Collective Memory

Collective Memory
Narratives are the culturally historical symbols and "memories" nation's use to uphold modern
values, customs, and practices. Through the course of history and the collective memory of the
people, a variety of narratives are formed; and while some last in the mainstream, other narratives
fade into the background of the national and practiced culture. However, these narratives do not
necessarily disappear, and some remain relatively strong in the mentalities of the public―even in
times of legitimate and/or long–lasting hegemonic values that stand in opposition. This paper will
examine the influences of official and alternative narratives, how they are selected through historical
and collective memory, and hegemonic impacts through the narratives ... Show more content on
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For example, by generating the Communistic pride and strength with themes of celebration, such as
the May Day parades (International Worker's Day) and the October Revolution, Gierek gave the
public a new social and political culture and narrative of practice. He continued this patriotic theme
of Communistic and authoritative legitimacy through propagating regularly social and politically
cultural events, instilling the public with deeper connectivity to the Communist regime and the pride
one can take in its governance. While these strategies showed relative but temporary success, Kubik
notes ceremonials and rituals that took stronger hold amongst the Polish public:
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Poland As A Developed Nation
Poland as a Developed Nation Every nation on this planet seeks to grow and develop. In recent
years, the European Union formed to help the European nations grow and develop. Europe is no
stranger to conflict of opinion. Many nations have been under duress economically, politically, or
even socially. Poland is setting itself to become a key European nation. Poland has had many
tribulations in attempt to move forward. Poland has come a long way from the influence of Russia.
The Polish government voted and approved a constitution post communism in 1997. "The 1997
constitution was the result of an extended drafting process that started with roundtable talks in early
1989." (Poland 1997) This was a big move for the country to establish itself and create order among
its people. This constitution helped outline The Republic of Poland 's future. The politicians and
diplomats of the country worked diligently to create opportunity and growth throughout their
borders. Unfortunately, not everyone agreed the governance of the country was correct. "[O]ver 2.2
million Poles have left Poland for other EU countries in the past 12 years, and the ones who stayed
behind are witnesses to a process that atrophies the state, rather than making it fully democratic and
stronger." (Monroe 2016) Many have fled the country because of the leadership and opportunities
abroad. This suggests that the politicians do not have the countries interest in mind. An example of
this

Cultural Differences Between Poland And Religion
There are a lot of difference religions (about 46 religious denominations) in Poland. The largest and
most important is Catholicism. According to official data, more than 35 million people, or about
95% of population are Roman Catholic. The second largest church in Poland, in size and importance
is the Polish Orthodox Church. It counts more than 500,000 followers, mainly in the eastern regions
of Poland. Protestant Churches are also numerous in Poland. Muslim and Krishna confessors
number about 5,000 members each. And there are only a few practicing Jews left in Poland. Today,
Poland Constitution guarantees freedom of religion and provide right to religious minorities to
practice. Poland is located in the central Europe, and the country is one of the biggest in central
Europe and the 9th largest in the whole Europe with an area of 312,679 SQ km (120726 SQ mi).
The border had changed many times over the centuries. The current border were set only after World
War II, and the neighboring countries are Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to
the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east and Lithuania and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to
the northeast. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the weather report, Poland has six seasons in a year. Spring begin in the month of
March and usually end on the late of May. The summer is between June through the end of August.
Autumn (fall) is generally begin in the month of September and end on November. Winter last from
December through late February or early March. July is the hottest month and January is the coldest
month of Poland. The temperature could be the hottest time at 80'F through the coldest 30'F.
According to the weather record Poland seems like the best time to visit is in about June and

