this powerpoint presentation is for better understanding of Ethnomethodology. In this presentation ethnomethodology is compared with phenomenology and mainstream social science .the criticism of mainstream sociology by ethnomethodologist is also a part of the presentation. the last slide consist of criticism of enthomethodology
this powerpoint presentation is for better understanding of Ethnomethodology. In this presentation ethnomethodology is compared with phenomenology and mainstream social science .the criticism of mainstream sociology by ethnomethodologist is also a part of the presentation. the last slide consist of criticism of enthomethodology
University First Year level revision notes on Classical Sociological Theory. Contains notes on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim among others. All notes come from university lecture notes and online research. Includes quotes from sociologists, a history of sociology, keywords and theories and ideas.
The term ‘critical theory’ describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School. Frankfurt theorists drew on the critical methods of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud....
Mini-research: Pierre BOURDIEU’S THEORIES in relation to organizational behav...Fernanda Vasconcelos Dias
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Organizational Behavior in Educational Settings
Professor: Dr. Kate Way
Student: Fernanda Vasconcelos Dias
March 07,2016
it is a report about Positivism by August Comte who give the history of mankind develops in three stages:
1. Theological Stage
2. Metaphysical Stage
3. Positivist Stage
1
3
Chapter 7 SummaryCHAPTER SUMMARY
Contemporary Integrative Theories
This chapter describes theoretical efforts to integrate macro-level theories that deal with the structures and institutions of society with micro-level theories of everyday life. These integrative theories aim to overcome the limitations of either approach by balancing our understanding that individuals are free to interpret, influence, and act with our understanding of organizational and institutional constraints, power, and social reproduction. Richard Emerson’s exchange theory, Anthony Giddens’s structuration theory, and Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice each take distinctive approaches to this central problem in social theory.
A More Integrated Exchange Theory
Building on the work of George Homans, Richard Emerson (1925-1983) asserted that power was central to exchange, that actors are not entirely rational, and that social relations and networks could be used to explain both micro- and macro-level phenomena. Emerson’s exchange theory focuses on the rewards and costs of social interaction and takes social structure as a variable dependent on exchange. The theory assumes that people act rationally within the context of situations, thereby allowing the situations to occur. It also assumes that as people become satiated with the rewards they obtain from a situation, those situations will be of declining importance to them. Last, it assumes that benefits obtained depend on the benefits of exchange.
According to Emerson, social structure is produced and reproduced through exchange mechanisms. The exchange network is a web of social relationships that involves a number of individuals or groups. All individuals and groups have opportunities to exchange with others. These relationships interrelate with one another to form network structure. Each exchange relationship is embedded in a larger exchange network.
In exchange theory, power is defined as the potential cost that one actor can induce another to accept. Dependency is the potential cost that an actor is willing to accept within an exchange relationship. Mutual dependencies condition the nature of an interaction. When there is an imbalance of power and dependency between two actors, the one with more power and less dependence will have an advantage that can be used to collect rewards or distribute punishments. Exchange theorists argue that the relative power of an actor is determined by the position of an actor in an exchange network. The amount of dependence of the entire structure on the position will determine its power. This perspective can be used to examine both the social behavior of individuals and social structure. It can also be used to examine how changes in power-dependency at the micro-level affect macro-level phenomena and vice-versa.
Structuration Theory
Structuration theory focuses on the mutual constitution of structure and agency. Anthony Giddens (1938- ) argues that structure an.
University First Year level revision notes on Classical Sociological Theory. Contains notes on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim among others. All notes come from university lecture notes and online research. Includes quotes from sociologists, a history of sociology, keywords and theories and ideas.
The term ‘critical theory’ describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School. Frankfurt theorists drew on the critical methods of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud....
Mini-research: Pierre BOURDIEU’S THEORIES in relation to organizational behav...Fernanda Vasconcelos Dias
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Organizational Behavior in Educational Settings
Professor: Dr. Kate Way
Student: Fernanda Vasconcelos Dias
March 07,2016
it is a report about Positivism by August Comte who give the history of mankind develops in three stages:
1. Theological Stage
2. Metaphysical Stage
3. Positivist Stage
1
3
Chapter 7 SummaryCHAPTER SUMMARY
Contemporary Integrative Theories
This chapter describes theoretical efforts to integrate macro-level theories that deal with the structures and institutions of society with micro-level theories of everyday life. These integrative theories aim to overcome the limitations of either approach by balancing our understanding that individuals are free to interpret, influence, and act with our understanding of organizational and institutional constraints, power, and social reproduction. Richard Emerson’s exchange theory, Anthony Giddens’s structuration theory, and Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice each take distinctive approaches to this central problem in social theory.
A More Integrated Exchange Theory
Building on the work of George Homans, Richard Emerson (1925-1983) asserted that power was central to exchange, that actors are not entirely rational, and that social relations and networks could be used to explain both micro- and macro-level phenomena. Emerson’s exchange theory focuses on the rewards and costs of social interaction and takes social structure as a variable dependent on exchange. The theory assumes that people act rationally within the context of situations, thereby allowing the situations to occur. It also assumes that as people become satiated with the rewards they obtain from a situation, those situations will be of declining importance to them. Last, it assumes that benefits obtained depend on the benefits of exchange.
