lecture material for my undergraduate class ANTH 187 (Sex and Culture) at UP Mindanao / contents are not mine, see references on last slide / photos were searched on google
This document presents information on the school of thought known as historical particularism. It discusses key figures in the development of this school, including Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Clark Wissler, and Robert Lowie. Historical particularism rejected the idea of universal cultural evolution. Instead, it argued that each culture must be understood on its own terms and in the context of its unique historical experiences.
This document provides an overview of intersectionality. It defines intersectionality as a concept that describes how systems of oppression like racism, sexism, homophobia and transphobia intersect and cannot be examined separately. The key aspects are:
- Intersectionality considers that people have multiple identity factors like gender, race, class etc. and examines how these intersect.
- It was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw to argue that a straight white woman and a non-heterosexual Black woman cannot have their experiences compared and feminism must consider differences.
- Intersectionality calls for recognizing privilege and considering how to accommodate those without privilege for true equality.
Topic of Sociology, Defining Collective Behavior, Forms of Collective Behavior, Fashions and Fads, Rumors, Urban Legends, Mass Hysteria, Crowds, Theories of Collective Behavior, Need for Collective Behaviour Theories, Various Collective Behaviour Theories, Contagion Theory, Contagion Theory, Contagion Theory, Defining Social Movements, Formation of Social Movements, Types of Social Movements, Redemptive Movements, Alternative Movements, Decline of Social Movements, Theories of Social Movements, Deprivation theory, Mass-society theory, Resource-mobilization theory, New social movements theory, New social movements theory, Globalization and Internet, Social Change, Collective Behavior, Social Movement, Collective Actions, Reformative Social Movements, Reformative Social Movements, Transformative Social Movement, Transformative Social Movement, Reformative Social Movements
This document discusses several common terms used in social work and analyzes them from a human rights perspective. It argues that terms like "client," "intervention," and "supervision" imply a power imbalance that is incompatible with a human rights approach. It also critiques the use of military metaphors in social work and suggests terms like "citizen" or "collaboration" that better respect human rights. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of respecting the autonomy and participation of those receiving social work services.
Social analysis is important for understanding issues and realities in communities. It involves talking to community members to understand burning issues from their perspectives and synthesize the information. Social analysis identifies the poorest groups for interventions and informs helping strategies. It empowers communities by raising awareness of their issues and realities.
Understanding Culture
Culture & Communication, Classical Dominant Approaches of Communication & Culture
Imperialism, Which Motives Caused Imperialism, Cultural Imperialism, Media & Cultural Imperialism, Two Models of Cultural Imperialism, Contributions to Cultural Imperialism, Defense of Cultural Imperialism by Response Theorists, Post Structuralism Approach of Cultural Imperialism, Theory of Globalization, Critics of U.S Cultural Imperialism Revised Their Earlier Reproaches (World System Theory), New Face of Imperialism, The Media Monopoly by Ben Bagdikian , Cultural Imperialism in Pakistan by Abid Zafar
Physical/Biological Anthropology is the study of human evolution, variation, and biology. It uses empirical data and the scientific method to understand humans in an evolutionary context. Key concepts covered include the four fields of anthropology, evolution by natural selection, human variation and adaptation, and the holistic and comparative approach of studying humans.
ট্যালকট পারসন।Social action theory| Voluntaristic theory of actionNaznin Islam
সামাজিক ক্রিয়া তত্ত্ব, এর পটভূমি,ট্যালকট পারসন এর ক্রিয়া তত্ত্ব সম্পর্কিত ধারণা, সামাজিক কর্মের উপাদানসমূহ,সমালোচনা।
ভিডিও লিংক: https://youtu.be/O17iC3ge7AE
This document presents information on the school of thought known as historical particularism. It discusses key figures in the development of this school, including Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Clark Wissler, and Robert Lowie. Historical particularism rejected the idea of universal cultural evolution. Instead, it argued that each culture must be understood on its own terms and in the context of its unique historical experiences.
This document provides an overview of intersectionality. It defines intersectionality as a concept that describes how systems of oppression like racism, sexism, homophobia and transphobia intersect and cannot be examined separately. The key aspects are:
- Intersectionality considers that people have multiple identity factors like gender, race, class etc. and examines how these intersect.
- It was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw to argue that a straight white woman and a non-heterosexual Black woman cannot have their experiences compared and feminism must consider differences.
- Intersectionality calls for recognizing privilege and considering how to accommodate those without privilege for true equality.
Topic of Sociology, Defining Collective Behavior, Forms of Collective Behavior, Fashions and Fads, Rumors, Urban Legends, Mass Hysteria, Crowds, Theories of Collective Behavior, Need for Collective Behaviour Theories, Various Collective Behaviour Theories, Contagion Theory, Contagion Theory, Contagion Theory, Defining Social Movements, Formation of Social Movements, Types of Social Movements, Redemptive Movements, Alternative Movements, Decline of Social Movements, Theories of Social Movements, Deprivation theory, Mass-society theory, Resource-mobilization theory, New social movements theory, New social movements theory, Globalization and Internet, Social Change, Collective Behavior, Social Movement, Collective Actions, Reformative Social Movements, Reformative Social Movements, Transformative Social Movement, Transformative Social Movement, Reformative Social Movements
This document discusses several common terms used in social work and analyzes them from a human rights perspective. It argues that terms like "client," "intervention," and "supervision" imply a power imbalance that is incompatible with a human rights approach. It also critiques the use of military metaphors in social work and suggests terms like "citizen" or "collaboration" that better respect human rights. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of respecting the autonomy and participation of those receiving social work services.