The Second Polish Republic
The history of Poland results from the migrations of Slavs who established permanent settlements
on the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages. In 966 AD, Duke Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty
adopted Western Christianity; in 1025 Mieszko's son Bolesław I Chrobry formally established a
medieval kingdom. The period of the Jagiellonian dynasty in the 14th–16th centuries brought close
ties with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a cultural Renaissance in Poland and territorial expansion
that culminated in the establishment of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569.
The Commonwealth in its early phase represented a continuation of Jagiellonian prosperity, with its
remarkable development of a sophisticated noble democracy. From the mid–17th century the huge
state entered a period of decline caused by devastating wars and by the deterioration of the country's
political system. Significant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Millions of Polish citizens perished in the course of the Nazi occupation of Poland between 1939
and 1945 as Germany classified ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Jews and Romani as subhuman. Nazi
authorities targeted the last two groups for extermination in the short term, deferring the
extermination and/or enslavement of the Slavs as part of the "Generalplan Ost" conceived by the
Nazi régime. A Polish government–in–exile nonetheless functioned throughout the war and the
Poles contributed to the Allied victory through participation in military campaigns, including the
final anti–German offensives, on both the eastern and western fronts. The westward advances of the
Soviet Red Army in 1944 and 1945 compelled Nazi Germany's forces to retreat from Poland, which
led to the establishment of a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union, known from 1952 as the
Polish People's

Which Structural Factors Facilitate Democratisation?
Which Structural Factors Facilitate Democratisation? Simon Angelini The question of what
facilitates democratisation is one of great debate, with numerous theoretical paradigms attempting to
provide an answer. Structuralism is one such approach, generally placing emphasis on macrocosmic
forces and processes that are abstracted from individual situations, and thus apply universally.
Structuralism has been dominated since the 1950s by socio–economic theories, starting largely with
Lipset . He asserted that various factors related to socio–economic development "increasingly load
the dice" in favour of democratisation, suggesting the existence of a linear and natural process of
state development. Theories of this nature are often referred ... Show more content on
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Whilst there are clear differences between these states, their similarities are key in explaining this
theory. Poland presents us with a textbook example of the modernisation story. Following the
Second World War, Poland was rapidly reconstructed and hugely invested in by the USSR, resulting
in Poland's GDP per capita reaching over $2,000 USD by 1989 and the elimination of illiteracy by
1978 . Poland had by 1980 reached an advanced standard of development demonstrated by its mid
to higher level HDI (Human Development Index) of 0.687 . This aggregate of life expectancy,
education, and income indices provides us with a clear image of a Poland that was modernising and
moving towards a more favourable climate for democratisation. There were of course problems with
the Polish economy. By the mid–1970s government policy had produced a depression that saw food
prices, particularly meat, rise by over 60%, whilst real wages remained stagnant, and the economy
shrank for the first time since 1945. Education also suffered, and as with many elements of policy in
Eastern Bloc states, had by the late 1970s "lost its coherence" , with a clear lack of direction in
central planning. These issues catalysed the campaign for democratisation. Strong state ownership
and the planned economy were no longer

Analysis Of Pablo Picasso's Guernica
In June of 1937, Pablo Picasso completed what some consider to be one of the most influential
pieces of artwork ever created, Guernica. The piece was commissioned by the Spanish Republican
government for an international exhibition in Paris. Originally Picasso had a completely different
subject in mind, but on April 26, the revered Spanish town of Guernica became the first occupied
civilian center decimated by carpet bombs. The complete and total destruction of the ancient and
honored Spanish town ordered by fascist Francisco Franco and carried out by Nazi German allies
outraged Picasso and was the inspiration for this work. Picasso's Guernica is internationally known
as a symbol for the destruction of war and it had such immense significance during the Spanish
Civil War as it does now because of the form, composition, and content.
The canvas in which Guernica is painted on was a large undertaking for Picasso, in fact, it was so
enormous that Picasso had to find a larger studio. At 11.5 feet tall and 25.5 feet wide, he had to and
use a ladder in order to paint parts of it. Using shades of grey, black, and white oil paint along with
textural elements, he created the masterpiece we know today. Aspects of the composition are
influenced by Picasso's cubist style, this can be seen by his use of multiple viewpoints and shifting
perspective in the piece creating a unique visual experience for the viewer (Arnheim 51). Picasso
also doesn't adhere to traditional depictions of body

