Past Participle fHkUu gksrs gSaA blfy,] vki dks budk varj tkuuk pkfg,A
fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa dks ns[ksa %
Rajib drove so cautiously that traffic piled up behind him, causing
angry drivers to honk their horns and shout.
;gk¡, drove = simple past
Rajib might have driven faster if he hadn’t forgotten his glasses and
saw more than big coloured blurs through the windshield.
;gk¡, might have = auxiliary verbs; driven = past participle

5. GRH - 95
‘Too’ dk iz;ksx Adjective ,oa Adverb ls igys ;g O;Dr djus osQ fy, gksrk gS fd
dksbZ oLrq vko';drk ;k laHkkouk ls vf/d gSA
Q. 2. He was too tired that (1)/ he could not cross (2)/ the street even
with (3)/ the help of a porter. (4)/ No error (5)
[Canara Bank Clerk Exam, 18.07.2010]
Ans. (1) ‘too’ osQ LFkku ij ‘so’ dk iz;ksx gksxkA
okD; ns[ksa %
He was too weak to walk.
;fn ge okD; ls ‘too-to’ dks gVk nsa vkSj so-that dk iz;ksx djsa] rks okD; bl izdkj
fy[kk tk,xkA
He was so weak that he couldn’t walk.
too + Adjective /Adverb/ Determiner osQ ckn infinitive structure dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
He is too tired to work ; it is too hot to go outside.
We arrived too late to have dinner.
dHkh&dHkh] infinitive dk viuk Subject Hkh gksrk gSA bu cases esa ;g ‘for’ ls 'kq:
gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
It is too late for us to begin a new lesson.
Comparative Adjectives dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, ge iz;ksx esa yk, x,
expression dk iz;ksx ‘too’ dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k :
It happened a bit too soon.
She appeared a little too confident.
Q. 1. The offer is very good so it just can’t be true.
(1) so good to (2) rather good to
(3) too good to (4) No improvement
Ans. (3) oqQN okD;ksa esa ‘too + Adjective / Adverb + Infinitive’ dk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA bl izdkj osQ okD;ksa esa too + Adjective / Adverb dkj.k O;Dr djrk gS tcfd
Infinitive result O;Dr djrk gSA
[SSC (10+ 2) Level Data Entry Operator & LDC Exam 21.10.2012 (2nd Sitting)]
Q. 2. The process was too simple and easy to understand that it hardly
took five minutes for us to grasp it.
(1) No error
(2) and easy to understand that it hardly
(3) took five minutes for us to grasp it
(4) The process was very simple
[SSC CGL Tier-II Exam 12.04.2015]
Ans. (4) ;gk¡, The process was very simple… dk iz;ksx lgh gSA

6. GRH - 96
‘Too’ dk iz;ksx Adjectives ,oa Adverbs ls igys ;g O;Dr djus osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gS fd dksbZ oLrq vko';drk@laHkkouk ls vf/d gSA
okD; ns[ksa %
The dress was too tight for me.
oqQN Adverbs – very, extremely, really, totally, absolutely, quite, fairly,
well dk iz;ksx Adjectives dks modify djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
;s adverbs adjectives ls igys vkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k :
It was very hot yesterday.
He is totally crazy.
oqQN Adverbs gSa tks ;s O;Dr djrs gSa fd dksbZ activity fdruh ckj dh tkrh
gSA bUgsa Adverbs of frequency dgk tkrk gSA Adverbs of frequency bl izdkj
gSa – always, usually, normally / generally, often / frequently, sometimes,
occasionally, seldom, hardly ever / rarely, never.
Q. He comes often to our house.
(1) come often (2) often comes
(3) often come (4) No improvement
[SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central Excise) Exam 11.12.2005]
Ans. (2) ‘often’ dk vFkZ gS – many times frequently
okD; ns[ksa %
We often go there.
I have often wondered what happened to him.
Adverb of frequency main verb (‘to be’ dks NksM+dj) ls igyh vkrh gSA
Subject + adverb + main verb
mnkgj.k :
I always remember to do my homework.
He normally gets good marks in exams.
Adverb of frequency ‘to be’ Verb osQ ckn vkrh gSA
Subject + to be + adverb
mnkgj.k :
They are never pleased to see me.
She isn’t usually bad-tempered.