Social analysis is important for understanding issues and realities in communities. It involves talking to community members to understand burning issues from their perspectives and synthesize the information. Social analysis identifies the poorest groups for interventions and informs helping strategies. It empowers communities by raising awareness of their issues and realities.
Understanding Culture
Culture & Communication, Classical Dominant Approaches of Communication & Culture
Imperialism, Which Motives Caused Imperialism, Cultural Imperialism, Media & Cultural Imperialism, Two Models of Cultural Imperialism, Contributions to Cultural Imperialism, Defense of Cultural Imperialism by Response Theorists, Post Structuralism Approach of Cultural Imperialism, Theory of Globalization, Critics of U.S Cultural Imperialism Revised Their Earlier Reproaches (World System Theory), New Face of Imperialism, The Media Monopoly by Ben Bagdikian , Cultural Imperialism in Pakistan by Abid Zafar
Physical/Biological Anthropology is the study of human evolution, variation, and biology. It uses empirical data and the scientific method to understand humans in an evolutionary context. Key concepts covered include the four fields of anthropology, evolution by natural selection, human variation and adaptation, and the holistic and comparative approach of studying humans.
ট্যালকট পারসন।Social action theory| Voluntaristic theory of actionNaznin Islam
সামাজিক ক্রিয়া তত্ত্ব, এর পটভূমি,ট্যালকট পারসন এর ক্রিয়া তত্ত্ব সম্পর্কিত ধারণা, সামাজিক কর্মের উপাদানসমূহ,সমালোচনা।
ভিডিও লিংক: https://youtu.be/O17iC3ge7AE
Structuration theory examines how social structures and human agency interact and influence each other through communication within social systems like small groups. It posits that (1) social structures, like rules and norms, both enable and constrain human interaction and behavior, and (2) human actions and interactions simultaneously reproduce these social structures and produce the systems through which people coordinate. This recursive relationship between structure and agency is called the duality of structure.
Social analysis is the process of carefully examining society or a social situation to make sense of it. It involves locating oneself within different social levels from the individual to global society. The analyst then explores the situation through contextual, cultural, institutional, and historical analysis to offer explanations or understanding. Understanding the deep connections between various social realities is important. Asking "why" questions can initiate theory building to help map out and navigate the infinite social world. The goal of social analysis is to form informed opinions that can inform decisions and actions.
Ethnomethodology (EM) emerged from the work of Harold Garfinkel in the 1960s as an approach interested in how social order is actively constructed by members in everyday life using commonsense knowledge and methods. Unlike functionalists who see social order as imposed from above, EM views it as achieved from below as members produce meanings and order through language and descriptions that make situations seem clear and organized. EM uses experiments like breaching interactions to disrupt taken-for-granted assumptions and demonstrate that order is accomplished, not inevitable. However, EM has been criticized for potentially trivial findings and for ignoring wider social structures that influence meaning construction.
Social movements aim to bring about or prevent societal changes. There are several types of social movements including reactionary, conservative, reformist, revolutionary, escapist, assimilationist, pluralist, expressive, alternative, and redemptive movements. Successful social movements require different types of leaders and followers working together using various tactics like educational, political, and direct action approaches.
This document discusses Stuart Hall's circuit model of communication and culture. It explains that culture involves shared meanings that are circulated through media. Hall's circuit model shows how cultural meaning is generated and shaped at five moments: representation, identity, production, consumption, and regulation. The model also emphasizes that meaning is context-dependent and can vary between creator, text, and audience. Examples are provided to illustrate how representations can take on different meanings in different cultural contexts.
This document provides an overview of ecological anthropology and cultural ecology. It discusses different approaches to studying the relationship between human cultures and the environment, including cultural ecology, cultural materialism, and political ecology. Key points covered include how cultural systems adapt to the environment through organization, social networks, settlement patterns, and technology. It also discusses how traditional knowledge systems classify environmental information and the ways eco-anthropologists can utilize this traditional knowledge.
Georg Lukacs and Antonio Gramsci were key figures in Neo-Marxism. Lukacs emphasized the importance of human agency and class consciousness. He believed that under capitalism, the proletariat experiences false consciousness, viewing social relationships only in terms of monetary value rather than authentic meaning. Gramsci addressed limitations in Marx's thinking by highlighting the role of politics, culture, and ideology in both maintaining and challenging class domination. He developed the concepts of cultural hegemony to describe how ruling classes establish control through non-economic means like intellectuals and civil society institutions.
Sociology is the study of human social life, groups, and societies. It examines how people interact and form relationships within social groups and how these relationships shape human behavior and experience. Sociologists study social behavior scientifically and systematically to understand how individuals are influenced by living in groups and being part of society. They investigate social structures like institutions, social groups, and social order to explain how order is created, maintained, and reproduced in human societies.
Anthropology and development by David Lewis presented by Sajjad Haider 2017Sajjad Haider
Anthropology and development: the uneasy relationshipDavid Lewis
Lewis, D. (2005). Anthropology and development : the uneasy relationship [online]. London: LSE Research Online. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive/00000253 First published as: Carrier, James G. ed. (2005) A handbook of economic anthropology. Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar pp. 472-86
All the ideas presented in this detailed presentation have been re-written in different colors so that the reader may easily understand the thoughts within the sentence structures. It will help in skimming and scanning the article in short time. This presentation can be used for non-profit (non-commercial) and academic purposes to support the cause of #UrgingPeopleToExcel in #Education
For detailed reading please rely on the original copy of the article especially when you want to cite any line from this article. This presentation is primarily a visual support to comprehend a complex academic article.