Pablo Picasso Guernica Essay
The echo of war resonates in the air of the countries and the hearts of the people it has affected even
years after it subsides. When Pablo Picasso created the larger–than–life mural Guernica, it becomes
rightly apparent that Picasso wanted it to impact the people so as to gain more support and sympathy
for the Spanish Republican cause, but I am not exactly sure if he realized how relatable this painting
would be for all of the wars of the future that would follow after World War II. Viewing the painting
from an inevitably political perspective, I find the picture to speak loudly to my own views on the
necessity of war, particularly on innocent bystanders and civilians, which, from my understanding,
relate greatly to Picasso's own anti–war sentiments. War impacts everyone differently, especially
since it is dependent on multiple, subjective matters: feelings towards both fighting sides,
relationships to soldiers, perspective on how necessary the war may appear, and so on. Up until May
1, 1937, Picasso had been relatively uninspired for his grand addition to the Spanish Pavilion at the
Paris World's Fair. His stance on the war greatly inspired the mural. He was very much against the
Spanish dictatorship taken on by Generalissimo ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As someone whose family comes has suffered from genocide, I feel as though I can understand
Picasso's pain for the Spanish people that he emulated onto the canvas. In the end, it comes down to
political perspective and how one may relate this to a social or political problem going on during
their time. All social and political problems are ultimately wars, at least in a figurative sense.
Picasso's mural can relate to any issue that we have faced, are confronted with, or will have to
overcome in the future, which defines it as the greatest anti–war piece, at least in my

History – Source-Based Questions on Ussr Weakness After...
Grade 11
07/05/13
History – Source–based questions.
1)
a. According to Source A, the USSR is not a threat to Germany because it is not in their interest to
overrun Germany. Also Source A pin points the weaknesses of the Soviet Republic such as their
need for economic aid for a ruined economic system and the fact that its soviet ideals have robbed
itself of a large part of its economic strength, hence emphasizing on the fact that the USSR is not a
threat to Germany.
b. Source A's purpose if to inform the Reichstag of the USSR's weakness and needs in economic aid.
Dr Walter Simon is paying respects to the Soviet Republic, hence giving a positive view on the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
2) The treaty of Rapallo had enormous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of this letter was clearly to let the French government know that the treaty of Rapallo
had no secret intentions against the French. The value of this source for historians would be its
connectivity with the moment in history when it was recorded and the actual point of view of one of
the players of European history. The fact that it is such a major component of the time – Chicherin –
that writes the letter gives this historic letter an even greater deal of importance, for he had personal
experience and direct views on what was happening at that time. However the limitation in this
letter is that it may as well be untrue facts he is stating but only his personal opinion and viewpoint.
Considering the relationship between the reader and writer, prejudices and cultural standpoints of
the author are to be questioned.
The origin of source D is one of the proposals to partition Poland to the Reichswehr leaders after the
Treaty of Rapallo by General Von Seeckt on September 11th 1922. The purpose of this proposal is to
express a negative viewpoint on the elevation of Poland as an independent country. The speaker is
clearly trying to convince his audience teaming up with Russia to eliminate Poland. The value of a
document like this for historians is that it provides and indication of the nature of some feelings
against Poland from the Germans, as the facts that are stated

Public Diplomacy And The Foreign Affairs Of The Republic...
Working for government we can't distinguish specific industry that it function in. Governments take
care of varieties issues that are important for country and its society. As an industry in this specific
environment I would call it public diplomacy industry. Public diplomacy pursued by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs consists of a set of strategic, conceptual, analytical, coordinating and executive
actions seeking to impact social attitudes and public opinion abroad and thereby to secure the
principal interests of the Republic of Poland across the globe. This is done by using tools and
methods from outside the realm of traditional diplomacy, essentially confined to intergovernmental
relations. The primary aim of public diplomacy is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
History In 1822, when Brazil won its independence, Poland did not exist on maps of the political
world. In the years 1795–1918 the Polish lands were occupied countries by neighboring countries –
Russia, Austria and Prussia. The struggle for independence, taken by another generation of Poles,
reflexes elicited sympathy of many societies, including Brazilian. Emperor of Brazil, Peter I, during
a performance in Paris, issued in favor of participants of the November Uprising (1831), he
exclaimed: Vive la Pologne! It ts successor in turn, Peter II, agreed to accept the membership of
Polish émigré patriotic associations based in Rapperswil, Switzerland, which certifies todays
diploma awarded by the Société Nationale des Amis et Polonaise de la Pologne. In the year1907 at
the Second International Peace Conference in The Hague, the representative of Brazil – Ruy
Barbosa, a prominent lawyer and politician, in his fiery speeches repeatedly advocated the
restoration of Poland 's independence. Not surprisingly, that Brazil was the first country in Latin
America, which announced that it "recognizes the emergence of a united and independent Polish".
The position of these was presented August 17, 1918 year note Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil,
Nilo Peçanhi the French envoy in Rio de Janeiro, Paul Claudel.
In the interwar period (1918–1939) the message of the Republic of Poland in Rio de Janeiro subject
Consulate General in