7. GRH - 97
tc ge Auxiliary Verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.)
dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks Adverb dks Auxiliary ,oa Main Verb osQ eè; j[kk tkrk gSA ;g
‘to be’ osQ fy, Hkh lgh gSA
Subject + Auxiliary + Adverb + Main Verb
mnkgj.k :
He can sometimes beat me in a race.
They might never see each other again.
oqQN Adverbs – usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes,
occasionally – okD; osQ vkjaHk esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k :
Normally it rains on a humid day.
Occasionally, I like to eat Chinese food.
ysfdu oqQN Adverbs ,sls gSa tks okD; osQ vkjaHk esa iz;ksx ugha fd, tkrs gSaA ;s
Adverbs gSa& always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.
hardly, ever ,oa never dk iz;ksx Positive Verbs, u fd Negative Verbs, osQ
lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
She hardly ever comes to my parties.
They never say ‘thank you’.
ever dk iz;ksx questions ,oa Negative Statements esa fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Have you ever been to Australia?
I haven’t ever been to Switzerland.
os Adjectives ftuosQ var esa ‘-y’, vkrk gS] mUgsa Adverb cukus osQ fy, ‘-y’ dks gVk
fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ‘-ily’ dks tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
crazy = crazily; happy = happily

8. GRH - 98
tks Adjectives ‘–le’ ij lekIr gksrs gSa] mUgsa Adverbs cukus osQ fy, ‘-e’ dks gVkdj
‘-y’ tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
idle = idly; noble = nobly; horrible = horribly; terrible = terribly
tks Adjective ‘-ic’, ij lekIr gksrk gS] ml adverb cukus osQ fy, ‘-ally’ dks tksM+
fn;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
ironic = ironically; realistic = realistically;
enthusiastic = enthusiastically
ijUrq ,d viokn gS] tSls % public – publicly
oqQN ,sls Adverbs gaS tks vfu;fer gSaA os ‘-ly’ tksM+dj ugha cuk, tkrs gSaA mudh
form Adjective ,oa Adverb nksuksa esa leku jgrh gSA
mnkgj.k :
fast (adjective) = fast (adverb) – The man drives very fast (quickly).
hard (adjective) = hard (adverb) – His decision is very hard. (strong)
Adverb of manner ;g n'kkZrk gS fd dke oSQls fd;k tkrk gSA bls okD; osQ var
esa vFkok main verb ls igys iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Tom drives quickly.
She slowly opened the door.
Mary waited for him patiently.
Adverb of manner dks Verb vkSj mlosQ direct object osQ eè; esa ugha j[kk tk
ldrkA bls Verb ls igys vFkok clause osQ var esa j[kuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k :
He ate the chocolate cake greedily. Or He greedily ate the chocolate
cake.
;g dguk xyr gS – He ate greedily the chocolate cake.
He gave us the money generously. Or He generously gave us the money.
;g dguk xyr gS – He gave us generously the money.