Thanks to each and everyone whose ideas or resources have been incorporated in this presentation. Happy learning!
Sajjad Haider-2017
1. Social inequality exists when some groups in society have unequal access to resources, goods, and services compared to others.
2. Social inequality influences life chances and impacts factors like education, employment, health, and lifespan.
3. Social inequality can be seen between socioeconomic classes defined by wealth, power, and prestige. Society stratifies into hierarchical groups with some receiving greater rewards.
The document describes three models of community development: locality development, social planning, and social action. The locality development model emphasizes self-help, participation, and empowerment. The social planning model uses technical expertise to identify and solve community problems. The social action model views power structures as oppressors and organizes disadvantaged communities to demand redistribution of power and resources through tactics like mass action and pressure.
The document discusses different perspectives on cultural globalization and how it relates to culture. It describes culture as a social construction that includes arts, commodified output of industries, and everyday expressions. It also discusses concepts of cultural globalization such as stretching, diffusion, and hybridization. Additionally, it provides a historical perspective on how religions, empires, nation-states, and ideologies have contributed to cultural globalization over time. It examines the role of technologies, industries, and infrastructures in facilitating contemporary cultural globalization.
Community organization aims to identify community needs, mobilize resources, and implement strategies to address issues collectively. It brings people together to problem solve, achieve equality, and shift power dynamics to benefit oppressed groups. The process involves conscious community efforts to control their own affairs democratically and access high quality services. Community organization recognizes that united communities have the power and skills to help themselves through cooperation and scientific methods. The overall goal is to empower communities to deal with their own problems.
Jean Baudrillard was a French philosopher who focused on the concepts of simulacra, truth, and hyperreality. He argued that in modern society, simulations and representations of reality have proliferated to such a degree that the distinction between real and not real has blurred, and we now live in a state of hyperreality constructed of simulacra rather than related to an actual reality. Baudrillard used examples like Disneyland and media representations of war to show how simulations and images have replaced and constructed our perceptions of reality. He was critical of the idea of single, objective truths and argued that in postmodern society we should view all truths with skepticism.
1. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx which views class struggle and economic determinism as driving historical change.
2. Marx argued that capitalism exploits and alienates the working class, and will inevitably be overthrown and replaced by a socialist system and eventually a communist society with common ownership.
3. Neo-Marxism built upon Marx's ideas of how economic forces influence society and class relations but placed more emphasis on other forms of social oppression and modes of analysis beyond economic determinism alone.
Sumit Jindal has over 11 years of experience in project management and capital equipment purchase. He has expertise in project planning, budgeting, procurement, installation, and commissioning. Currently he is the Manager of Planning at Tata Motors Ltd. in Lucknow, India where he is responsible for capital expenditure planning, asset management, productivity analysis, and overseeing various projects. He has a proven track record of completing projects on time and under budget, and has received several awards for his work.
This document provides an outline of key topics in the sociology of gender and sexuality that will be covered in Chapter 10, including: the differences between sex and gender; approaches to understanding gender roles; theories of gender inequality and patriarchy; gender socialization; the impacts of gender on life chances; and movements related to gender and sexuality like feminism, men's rights, and LGBTQ rights. It also defines key terms and concepts.
Structuration theory examines how social structures and human agency interact and influence each other through communication within social systems like small groups. It posits that (1) social structures, like rules and norms, both enable and constrain human interaction and behavior, and (2) human actions and interactions simultaneously reproduce these social structures and produce the systems through which people coordinate. This recursive relationship between structure and agency is called the duality of structure.
Social analysis is the process of carefully examining society or a social situation to make sense of it. It involves locating oneself within different social levels from the individual to global society. The analyst then explores the situation through contextual, cultural, institutional, and historical analysis to offer explanations or understanding. Understanding the deep connections between various social realities is important. Asking "why" questions can initiate theory building to help map out and navigate the infinite social world. The goal of social analysis is to form informed opinions that can inform decisions and actions.
Ethnomethodology (EM) emerged from the work of Harold Garfinkel in the 1960s as an approach interested in how social order is actively constructed by members in everyday life using commonsense knowledge and methods. Unlike functionalists who see social order as imposed from above, EM views it as achieved from below as members produce meanings and order through language and descriptions that make situations seem clear and organized. EM uses experiments like breaching interactions to disrupt taken-for-granted assumptions and demonstrate that order is accomplished, not inevitable. However, EM has been criticized for potentially trivial findings and for ignoring wider social structures that influence meaning construction.
Social movements aim to bring about or prevent societal changes. There are several types of social movements including reactionary, conservative, reformist, revolutionary, escapist, assimilationist, pluralist, expressive, alternative, and redemptive movements. Successful social movements require different types of leaders and followers working together using various tactics like educational, political, and direct action approaches.
This document discusses Stuart Hall's circuit model of communication and culture. It explains that culture involves shared meanings that are circulated through media. Hall's circuit model shows how cultural meaning is generated and shaped at five moments: representation, identity, production, consumption, and regulation. The model also emphasizes that meaning is context-dependent and can vary between creator, text, and audience. Examples are provided to illustrate how representations can take on different meanings in different cultural contexts.