Taking a Look at Primark
Primark is an Irish retailing company that is widely established in the value fashion sector. The
company is a subsidiary of ABF plc (Associated British Foods) and its main headquarters are in
Dublin, Ireland, where the first store opened on Mary Street in 1969 under the trading name
Penneys. Primark now operates in 9 countries, 268 stores, in Ireland (branded as Penneys), the
United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, Austria and France. The
company employs more than 48,000 people across its European stores on more than 9 million
square feet of retail selling space. Although Primark is primarily known for offering on–trend ladies
fashion at the low cost end of the market, it stocks a diverse range of products including baby and
kids clothes, menswear, footwear, accessories, home ware, beauty products and confectionery.
Primark prides itself on being "adored by fashion fans and value seekers alike" and being "right on
the bubble in terms of fashion and what people want to buy". The company does so by keeping costs
to a minimum, getting its buying right and investing in big bright stores. According to ABF, Primark
sold out both its autumn/winter and spring/summer ranges with little discount, which is a 'testament
to the success' of the company's buying teams. The company has all of its merchandise made
specifically for its stores and so Primark has its own fast–fashion brand names. ABF's Annual
Results Announcement 2013 reported that Primark had

Molotov Ribbentrop Pact
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, colloquially named after the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav
Molotov and the German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, was an agreement officially
titled the Treaty of Non–Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union[1] and signed in
Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939.[2] It was a non–aggression pact under which the
Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were
attacked by a third party. It remained in effect until 22 June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet
Union.
In addition to stipulations of non–aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol dividing Northern
and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939.[29] The third Soviet Five Year Plan required
massive new infusions of technology and industrial equipment.[27][30]
On 31 March 1939, in response to Nazi Germany's defiance of the Munich Agreement and
occupation of Czechoslovakia,[31] the United Kingdom pledged the support of itself and France to
guarantee the independence of Poland, Belgium, Romania, Greece, and Turkey.[32] On 6 April
Poland and the UK agreed to formalize the guarantee as a military alliance, pending negotiations.
[33] On 28 April, Hitler denounced the 1934 German–Polish Non–Aggression Pact and the 1935
Anglo–German Naval Agreement.[34]
Starting in mid–March 1939, the Soviet Union, Britain and France traded a flurry of suggestions and
counterplans regarding a potential political and military agreement.[35] Although informal
consultations commenced in April, the main negotiations began only in May.[35] At the same time,
throughout the early 1939,Germany and the Soviet Union had discussed a possibility of an
economic deal involving industrial equipment and armament for the USSR in exchange for raw
materials needed for German war production.[36] German war planners had estimated massive raw
materials shortfalls if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply.[37] For months, Germany had
secretly hinted to Soviet diplomats that it could offer better terms for a political agreement than
Britain and France.[38][39][40]
The Soviet Union feared Western powers and