9. GRH - 137
Subordinating conjunction dk iz;ksx okD; osQ eè; esa ugha fd;k tkrkA ;g
dependent clause dk fgLlk gSA ijUrq bl ckr dk dksbZ egÙo ugha gS fd clause okD;
esa izFke LFkku ij gS ;k f}rh; LFkku ijA
mnkgj.k :
Before he leaves, make sure his room is clean.
;fn dependent clause izFke LFkku ij vkrk gS rks vkidks comma dk iz;ksx
djuk pkfg,A ;fn independent clause izFke LFkku ij vkrk gS rks comma dh dksbZ
vko';drk ugha gSA
mnkgj.k :
Because I was thirsty, I drank a glass of water.
I drank a glass of water because I was thirsty.
nks conjunctions dk iz;ksx ,d gh okD; esa ugha fd;k tkrkA
Although she was tired yet she went on working.
;g dguk xyr gS – Although she was tired yet she still went on working.
Conjunctive adverbs os adverbs gSa tks nks clauses dks tksM+rs gaSA oqQN
conjunctive adverbs osQ mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &also, besides, accordingly, finally,
subsequently, therefore, thus, meanwhile, moreover, nonetheless, instead,
however, indeed, hence, consequently, similarly and still.
Conjunctive adverbs ls igys vDlj semi-colon dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;s
conjunctions gSA budk iz;ksx okD; osQ 'kq: esa djus ls cpsaA
mnkgj.k :
Please close the outer door; otherwise, the cold air comes in.
First feed the poor; next, please feed the guests.
Conjunctive adverbs okD; esa emphasis gsrq FkksM+k&lk break Hkh ns ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k :
The new building will, furthermore, provide storage facilities as well
as meeting space.
;fn okD; esa :dkoV detksj gS rks commas dks gVk;k tk ldrk gS] tSls&– The
new building will furthermore provide storage facilities as well as meeting
space.

10. GRH - 138
Preposition ‘for’ dk vFkZ gS& seeing that, since ;k because tcfd ‘yet’
dk vFkZ gS& though, still, ;k neverthelessA nksuksa prepositions clauses dks tksM+
ldrs gSaA
‘for’ dk iz;ksx izk;% preposition osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq rare occasions ij
bls coordinating conjunctionosQ :i esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ‘For’ osQ iz;ksx
esa sequential implications gS] vr% blosQ iz;ksx esa order of thoughts because
;k since osQ order of thoughts ls vf/d gSA bldk function preceding clause osQ
reason dks introduce djuk gSA
mnkgj.k :
John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on
the company’s board of trustees.
‘yet’ dHkh&dHkh adverb osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gS vkSj blosQ dbZ vFkZ gSaA
;s bl izdkj gSa& in addition, even, still, eventually, ,oa so soon as now ;g
coordinating conjunction osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS& nevertheless
;k but A
mnkgj.k :
John plays basketball well, yet his favourite sport is badminton.
Q. He has travelled (1)/ all over the world (2)/ yet he speaks (3)/ several
languages fluently. (4)/ No error (5)
]SBI & SBI Associates Clerk Exam 01.03.2009 (IInd Sitting)]
Ans. (3) okD; dk sense n'kkZrk gS fd ‘yet he speaks’ osQ LFkku ij ‘and
therefore he speaks’ dk iz;ksx gksuk pkfg,A ‘yet’ conjunction osQ :i esa bl sense
esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS& nevertheless ;k despite ;k despite what has just been
said.
Adversative conjunctions – but, still, yet, whereas, while, nevertheless,
bR;kfn &nks statements osQ eè; contrast n'kkZrs gSaA
mnkgj.k :
The rope was thin but it was strong.
She is poor but she is happy.
He is hardworking whereas his brother is quite the reverse.
Q. He had been going to the office (1) for a year now (2) and he even
can’t understand its working (3) No error (4) [CDS 2013 II]
Ans. (3) ‘and’ osQ LFkku ij yet/but dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd okD; ls contrast
>ydrk gSA

11. GRH - 139
tks Conjunctions nks alternatives dks O;Dr djrs gSa mUgsa disjunctive ;k
alternative conjunctions dgrs gSaA ;s conjunctions gSa& or, either…or, neither…
nor, otherwise, else, bR;kfnA
mnkgj.k :
She must weep, or she will die.
Either he is mad or he feigns madness.
Q. Either Parmeet (1)/ or Jyoti (2)/ have done the crime (3)/ No error (4)
[SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam 10.03.2013 (1st Sitting, Patna)]
Ans. (3) tc nks subjects either…..or ls tksM+s tkrs gSa rks verb nearest subject
osQ number ,oa person osQ vuqlkj gksrk gSA vr% has done the crime …. dk iz;ksx
lgh gSA
oqQN coordinating conjunctions ,slh ckr O;Dr djrs gSa ftls fdlh nwljs
statement/fact ls fudkyk x;k gksA bUgsa illative conjunctions dgk tkrk gSA ;s bl
izdkj gSa& for ,oa so
mnkgj.k :
Somebody came, for I heard a knock at the door.
He must be asleep, for there is no light in his room.
He has been working hard, so he will pass.
‘and’ nks propositions (ideas) dks tksM+rk gSA
(1) ,d idea nwljs idea osQ chronologically sequential gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Rashmi sent in her application and waited by the phone for a response.
(2) ,d idea nwljs idea dk outcome gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Rajiv heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house.
(3) ,d idea nwljs idea osQ contrast esa gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Parul is brilliant and Jasmine has a pleasant personality.
(4) element of surprise dk gksuk
mnkgj.k :
Dubai is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight.
(5) ,d clause nwljh clause ij conditionally fuHkZj gksrh gSA vDlj izFke clause
imperative gksrh gSA