This document provides an overview of ecological anthropology and cultural ecology. It discusses different approaches to studying the relationship between human cultures and the environment, including cultural ecology, cultural materialism, and political ecology. Key points covered include how cultural systems adapt to the environment through organization, social networks, settlement patterns, and technology. It also discusses how traditional knowledge systems classify environmental information and the ways eco-anthropologists can utilize this traditional knowledge.
Georg Lukacs and Antonio Gramsci were key figures in Neo-Marxism. Lukacs emphasized the importance of human agency and class consciousness. He believed that under capitalism, the proletariat experiences false consciousness, viewing social relationships only in terms of monetary value rather than authentic meaning. Gramsci addressed limitations in Marx's thinking by highlighting the role of politics, culture, and ideology in both maintaining and challenging class domination. He developed the concepts of cultural hegemony to describe how ruling classes establish control through non-economic means like intellectuals and civil society institutions.
Sociology is the study of human social life, groups, and societies. It examines how people interact and form relationships within social groups and how these relationships shape human behavior and experience. Sociologists study social behavior scientifically and systematically to understand how individuals are influenced by living in groups and being part of society. They investigate social structures like institutions, social groups, and social order to explain how order is created, maintained, and reproduced in human societies.
Anthropology and development by David Lewis presented by Sajjad Haider 2017Sajjad Haider
Anthropology and development: the uneasy relationshipDavid Lewis
Lewis, D. (2005). Anthropology and development : the uneasy relationship [online]. London: LSE Research Online. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive/00000253 First published as: Carrier, James G. ed. (2005) A handbook of economic anthropology. Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar pp. 472-86
All the ideas presented in this detailed presentation have been re-written in different colors so that the reader may easily understand the thoughts within the sentence structures. It will help in skimming and scanning the article in short time. This presentation can be used for non-profit (non-commercial) and academic purposes to support the cause of #UrgingPeopleToExcel in #Education
For detailed reading please rely on the original copy of the article especially when you want to cite any line from this article. This presentation is primarily a visual support to comprehend a complex academic article.
Thanks to each and everyone whose ideas or resources have been incorporated in this presentation. Happy learning!
Sajjad Haider-2017
1. Social inequality exists when some groups in society have unequal access to resources, goods, and services compared to others.
2. Social inequality influences life chances and impacts factors like education, employment, health, and lifespan.
3. Social inequality can be seen between socioeconomic classes defined by wealth, power, and prestige. Society stratifies into hierarchical groups with some receiving greater rewards.
The document describes three models of community development: locality development, social planning, and social action. The locality development model emphasizes self-help, participation, and empowerment. The social planning model uses technical expertise to identify and solve community problems. The social action model views power structures as oppressors and organizes disadvantaged communities to demand redistribution of power and resources through tactics like mass action and pressure.
The document discusses different perspectives on cultural globalization and how it relates to culture. It describes culture as a social construction that includes arts, commodified output of industries, and everyday expressions. It also discusses concepts of cultural globalization such as stretching, diffusion, and hybridization. Additionally, it provides a historical perspective on how religions, empires, nation-states, and ideologies have contributed to cultural globalization over time. It examines the role of technologies, industries, and infrastructures in facilitating contemporary cultural globalization.
Community organization aims to identify community needs, mobilize resources, and implement strategies to address issues collectively. It brings people together to problem solve, achieve equality, and shift power dynamics to benefit oppressed groups. The process involves conscious community efforts to control their own affairs democratically and access high quality services. Community organization recognizes that united communities have the power and skills to help themselves through cooperation and scientific methods. The overall goal is to empower communities to deal with their own problems.
Jean Baudrillard was a French philosopher who focused on the concepts of simulacra, truth, and hyperreality. He argued that in modern society, simulations and representations of reality have proliferated to such a degree that the distinction between real and not real has blurred, and we now live in a state of hyperreality constructed of simulacra rather than related to an actual reality. Baudrillard used examples like Disneyland and media representations of war to show how simulations and images have replaced and constructed our perceptions of reality. He was critical of the idea of single, objective truths and argued that in postmodern society we should view all truths with skepticism.
1. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx which views class struggle and economic determinism as driving historical change.
2. Marx argued that capitalism exploits and alienates the working class, and will inevitably be overthrown and replaced by a socialist system and eventually a communist society with common ownership.
3. Neo-Marxism built upon Marx's ideas of how economic forces influence society and class relations but placed more emphasis on other forms of social oppression and modes of analysis beyond economic determinism alone.
Sumit Jindal has over 11 years of experience in project management and capital equipment purchase. He has expertise in project planning, budgeting, procurement, installation, and commissioning. Currently he is the Manager of Planning at Tata Motors Ltd. in Lucknow, India where he is responsible for capital expenditure planning, asset management, productivity analysis, and overseeing various projects. He has a proven track record of completing projects on time and under budget, and has received several awards for his work.
This document provides an outline of key topics in the sociology of gender and sexuality that will be covered in Chapter 10, including: the differences between sex and gender; approaches to understanding gender roles; theories of gender inequality and patriarchy; gender socialization; the impacts of gender on life chances; and movements related to gender and sexuality like feminism, men's rights, and LGBTQ rights. It also defines key terms and concepts.
This document discusses food and eating from an anthropological perspective. It covers several topics:
- Food is an important social activity that brings people together and expresses love and care. Cooking marks humans as distinct from other animals.
- Food preferences and taboos are strongly influenced by culture and identity rather than just nutrition. People will avoid or struggle to eat certain foods for social reasons.
- Eating etiquette and customs vary between cultures and are used to distinguish insiders from outsiders. Things like timing of meals and order of dishes served are socially determined.