Conflicting Opinions Over the Popular Front Government in...
After the ruling of the corrupt King Alfonso XIII and the horrible massacre the army faced when it
was sent to Spanish Morocco, the progressive Popular Front government was elected. In 1936, with
the promise of land reform, the conservative forces gathered to plan for resistance. The Spanish left
wing, on the other hand, celebrated the elections so joyfully that made the conservative military
officers, capitalists and churchman worried that a much broader reform would begin. Rumors of
plotting for a military coup led the Republicans to send high – ranking military officers to remote
postings in order to make communication and coordination between them more challenging.
However, it was not enough, the planning for a military uprising continued. When the military coup
failed to gain control of the entire country, the civil war started between the Nationalists and the
Republicans. The Nationalists received aid from Italy ( at the time, fascist and under the control of
*******) and from the Nazi Germany. The Republicans, however, received aid from the Soviet
Union and from the International Brigades (composed of volunteers from Europe and the United
States). The war was the result of the polarization of the Spanish life and politics that developed
over the previous decades since it's monarchic government. Roman Catholics, businessman and
landowners were the most notable components of the Nationalist side. At the time, the Republic was
considered to be a danger to the

The Fall Of The Berlin Wall
Introduction
In November 1989, the lives of almost half a billion people throughout Eastern and parts of Western
Europe drastically and completely changed. This month marked the beginning of the two–year
demolition of the "Iron Curtain" that descended across the continent and the thawing of the Cold
War that waged between the world's two rival superpowers. The fall of the Berlin Wall not only
marked the reunification of Germany after 28 years but, also, the reunification of all of Europe after
almost three entire, long decades. Out of the nine original countries that comprised the Eastern bloc
and were effectively separated from the Western world by the "Iron Curtain," all but one later sought
membership in the European Union. Since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, things have not always appeared as great for this nation–state. The 44 years the country
suffered under the communist government's rule are considered to be some of the most terrifying,
poverty–stricken, and miserable in Poland's thousand year long history. The Polish people were
repressed by their own government in all areas of life, especially politically, economically, and
socially. Human rights were practically non–existent and violated on an every day basis, while the
communist government sowed fear throughout the country's entire population.
Due to the immense importance of the effect of communism on human rights, this essay attempts to
answer the following question: how did citizens of communist Poland conceive of political and
economic human rights? The best and most widespread answer to this question is, simply, that they
did not think about human rights at all. The state of terror that existed throughout the nation and the
threat of starvation, among many others, occupied the forefront of importance in most Poles' lives.
Additionally, as a nation of mainly uneducated farmers and workers at the time, many Polish
citizens were not altogether even aware of the existence of human rights that could improve their
lives. If they were aware, the government's repression made most educated individuals feel either
too helpless or

Allegory Of The Cave Summary
The Allegory of the Cave
The Allegory of the Cave is actually a part of the Plato's writings who is a Greek philosopher in his
series of writings titled as "The Republic" (Plato, 514). The Republic was written in different parts
and took different years to compile the writings together from years 514a to 520a. These series of
books were written to highlight the psychology of the people individuals and how they act in
different situations and era of life. It is written in the form of dialogue between Socrates and
especially this writing "The Allegory of the Cave" is written in the dialogue form between Socrates
and the brother of Plato named as Glaucon by Plato. Those series of Plato actually describes how the
education in the lives of the people brings change. He explains it to the readers by defining two
sides of the people one inside the cave where they are bound and the other is the life outside the
cave where they are free to make their own decisions. Socrates is actually the mentor of Glaucon
who is answering him several questions of the life and the reality of the life that people faces during
their lifetime era. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He has described that the people are tied up in the cave from their childhood and are not allowed to
move as their hands are tied and they cannot take their independent decisions. They are kept insides
as prisoners, "here they have been from their childhood and have their legs and necks chained so
that they cannot move," He also explains that how the people live in the caves are only used to the
shadows they see inside the cave as they are unable to see the basic reality if the life. "....and they
see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite
wall of the