12. GRH - 140
mnkgj.k :
Use your credit cards frequently and you’ll soon find yourself deep in
debt.
(6) first clause ij ,d izdkj dk comment
mnkgj.k :
Suraj became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who
knew him.
The coordinating conjunction ‘nor’ dk iz;ksx negative expression esa gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
He is neither sane nor brilliant.
That is neither what I said nor what I meant.
Q. He is neither in (1)/ favour of arms race (2)/ or in favour of (3)/
simple nuclear disarmament. (4)/ No error (5)
[United Bank of India Clerk Exam 24.07.2005]
Ans. (3) ‘Neither….nor’ lgh connective gSA
‘But’ nks contrasting propositions (ideas) dks tksM+rk gSA
,slk contrast tks first clause osQ dkj.k unexpected gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Javed lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live
quite comfortably.
affirmative sense tks okD; osQ izFke part esa negative way esa implied FkhA
mnkgj.k :
The company never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage
investment counsellor.
nks ideas dks ‘with the exception of’ osQ vFkZ osQ lkFk tksM+uk (nwljk 'kCn subject
dk LFkku ys ysrk gS)
mnkgj.k :
Everybody but Ramesh is trying out for the team.
‘or’ nks alternative propositions (ideas) dks tksM+rk gS –
;g lq>ko nsus osQ fy, ,d gh laHkkouk gks ldrh gSA
mnkgj.k :
You can study hard for this exam or you can fail.
alternatives osQ inclusive combination osQ ijke'kZ osQ fy,

13. GRH - 150
Q. 2. We had a lot of difficulty (1) / to find (2) / the house (3). / No error (4)
[SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam, 05.06.2005]
Ans. (2) ;gk¡ infinitive dk iz;ksx xyr gSA vr% ‘to find’ osQ LFkku ij ‘in
finding’ dk iz;ksx mfpr gS] D;ksafd difficulty (noun) osQ ckn preposition ‘in’ dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
I had the greatest difficulty in persuading her.
gerund phrase okD; osQ subject osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrh gSA
mnkgj.k :
Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we’re trying
to do.
;gk¡, ‘Finding’ ‘a needle’ action dk] gerund gS_ ftls gerund osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k
x;k gSS] direct object gSA ‘in a haystack’ prepositional phrase gSA
Being the boss made Raghav feel uneasy.
;gk¡, ‘being’ gerund gS_ ‘the boss’ Raghav dk subject complement gS] D;ksafd
bls gerund osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
gerund phrase verb osQ direct object osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrh gSA
mnkgj.k :
I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity.
;gk¡, ‘my’ possessive pronoun (adjective form) gS tks gerund dks modify
djrk gSA ‘offering’ gerund gS; ‘you’ action, ftls gerund osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS] dk
indirect object gSA ‘this opportunity’ action, ftls gerund osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k
gS] dk direct object gSA
Gerund phrase subject complement osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
mnkgj.k :
Ajit’s favourite tactic has been jabbering away to his constituents.
;gk¡, ‘jabbering away to’ is gerund phrase gS ,oa ‘his constituents’ action,
ftlss gerund osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS] dk direct object gSA
Gerund phrase preposition ‘for’ osQ object osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA

14. GRH - 212
;fn verb simple past esa gS rks ‘did’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
They went to the cinema, didn’t they?
She studied in New Zealand, didn’t she?
tc statement esa 'kCn dk negative meaning gks rks positive question tag
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
mnkgj.k :
He hardly ever speaks, does he?
They rarely eat in restaurants, do they?
Q. When the police officer asked you your salary, you provided wrong
information: haven’t you?
(1) have you not (2) aren’t you
(3) didn’t you (4) don’t you
(5) No correction required
Ans. (3) haven’t you? osQ LFkku ij ‘didn’t you’ dk iz;ksx gksuk pkfg,A
;fn statement esa modal gS rks bls tag esa repeat fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Parul can go herself, can’t she?
You should get up early, shouldn’t you?
You wouldn’t do that, would you?
We must help them, mustn’t we?
Simple Present tense esa ‘do’, ‘ does’, ‘don’t’, ‘doesn’t’ ,oa Simple Past
tense esa ‘did’ ,oa ‘didn’t’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Present perfect esa ‘have’, ,oa ‘haven’t’
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
They like going to the movie theatre, don’t they?
You don’t take sugar in tea, do you?
Raju listens to music, doesn’t he?

15. GRH - 213
You all watched TV during the night, didn’t you?
He didn’t read the novel, did he?
Manoj doesn’t live here, does he?
Q. You haven’t responded (1) / to my invitation, (2) / didn’t you? (3). /
No error (4)
[SSC Multi-Tasking Staff Exam, 17.03.2013 (Second Sitting)]
Ans. (3) ;gk¡, okD; Present Perfect (Negative) esa gSA
vr%, question tag ‘have you’ dk iz;ksx lgh gSA
‘have’ ,oa ‘do’ osQ lkFk question tags laHko gS ;fn okD; essa auxiliary ‘have’
/‘has’ dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Kumar has two cars, hasn’t he? Or doesn’t he?
She has a nice kitten, hasn’t she? Or doesn’t she?
You haven’t a house, have you? Or Do you?
They have a garden, haven’t they? Or don’t they?
;fn statement esa no, no one, nothing, nobody, scarcely, hardly, hardly
ever, never, neither, seldom, under no circumstances, bR;kfn esa ls dksbZ Hkh 'kCn
gS rks mls negative statement le>k tkrk gS vkSj mlosQ ckn affirmative tag dk
iz;ksx gksxkA
mnkgj.k :
Julia hardly ever drinks Coke, does she?
Nothing will cure his illness, will it?
He never acts like a gentleman, does he?
She is hardly the right person for the job, is she?
It is no good, is it?
;fn statement dk subject — somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, no
one ;k neither gS rks question tag esa ‘they’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Somebody entered the garden, didn’t they?
Everybody was upset, weren’t they?
Nobody objects to the plan, do they?

16. GRH - 214
tc statement dk subject ‘that’ ;k ‘this’ gS rks tag esa ‘it’ dk iz;ksx gksxkA Pro-
noun ‘they’ plural forms — these ,oa those – osQ fy, gSA
mnkgj.k :
This is an expensive necklace, isn’t it?
Those are very naughty children, aren’t they?
That wasn’t a big surprise, was it?
These weren’t yours, were they?
tc okD; esa ‘there + be’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks tag esa pronoun ‘there’ dk iz;ksx
gksxkA
mnkgj.k :
There isn’t a hotel next to the museum, is there?
There won’t be any trouble, will there?
There is a bus to Atlantic City every hour, isn’t there?
There weren’t any children at school, were there?
tc okD; esa ‘let’s’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks question tag esa ‘shall we?’ dk iz;ksx
gksxkA
mnkgj.k :
Let’s go to the movie theatre, shall we?
Let’s have a party, shall we?
Let’s drink tea, shall we?
‘Have to’ dks Simple Present ,oa ‘had to’ dks Simple Past le>k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k :
Your father has to wear glasses, doesn’t he?
They don’t have to come early, do they?
We had to borrow some money to buy a new house, didn’t we?
They didn’t have to read the story book, did they?