- Food is used to display status and hospitality. Elaborate meals impress visitors with a culture's prosperity and goodwill.
This document discusses different methods of obtaining food, including food collection, production, and environmental constraints. It describes two main groups that traditionally relied on food collection: Australian Aborigines and Inuit peoples in the Arctic. Aboriginal groups lived in the harsh desert environment and depended on hunting, while Inuit used tools like harpoons and spears to hunt sea mammals and fish. The document also examines food production methods like horticulture, intensive agriculture, and pastoralism, noting key differences in land and resource use and community structures between these systems. Overall, the document provides an overview of how environment shapes the technologies and strategies used by various human societies to find and produce food throughout history.
The document discusses various topics related to the social construction of bodies and gender identities. It begins by asking students to consider how the body can perform gender, class, and ethnicity using Goffman's idea of performance. It then discusses how bodies are culturally constructed using Hall's circuit of culture model. Several key theorists are mentioned whose work relates to these topics, including Chris Shilling's concept of the "body project" and Susan Bordo's analysis of how masculinity is portrayed in media and advertising. The document emphasizes that identities and bodies are socially constructed through various cultural representations and regulations.
The document outlines different food procurement strategies used by human societies, including food collection, horticulture, intensive agriculture, pastoralism, and commercialized/mechanized agriculture. It provides examples for each type, such as the Inuit people for foragers, the Yanomamö people for horticulturalists, farming in the Mekong Delta for intensive agriculture, and reindeer herding Saami people for pastoralism. Environmental factors and population pressures are discussed as influences on the adoption and intensification of different food production methods over time.
1. This document discusses different methods of obtaining food, from hunting and gathering to agriculture and pastoralism.
2. It provides examples of contemporary hunter-gatherer societies like the Inuit and horticultural societies like the Yanomamö, who practice shifting cultivation.
3. The main food production systems discussed are horticulture, intensive agriculture like in Vietnam's Mekong Delta, and pastoralism like reindeer herding by the Saami people. Each system has distinct features around settlement, division of labor, and social organization.
Human biological and cultural evolutionPaulVMcDowell
Human Biological and Cultural Evolution discusses key aspects of human evolution, including our biological capacity for culture. It examines our taxonomy, comparing human and chimp anatomy and brains. Key human adaptations like bipedalism, tool-making abilities, and increased brain size allowed for the development of culture over generations, from Australopithecus to Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens. Understanding our evolutionary history provides context for how and why human culture emerged.
The document introduces anthropology and discusses the concept of culture from an anthropological perspective. It defines culture as learned human behavior that is shared, patterned, adaptive, and symbolic. Anthropology takes a holistic and comparative approach to studying culture. It examines how different aspects of a culture fit together and compares cultures to understand why they develop in different ways. The four subfields of anthropology - physical anthropology, linguistics, cultural anthropology, and archaeology - work together to provide a holistic understanding of human cultures.
This document provides an overview of feminism and its significance. It discusses the three waves of feminism, including first wave suffrage movements, second wave focus on social and cultural equality, and third wave emphasis on gender as a social construct. Key feminist concepts are explained like patriarchy, biological determinism, and the personal is political. Visual examples show how feminist artists have challenged gender stereotypes and reclaimed representations of women. The document addresses ongoing debates around feminism and post-feminism, and argues that feminism remains important today given continued gender inequalities.
This document discusses neuropolitics and various theories around human inequality and social stratification. It covers topics like the origins of inequality in human nature, the debate between functionalist and conflict theories of stratification, and the role of power, the state, and political culture in perpetuating inequality through the administration of privileges and use of violence. It argues that universal human affiliation may be a way to transcend the conflict inherent in traditional political organization and systems of social stratification.
This document discusses various sociological concepts for understanding society and human behavior. It begins by defining structuralism as focusing on relationships between elements in a conceptual system. It then discusses post-structuralism and highlights Foucault's work emphasizing the changeability of identities. Key thinkers discussed include Emile Durkheim, Ferdinand de Saussure, and their concepts of collective consciousness, langue, and parole. The document also covers feminism, capitalism, forms of capital, status quo, and the roles of structure and agency in social construction as conceptualized by theorists like Bourdieu, Giddens, and others.
Exam lessons 3 (representation) - Section A A2 Media ExamBelinda Raji
The document provides guidance on analyzing representations in media productions using the concept of representation and related theories. It discusses how representations construct versions of reality and ideology. It encourages focusing an analysis of a soap opera trailer on how gender, social groups and places are represented through media language tools and what ideological messages are communicated. Key theories discussed include those relating to cultural hegemony, stereotypes, feminism and the male gaze. The document suggests deconstructing the various production stages and choosing elements to focus on how representations were constructed and their intended effects.
This document provides an overview of sociological perspectives on identity and culture from classical theorists like Durkheim, Marx, and functionalists like Parsons. It discusses key ideas around:
1) Durkheim's view that culture bonds individuals to groups through socialization and collective identity, while Marx saw culture as a means for ruling groups to justify dominance.
2) Functionalism sees society as a system and culture maintains order by socializing individuals, though it is criticized for ignoring conflict.
3) Marxism views society as structured by class conflict, and sees culture as a form of control used by ruling classes to maintain false consciousness among subordinate classes.
Representation in culture is an act of power that privileges certain groups over others. Various dichotomies exist, such as between high and mass culture, and between masculine and feminine representations. Patriarchal societies are dominated by men and shape culture in their interests, with women in a subordinate role. Questions of identity must be examined in the context of history, language and power relations. Bodies are represented according to norms that favor certain body types over others based on gender, race, class and other factors. Theoretical perspectives like feminism seek to understand and challenge these power imbalances in representation.