Francisco Franco, the Ultimate Fascist Dictator?
Introduction
Fascism can be defined as a political system with centralization of power under a single–party
dictatorship. Fascist dictators maintain authority through strict socioeconomic controls, suppression
of the masses through censorship and terrorism, and policies of aggressive nationalism and racism
("Fascism"). Francisco Franco first implemented this government policy in Spain after witnessing
its achievements in Germany and Italy. Franco's strong nationalistic and military upbringing was the
basis for his fascist dictatorship. What made Franco the "ultimate fascist dictator" was the fact that
he was more palatable to the western countries. His focus was not on world domination, but rather
on the consolidation of his own ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Franco believed that by consolidating the working class and the trade unions under one organization,
he would create a better relationship between worker and employee under his rule.
Typical to fascist rule, Franco limited the freedoms of his people. Spanish citizens were stripped of
their basic rights and freedoms including freedom of speech and freedom of association. Franco
considered criticism a crime, therefore opposing political parties were outlawed and universal
suffrage was eliminated ("Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly"). Franco's intention was to
preserve his regime's principles and isolate Spanish culture from foreign influences. In order to
achieve that goal, censorship was enforced by the Book Censorship section, the Cinema and Theater
Department and the Information and Censorship section (English–Spanish). The influence of the
Franco regime on school curricular and school textbook contents was used as part of a rigorous
brain washing exercise ("Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly").
As an attempt to impress the world's democratic powers, Franco issued a fundamental law that
granted a bill of rights, the Charter of Rights ("Spain – THE FRANCO YEARS"). The rights were
more for show than anything else. The charter placed a strong emphasis on the Spanish duty to serve
their country and to obey the laws. They did not give the Spaniards any additional rights, for
guaranteeing freedom of expression still

Poland Research Paper
Jacob Ketcham
12/17/2015
World Cultures
Project 2: Poland
Of the countries of Europe, Poland is especially unique due to it's location and conflicts of recent
history. The countries exact location lies at 52 degrees N, and 19 degrees E. Poland lies next to the
Baltic Sea which borders it's coastline to the north. In addition to the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and the
Kaliningrad Oblast are to the country's northeast. West of it is Germany, while the Ukraine and
Belarus are to Poland's east. Lastly, Slovakia and the Czech Republic are to the south.
The topography of Poland has some minor distinctions with the southern Slovakia border having a
much higher altitude than it's low lying counterparts to the north. In fact the highest point of Poland
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A chance to visit this country should not be turned down lightly, as it has something for any person
to enjoy. Poland is a gem among the countries of Europe and I myself hope to visit it some

Cultural Interview : ' Texas A & M International University '
Cultural Interview Two
April Moreno
Texas A&M International University
April Moreno
Texas A&M International University
I contemplated several people for my second interview; nevertheless, the most logical person that I
could interview was Dr. Cieslicka. I have always been fascinated with her European culture, and it
became the logical decision. The interview was conducted in her office, and I was embarrassed at
first, nonetheless, Dr. Cieslicka made me feel comfortable and at ease.
Dr. Cieslicka is from Poland, and both of her both parents are Polish. Her grandmother comes from
Georgia, which is currently, the Russian Republic. Dr. Cieslicka came to Laredo in 2009 to teach at
TAMIU; furthermore, she teaches at TAMIU, she is an academician, a researcher, and the director of
the MS in Psychology program at TAMIU. Dr. Cieslicka's Polish family roles are very
contemporary, and both partners work due to the difficult financial situation in the country. Both
salaries are needed to survive). Dr. Cieslicka's role is that she is her parent's daughter, and her
parents are both retired doctors. She supports them; therefore, Dr. Cieslicka only family in the
United States is her cats. Dr. Cieslicka is the mother of several cats, and they are all gorgeous and
unique.
Dr. Cieslicka is Polish and she discusses her culture proudly and she wants to maintain her cultural
ties, even if she ultimately

Should the State of East Prussia be Returned to Germany?
The region of East Prussia (Kalingrad Oblast) was taken by Russia from Germany, and was
previously owned by Germany for over 700 years. Considering the history of the area and homes of
millions taken and robbed, the state of East Prussia should be returned to Germany. In addition, the
remnants of the local citizens and relatives of victims should be compensated for their hardships and
gained the right to return home. Near the end of World War II nearly 2 million civilians evacuated
East Prussia, Because of the imminent Soviet invasion. Following the Second World War Germany
was undergoing judgment by the allies and the victors of Europe. At the Potsdam meeting, they
unanimously agreed that the ultimate root of German aggression and militarism was Prussia and
following this meeting set out to abolish it. Millions of people were evacuated from the area and
thousands were killed and raped. Today 1 million descendants of people kick out from the area wait
to return home. Many people feel cheated and the Soviet Union expelled all non–Russians from the
region and re–settled their own people in the territory. By the time the Soviet Union fell, very few of
the original ethnic Germans, Poles, and Lithuanians remained. Today East Prussia is known as
Kaliningrad Oblast and is a federated state of the Russian Federation, completely cut off from the
rest of Russia. Today 86.4% of the population of Kaliningrad Oblast is Russian, 3.7% are Ukrainian,
3.6% are Belarusian, 1.1% is