According to Emerson, social structure is produced and reproduced through exchange mechanisms. The exchange network is a web of social relationships that involves a number of individuals or groups. All individuals and groups have opportunities to exchange with others. These relationships interrelate with one another to form network structure. Each exchange relationship is embedded in a larger exchange network.
In exchange theory, power is defined as the potential cost that one actor can induce another to accept. Dependency is the potential cost that an actor is willing to accept within an exchange relationship. Mutual dependencies condition the nature of an interaction. When there is an imbalance of power and dependency between two actors, the one with more power and less dependence will have an advantage that can be used to collect rewards or distribute punishments. Exchange theorists argue that the relative power of an actor is determined by the position of an actor in an exchange network. The amount of dependence of the entire structure on the position will determine its power. This perspective can be used to examine both the social behavior of individuals and social structure. It can also be used to examine how changes in power-dependency at the micro-level affect macro-level phenomena and vice-versa.
Structuration Theory
Structuration theory focuses on the mutual constitution of structure and agency. Anthony Giddens (1938- ) argues that structure an.
To Download This Register in http://frontdesk.co.in/forum/Thread-Socio-Economic-base-for-Planning-Study-notes
Lecture notes for Master of Planning Students
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
Bourdieu, Pierre: Structure and Agency
1. Pierre Bourdieu: structure and
agency
Genetic structuralism
Reflexive Sociology
(method)
Cultural Capital
2. [Linguistic] Structuralism
(revisiting lecture 1)
Concerned with the underlying structure of meaning in language
(and human thought)
Ferdinand de Saussure (1924) 'Course in General Linguistics'
"language is above all a system of signs and therefore we must
have recourse to the science of signs if we are to define it
properly'?
Semiology (Gr. Semeion - signs) - the science of systems of
signs
’Signs’ includes noises, gestures, conventions, practices, belief
systems, images, 'symbolic rituals, etiquette, military signals' etc.
3. Structuralism (2)
the meanings of 'signs' is not natural nor do they have an intrinsic
meaning. Rather they are 'arbitrary', and signs are assigned
meaning
This leads one to think about the functional rules and conventions
which govern the assignment of meaning to signs e.g. why
gestures are given their meaning.
The 'arbitrariness' of signs differs according to their role/status as
sytems of communication - i.e. traffic lights vs literary texts and
advertisements.
Each sign constitutes a 'signifier' and signified'. Semiology
concerned with the causal link between them (what causes them
to be linked, seeing as meaning is arbitrary).
4. Structuralism (3) Application to social
sciences
Claude Levi-Strauss (anthropologist) 1961. Trying to make
explicit the implicit knowledge that enables people to
communicate, interpret and understand one another's behaviour.
Application of the construction of meaning in relation to power and
ideology (Roland Barthes - Myth Today).
Application of the construction of meaning in relation to social
practice, cultural signification, class status (Bourdieu).
How do signs become status symbols? What do these meanings
and processes say about the organisation of class, status and
hierarchy in capitalist society?
5. Three aspects of Bourdieu’s work
1. Influence of Structuralism on Bourdieu’s idea of ‘genetic
structuralism. Power relations are embedded in the tissue of
everyday life. See Bourdieu, P. (1993) Language and Symbolic
Power. Harvard University Press. Mass
2. Reflexive Sociology (method)
- theory must grow out of empirical research
- participant observation
- reflexive sociology
See Bourdieu, P. (1990) The Logic of Practice and Bourdieu, P.
(1977/1972) Outline of a Theory of Practice.
3. The symbolic capital of lifestyles in the field of cultural production
- class, commodities, power and culture
- habitus, field and capital (economic, social and cultural capital)
See Bourdieu, P (1974{1979}) Distinction: A Social Critique of the
Judgement of Taste, Routledge, London
7. Reflexive Sociology (method)
'Outline of a Theory of Practice' (1977{1972})
Bourdieu’s hermeneutic (relating to the whole)
understanding of the way people read, understand, interpret
and live their everyday lives
an objective analysis of the structures which frame, limit,
control and influence social life.
links the objective with the subjective social spheres.
Breaking down the traditional sociological dualisms
Argued for complexity of people's activities as
simultaneously shaping and being shaped by the social
world.
8. Objectivism and subjectivism – the
problems
– ‘Objectivism‘(reproduction of the world via structures)
erroneously searched for grand explanations
– Critical of structural theories of the left (Althusserian Marxism)
and right (Parsons)
– ‘Objectivism erroneously adopts a mechanistic view of human
conduct, ignoring the extent to which social life is a practical
achievement by skilful actors’ (Bourdieu, 1977: 22-23)
– Subjectivism: (reproduction of the world by individuals)
– Critical of phenomenology and SI For assuming that social
relations and values emerged automatically from social
situations but were untouched by social structures, influences
or forces.