This document discusses the concepts of gender, sex, and patriarchy. It explains that sex is biological while gender is a social construct that influences notions of masculinity and femininity. The creation of patriarchy established male dominance through rules prioritizing fathers, husbands, and sons. It also influenced decision-making processes around private property and inheritance. The document then examines different feminist theories and waves of feminism, covering liberal, radical, Marxist, postmodern, and eco-feminism.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to social stratification and mobility. It defines different types of mobility, such as horizontal, vertical, intergenerational, and intragenerational. It also discusses different systems of stratification that have existed throughout history, such as slavery, caste systems, feudalism, and social classes. Ideologies that support stratification are examined, as well as structural-functionalist, social conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives on social inequality.
Socialist feminism emerged from criticisms of both radical feminism and Marxism. It argues that neither socialism nor feminism can be fully achieved without the other. Socialist feminists believe that gender roles are socially constructed rather than biologically determined, and aim to abolish rigid definitions of masculinity and femininity. They also seek to revise Marxist theories of economics and human nature to account for women's oppression and the role of reproductive labor. The ultimate goal of socialist feminism is to dismantle all systems that constitute humans as gendered categories and perpetuate male dominance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human social behavior and society. Some important concepts discussed include social interaction, social organization, social structure and agency. It also summarizes sociological perspectives on society from prominent thinkers and outlines different subdisciplines and methods in sociology such as positivism, anti-positivism, and qualitative vs. quantitative approaches.
This document discusses representation and gender theory. It provides background on theorists Judith Butler, Stuart Hall, and Paul Gilroy. Judith Butler is discussed in depth, with explanations of her theories of gender performativity and "gender trouble." Gender, according to Butler, is constructed through performances and repetitions of gender roles, rather than being based on inherent or biological traits. The document also discusses debates around representation of feminism in the media.
This lecture introduces Marxist perspectives on ideology and its role in media and culture. It discusses key theorists including Althusser and Gramsci. Althusser viewed ideology as structuring reality rather than being false consciousness. Gramsci developed the concept of hegemony to describe how dominant groups gain consent through the diffusion of values and beliefs throughout society that maintain the status quo. The media are discussed as playing a part in justifying oppression by legitimizing the current social order.
1. The document discusses key concepts from Marxism, post-colonialism, feminism, and post-feminism as they relate to analyzing media and culture.
2. It addresses Marxist views of how the dominant ideology and institutions like the media subtly control society. Post-colonial theory examines the effects of colonialism on cultures.
3. Feminism challenges patriarchal power structures, while post-feminism believes women have gained equality but still face issues like the "triple burden" of domestic and professional responsibilities. Post-feminist analysis looks at how gender and sexuality are portrayed.
4. The document prompts applying these theoretical lenses to analyze representations in media like films
This slide is prepared on Sociological Perspectives that is going to be beneficial to the students of sociology in UG and PG and aspirants for competitive exams.
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Reflection In Sociology
Sociological Theories Essay
Sociology In Sociology
Sociology
Conflict theory views society as consisting of groups that compete over scarce resources. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes - the bourgeoisie who own capital, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. This leads to conflict and political/economic oppression as the bourgeoisie use the state to protect their interests. Functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. When change occurs, other parts adjust to bring society back into balance. Both theories see the economic base as determining social and political structures.
Culture is defined as the integrated sum total of learned behavioral traits shared by members of a society. It is not genetically transmitted but rather learned. Culture is shared among members of a group and defines boundaries. It is an important environmental variable to consider in global marketing. Culture can appear bizarre to outsiders and is deeply seated. An anthropological approach considers behaviors in their cultural context. Maslow's hierarchy of needs provides a framework for analyzing cultural universals. Adoption of innovations has been shown to follow a normal distribution in societies. Material culture, language, aesthetics, education, religion, attitudes, and values all provide insights into a culture.
Introduction
Contributions
Historical Background
Political Terminology
Critique of the Democracy
Importance of (Nowjawan)Youth
Culture and Civilization
Sociological thought
Concept of “KHUDI”
Concept of “MARD-e-MUMin
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2. “researchers have questioned the unity, neutrality, transparency,
universality, and objectivity of the human organism; the supposed
continuity, transcendence, and individuality (indivisibility) of the self; and
the self-evidence of bodiliness and embodiment” (Wolputte 2004)
3. • “the body” became such a
central concept and
significant object of study
that by the mid-1980s
• For many anthropologists at
the time, it was clear that the
questions of power and
oppression that were on the
agendas of many scholars
could not be addressed
without first challenging
ideologies that naturalized
sex, gender, and racial
difference through
discourses and
representations of the body
4. • “the body” has come to be
understood as simultaneously
subject and object,
meaningful and material,
individual and social
• Whether understood as text,
symbol, or habitus, the body
has proved a fertile site from
which anthropologists have
mounted refutations of
abstract, universalizing
models and ideologies and
interrogated operations of
power, systems of
oppression, and possibilities
for agency and political
change
5. Bodies and cultural practices
“Humans may be the only creatures that steadfastly refuse to let nature alone
dictate their appearance. Indeed, our capacity for self-modification and
adornment is a central and essential feature of our humanity, though the
particular ways in which we alter our bodies are clearly a cultural
phenomenon.” (Reischer and Koo 2004)
6. Bodies and cultural practices
• Among the tribes of the
Kalahari Desert, shiny skin
is considered an attractive
feature, so much so that
even in times of famine,
the tribes choose to use
precious animal fats as a
skin emollient rather than
as food (Turner 1980).