A New Middle Class Government And The Declaration Of The...
Dylan Johnson
APUSH
Final Research Paper
From the election of a new middle class government and the declaration of the Second Spanish
Republic in 1931 until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Spanish society struggled to
establish a stable, representative democracy for only the second time in its long political history.
With the spread of industrialization, the rise of a new working class, and the emergence of a new era
of political movements, ideals, and philosophical ideologies or "isms" throughout Europe and the
United States–communism, socialism, marxism, anarchism, fascism, etc., Spanish society grappled
to find common ground between more traditional and conservative political groups–the Catholic
church, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The war also embroiled many other European and world nations and pitted supporters and
opponents of democracy, fascism, communism, and anarchy against each other in what many critics
have labeled a prelude to World War II. The Spanish Civil War, choking the unity of the United
States, exacerbated already present political and public rifts of the nation, bringing into question the
claimed neutrality of America throughout the three–year war. Although the Spanish Republican
government had been democratically elected and the Nationalist side was allied with and receiving
support from Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany, who guaranteed a Franco victory along as a
result of their support rather than supporting the Republic, the American government approved an
official Act of Neutralityi. US diplomatic officials in Spain were even told to refrain from any
interference with the unfortunate Spanish situation.ii The United States viewed their role in the
conflict as one of keeping Democratic European nations from embarrassing themselves in the
attempt to "localize the Spanish Civil War."iii Although Germany and Italy officially agreed to this
stance of non–intervention, German aircraft was used to bomb the innocent Republican town of
Guernica, murdering 800 townsfolk, mostly women and children, while the majority of the town's
men were away working in the fields.iv The city, too small to be of any military threat to

Pan 's Labyrinth : Fascism Faced With Fantasy
Pan 's Labyrinth: Fascism Faced with Fantasy Pan 's Labyrinth is a film based in 1944 fascist Spain
during the reign of Francisco Franco, following the Spanish civil war. His regime stressed rules and
order as well as the repression of the individual. The very basis of fascism revolves around the idea
that a country should be ruled by a single power and all others should follow this power regardless
of their own individual opinions. It is this notion that brought the strict regulations and violent
actions that became common during this time; however, such a notion also gave birth to the
anarchist rebellion that opposed simply blindly following the rules of a single man. Pan 's Labyrinth
uses this idea of rebellion versus military to create an image of the 1944 fascist Spain environment
and explore this complex atmosphere through aspects of fantasy. Pan 's Labyrinth depicts the world
of a young girl, Ofelia, as it is "deeply torn by factions" in the aftermath of the civil war. The story
revolves around three orders of influence on Ofelia 's world: the forest (the forces of the revolution),
the estate (Vidal and the fascist regime), and the world of fantasy. Each force provides Ofelia with
insight in regards to how the world functions. These forces also play a key role in her journey to
discover herself and the true nature of the world around her. Captain Vidal, the stepfather of Ofelia,
is a military officer that rules over the estate in which they inhabit. His character