9. Agency …
individuals exercised agency but within existing
social conventions, values and sanctions
Individuals do not create the world anew
Behaviour is socially constrained
our social interactions are already influenced
by social predispositions, conventions, rules
etc.
10. …and Structure
Structure (the field) social relations were not reproduced in a
vacuum, but as an outcome of power relations.
The 'field' of social relations refers to the areas of social life where
strategies are used in the struggle for resources.
Therefore, he viewed the relations between practice (what we do
in our immediate environment) and the field (the larger
parameters of power relations) as being intrinsically linked
that sociological methods had to observe both of these dynamics
together.
11. Sociological method
B adopted two sociological methods and rules which
would be attentive to the complex interactions between
social groups and social structures.
Participant observation in which the researcher
– should be concerned with the different power relations shaping
social life, and the most receptive way to observe these was
by closely observing social practices
– Takes account of the way people skilfully improvise their social
roles or practices
12. Practice continued – reflexive
sociology
Reflexive sociology
– B concerned with the different power relations
between researcher and the researched
– Rejected researcher/researched divide
– Researcher is part of the social world and must
adopt a critical attitude to own practice
13. Practice
Is neither unconscious or conscious - people know how
to act in daily activities
People draw from doxa (doxic experience) - i.e. their
'taken for granted world beyond reflection' (1977).
The social world into which we are born and in which
we operate in everyday life is already structured
Each area of social life has its own social order
We need unpack the nature of social rules, practices
and strategies and the intuitive, automatic way people
read and understand the social world in which they
operate.
14. Practice (2)
we engage in the social world using a combination of
our 'practical sense' and 'doxa'
agency involves individuals strategically engaging in
and manipulating the rules of the social situations -
playing a game
going to university and studying for a degree can be
seen as a game with very definite rules
Students students develop a 'feel for the game';, I.e
what are inappropriate, good and bad moves. They
develop skills to play the game intuitively
15. This is an example of ‘habitus’ at
work
the second-nature, understanding of what is
happening, is crucial to understanding social life.
B refers to it as habitus.
Habitus; a set of dispositions resulting in particular
practices, improvisations, bodily attitude, gestures, etc.
which provide the 'feeling for the game'.
Like Blumer and Giddens, but Bourdieu has a deeper
analysis of the meaning of cultural sings and meaning,
strategic action and class power.
16. Cultural capital
Classical Marxism - the accumulation of profit widens the division
between those who own and control the means of production, and
those who rely on waged labour.
B extends the analysis to everyday cultural reproduction and to a
notion of cultural power as a key sphere for reproducing class
domination.
Access to higher education is a good example
The cultural ‘goods’ with which students play the game of
University life
University life overlaps with other social fields and other areas of
social privilege (private education or a good state school; family
situation; social aspirations; access to funding; 'ability' and
government policy).
17. Cultural capital (2)
Getting a place at your chosen University is based on strategic
struggle to attain different forms of capital (the struggle to get to
University starts years before you sit your matriculations).
Educational awards (degrees) are a form of cultural capital which
are ‘traded’ for money,good jobs, social prestige.
Symbolic capital is one of the most significant forms of capital.
Possessors of symbolic capital are not only able to justify their
possession of other forms of capital but are able to change the
structure and rules by which the field operates.
Thus higher education can be seen as a valued commodity which
reproduces the three different elements of capital (economic,
cultural and social)
18. Class and the social sieve -
Distinction
Pierre Bourdieu's attempts to understand social inequality and
why it is that people acquiesce to power and being dominated
without resisting.
He did not find the answer primarily in economic classes or the
state, but in culture and ideology.
And how social classes are reproduced through symbolic
domination and the education system
Bourdieu, P (1974{1979)) Distinction: A Social Critique of the
Judgement of Taste, Routledge, London
The relations between ‘taste’ and class in French society. Survey
between 1963-8, 1217 subjects.
People asked to specify their personal tastes in music, art,
theatre, home decor, social pastimes, literature etc.
19. Distinctions (2)
B held that there still was a dominant valuation in favour of 'high-
culture' which is still used to express social distinction.
‘Good taste’ is dependent on a separation from the necessities of
daily labour.
This distance is produced by the status of the bourgeois classes
as being separate from manual productive labour.
class power and social inequality are reproduced at athe cultural
and social level.
This occurred apparently without resistance or social conflict,
Is class elitism evident in recent controversies about the BBC
‘dumbing down’, complaints about the 'illiteracy' of younger
generations and the establishment of 'Mickey-Mouse degrees‘?
20. Bourdieu’s contribution
Linked the construction of ‘taste’ and cultural practice
to class distinctions
It advances Marxist sociology.
Develops the concept of economic, cultural,
educational and social capital within a unified
framework. Through this, a better understanding of
the reproduction of class and status
Furthermore, it also advances Bourdieu's general
theory of society and social agency