• In the West, cosmetics are
a multibillion-dollar
industry in the United
States alone.
7. Bodies and cultural practices
A more extreme form of
beautification, cosmetic
surgery, once restricted
to the elite, has in
recent years enjoyed a
much larger and more
diverse clientele owing
to its rapidly growing
popularity and social
acceptance.
8. ‘symbolic’ vs ‘agentic’ bodies
The first and more prevalent perspective focuses on the
representational or symbolic nature of the body as a
conduit of social meaning,
whereas the second highlights the role of the body as an
active participant or agent in the social world.
9. The SYMBOLIC Body
• If the body is, as Mary Douglas argues, a “text” upon
which social meanings are inscribed, then a common
vocabulary, a common symbol set, is needed to decipher
those meanings.
• Our bodies transmit a dizzying array of complex
information about ourselves, with or without our intention,
and we and other members of our culture tend to be
expert at reading those culturally specific meanings
almost instantaneously.
• Ring on third finger (West), white robe (India), plump body
10. The SYMBOLIC Body
• bodies have the potential to express core social values
• From this perspective, the quality of attractiveness that we find in
the bodies around us is not insulated from cultural and cognitive
processes; attractiveness is that which is found ideologically
appealing within an overarching set of values.
• As Balsamo notes, “The body becomes. . .the site at which women,
consciously or not, accept the meanings that circulate in popular
culture about ideal beauty. . .. The female body comes to serve as
a site of inscription, a billboard for the dominant cultural meanings
that the female body is to have in postmodernity” (1996, p. 78).
11. The SYMBOLIC Body
• Following the insights of Karl Marx and Michel Foucault,
feminist theorists also point to the ways in which body
ideals serve as mechanisms of social power and
control.
• For example, the slender body ideal symbolizes not only an
aesthetic ideal but also the internal discipline that may be
necessary to achieve it. As many critics have observed, the desire
to demonstrate such discipline has manifested itself in the
remarkable rise of eating disorders in recent decades.
12. The SYMBOLIC Body
In their pursuit of this ideal,
women have subjected
themselves to extreme regimens
of diet, exercise, and other
forms of physical self-
improvement, efforts that all too
often become all consuming to
the detriment of more socially
relevant projects.
Thus, the ideal gendered body
does not merely remain in the
realm of the symbolic; its power
lies in its ability to directly
influence behavior within the
social domain.
13. The SYMBOLIC Body
• Bordo argues that personal body management is
intimately connected with the management of the larger
“social body” through consumer culture (1993, p. 199)
• market economy requires that we participate in regular
cycles of control and release
• Control is required by capitalism so that production continues, and
release is necessary so that the endless stream of products
produced in a capitalist society is ultimately consumed.
• Capitalist ideology requires us to work hard eight hours a day or
more and then feel entitled to an indulgent break from that
disciplined regime, only to resume work again the next day.
14. The SYMBOLIC Body
Consequently, the slender
ideal is capitalist ideology
embodied: It reminds us that
we must know when to say
when.
When one aspect of our
capitalist personality
dominates the other:
excessive discipline that
results in anorexia, or
excessive desire reflected
in obesity.
15. The SYMBOLIC Body
In her book The Beauty Myth
(1991), Wolf notes that the rise
of eating disorders in the 1980s
coincided with the rise of
women to positions of power
and authority within the
workplace.
Wolf asserts that beauty is not
a universal or natural category
but rather a form of cultural
“currency” used by male
institutions to limit and control
women’s access to power.
16. The SYMBOLIC Body
If maintaining a “beautiful” body—
carefully monitored and controlled in
its size and appearance—is a symbol
of cultural and social cooperation,
then striving for a body in direct
opposition to that ideal is tantamount
to civil disobedience.
In her study of compulsive overeating,
Orbach (1978) argues that in a society
where thinness is central to the
normative construction of femininity,
being fat is not an issue of self-control
or willpower but instead represents an
attempt to resist gender
stereotypes.
17. The SYMBOLIC Body
• Fat is not a sign of a woman’s victimization by
unattainable images of the body beautiful but rather
is symbolic of her feminist rebellion against the
dominant images of ideal womanhood that limit her
ability to realize her own image.
• Orbach notes that excessive weight in the workplace
can signify a revolt against the sexual objectification
of the female worker, and indeed, may be an attempt
to “neutralize” her sexual identity to gain power
and respect in the work environment among her
male peers.
• Overeating, then, may be seen as a direct attempt to
symbolically overturn the limitations imposed on
women.
18. The AGENTIC Body
• Arguing that the body’s symbolic capacity to reflect the
social world provides only a partial theoretical account of
its significance in social theory, scholars more recently
have conceived of the body as an active agent in the
social world, on the grounds that our bodies inescapably
mediate our relationship to the world around us.
• Within this framework, a self that acts on the world
necessarily does so through the medium of the body;
accordingly, this approach is often referred to as
“embodiment” (Csordas 1990).
19. The AGENTIC Body
• Given its agency, the body necessarily plays a significant
role in times of social, cultural, or political crisis.
• In a revolution, the established body ideal is one of the
first things to be overturned or redefined in favor of a
more ideologically appropriate replacement.
• In American history, for example, the 1960s slogan “Black
is beautiful” served as the rallying call for the black power
movement.
20. The AGENTIC Body
• In this capacity for “resistance”
and “transformation,” the body—
because it is ultimately the basis
for such an endeavor at the level
of symbols—is conceptualized as
agentic.
• Within this formulation, social
actors appropriate and manipulate
the body’s symbolic capacities for
their own ends, though this project
is not necessarily a conscious
endeavor.
• This perspective creates a
powerful theoretical alliance, one
in which the body is viewed as
both “template and tool” (Comaroff
& Comaroff 1992, p. 87).
21. The AGENTIC Body
The body is at once a vehicle for the imposition of social,
political, and economic forces onto individuals and groups
and is a vehicle for resistance to these forces.
• colonial power in Africa has historically focused on and
circulated through the black body
• diseased and potentially contagious African body and the white,
sanitized European body
• In contrast to the dry and impermeable surface of the European
body, the surface of the African body was “porous, dirty, and damp,
one that ‘gave off’ contagion and odor to those with whom it came
into contact”
22. The AGENTIC Body
But if the body is conceived as the
means by which the colonialist
project is enacted, it can also
serve as the site of resistance to
that project.
• indigenous Tswana rulers took
to embracing “fantastic fashions”
that both adopted and subverted
the fashions of their colonizers
• As Comaroff & Comaroff argue,
“The Tswana ‘style wars,’ in which
local leaders tried to fight off
Western dress and architecture,
were as much the site of colonial
politics as were formal
confrontations with government
personnel or settler statesmen”
23. The AGENTIC Body
• the aesthetic of female fatness
among the Azawagh Arabs of
Niger
• Within this Islamic culture, fatness is
considered such a beautiful and
desirable trait in women that girls as
young as five and six years old are
forcibly fattened by an appointed
female authority figure within the
family. The force-feeding of young
girls is intended to accelerate the
process of sexual maturity because
fatness is so closely associated
with womanliness: The sooner a
girl has assumed the contours and
curves that come with corpulence,
the sooner she is considered of a
marriageable age.
24. The AGENTIC Body
• By fattening, Muslim girls in this culture also hasten the
fulfillment of their primary religious duty and purpose in
life: to produce the next generation of the faithful.
• Popenoe contends that in becoming fat, Azawagh
Arabwomen actively cultivate an aesthetic of “softness,
pliability, stillness, seatedness,” which is in direct
opposition to the aesthetic of men that valorizes
“hardness, uprightness, mobility”
• Gender inequality?
25. The AGENTIC Body
• Popenoe guards against such cultural transpositions by
grounding her work in the specific Islamic context of this
Moorish people.
• According to Islamic scripture, men and women are radically
different kinds of beings that are best harmonized when
opposed to one another. Differentiation between men and
women in all aspects of life—in prayer, in work, in marriage—is
not only to be respected but actively cultivated.
• Thus, the opposition between a woman’s immobility within the
home and a man’s agility abroad is not to be taken as an
automatic reflection of inequality, but rather as a sign of
purposeful division.
26. The AGENTIC Body
As Popenoe observes,
“Female fatness among
Azawagh Arabs is thus
not only expressive and
symbolic of fundamental
cultural tenets, but also
provides women with a
powerful way of
exercising agency in their
own lives” (2004, p. 192).
27. Body beautiful
• The two theoretical views of the body in society— as “artifact”
and “agent”—are essentially complementary because the
capacity of the body to signify the social also entails the power
of the body to transform social reality (Comaroff&Comaroff
1992).
• Because cultural meanings and values reside in and on the
material body, the body not only reflects these constructions
but also has the capacity to challenge them.
•
• The body thus serves as a vehicle for social action even as it
signifies social realities: Bodily (re)form both reflects and
motivates processes of social reform.
28. DUELING DUALIMS
“A body’s sex is simply too complex. There is no
either/or. Rather, there are shades of difference.”
29. Sex or Gender?
• “labeling someone a man or a woman is a social
decision.We may use scientific knowledge to help us
make the decision, but only our beliefs about gender—not
science—can define our sex.”
• Having a penis rather than a vagina is a sex difference.
Boys performing better than girls on math exams is a
gender difference. Presumably, the latter could be
changed even if the former could not.
• Feminism vis-à-vis sex-gender dichotomy
30. Sex or Gender?
• ‘‘what is at issue is the embodied nature of identities and
experience. Experience . . . is not individual and fixed, but
irredeemably social and processual.’’
• Our bodies are too complex to provide clear-cut answers
about sexual difference. The more we look for a simple
physical basis for ‘‘sex,’’ the more it becomes clear that
‘‘sex’’ is not a pure physical category.
• What bodily signals and functions we define as male or
female come already entangled in our ideas about
gender.
33. Real or Constructed?
• As the historian Michel Foucault saw it, society still
required some form of discipline. A growing capitalism
needed new methods to control the ‘‘insertion of bodies
into the machinery of production and the adjustment of
the phenomena of population to economic processes.’’
• Biopower vs biopolitics of the population
• ‘society of normalization’
40. References
• Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 2000. Sexing the Body: Gender
Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. New York:
Basic Books.
• Mascia-Lees, Frances E. (ed). 2011. A Companion to the
Anthropology of the Body and Embodiment. West Sussex,
UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Reischer, Erica and Kathryn S. Koo. 2004. “The Body
Beautiful: Symbolism and Agency in the Social World.”
Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 297-317.
• Wolputte, Steven Van. 2004. “Hang on to Your Self: Of
Bodies, Embodiment, and Selves.” Annual Review of
Anthropology 33: 251-69.