Second World War: Relationship Between The USSR And The West
Using these four passages and your own knowledge, assess the view that during the Second World
War the relationship between the ussr and the west was characterised more by co–operation than by
disagreement. The four interpretations are in agreement that during the second World War the
relationship between the USSR and the West was characterised more by cooperation than
disagreement. There was major conflict over various issues regarding Communisms security in
Eastern Europe, specifically expansionism in Eastern Europe which caused the relations between
allies to deteriorate after the war, however the Allies maintained an alliance despite the pressure
frequently placed upon it. Similarly Loth and Boyle argue that the relationship was ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This interpretation can be supported by several events throughout the period, firstly, lend lease was
set up in 1941 to supply Soviets with the vital resources and munitions they required to push back
the Nazi forces, preventing them taking control of the USSR and their natural resources like oil,
which would allow them dominate Europe. Secondly in November 1942 it was agreed that a policy
of unconditional surrender should be enacted, crushing all chance of future rebellion in the
countries, as depicted by the Atlantic Charter. Finally the Tehran conference further supports this
interpretation because the Allies agreed on a date for the Second Front which would bring a close to
war in the West after many delays over fears it would be insufficient, to ameliorate Stalin the US
and Britain launched an offensive in North Africa and carried out bombings on German cities. The
second view expressed by Loth is that their mutual interest in aid by the US in order to minimise the
cost of war for both allies, "render the effects of the war– more tolerable for both sides". This view
could be reliable because it supported by Peter Boyle's interpretation that US aid ameliorated
differences between the two sides allowing wartime cooperation to exist. The US gave the USSR
$11 billion in materials: over 400,000

A Brief Note On The World War II
Monika Gruca
Professor Moore
History 150
9 May 2015
Final Exam
Part I: Identifications
1. Fascism–
Fascism is a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power. It is usually emphasized
by aggressive nationalism and often racism. Two countries that adopted fascism were Germany and
Italy. Germany was under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, while Italy was under Benito Mussolini.
Fascism led both countries to have extreme nationalism and instilled a great sense of pride in both
countries. This great national pride can be seen during the initial years of World War II. Both
countries took aggressive actions in Europe and Africa because of their national pride.
2. Calvinism–
Calvinism was a branch of Protestantism formed by John ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Bismarck was a master political strategist who was able to make many alliances that helped secure
Germany security. Following German unification Germany became one of the most powerful
nations in Europe.
4. The Black Plague–
The Black Plague or popularly know as the "Black Death" was one of the most horrifying and
deadly diseases in human history. Between 75 and 200 million people were estimated to have died.
From 1346 to 1353 the Black Death was expanding across Europe. The Plague created religious,
social, and economic problems all across Europe.
5. Glorious Revolution–
The Glorious Revolution also called the Bloodless Revolution occurred between 1688–1689. This
resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband
William III who was the prince of Orange and stadholder of the Netherlands. With their ascension to
the throne came the constitutionalized English Bill of Rights of 1689. The revolution permanently
established Parliament as the main ruling power of England.
Part II: Essays
2. Nationalism
At the beginning of the 19th century there was a turn from religious loyalty or loyalty given to a
particular leader towards loyalty owed to a particular nation. Nationalism came from the formation

of the public sphere. It allowed for the institution of patriotic symbols such as national songs,
literature, and emblems. The French Revolution was the first to institute the idea of a nation–state, in
which the

American Self Perception Vs. The Truth Essays
American Self Perception vs. The Truth
Lee Greenwood, a song writer, describes the emotion involved in
American self–perception in a song by saying, "I'm proud to be an American. For at least I
know I'm free." Freedom is the founding pillar of the American self– perception. Self–
perception is the culmination of how one views oneself. Other aspects which make up American
self–perception are wealth, power, and the pursuance of happiness. Self–perceptions, whether
confined to the individual or confined to an entire country, usually leave out negative aspects such
as hypocrisy. When dealing with the perception of a country, the true image of a society comes from
self, or internal perceptions, combined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The base of Soviet fear was based and strengthened not on fact but a fear of the unknown. The
American response to the Soviets was to contain U.S.S.R through political and military
interventions in countries where there was a possibility of the formation of a communist
government. American intervention dominated the western hemisphere as a bipolar world system
arose with the United States in the west and the Soviet Union in the east. By using extensive
intervention, the
United States turned incredibly hypocritical as they were pushing their form of government upon
smaller, weaker countries which were dependent on American aid.
This is no different than what the "evil" Soviet Union was doing in the eastern
hemisphere. Also by forcing American government style upon other nations, the
United States was restricting the choice and freedom of independent states. This threatening of
choice contradicts the American belief that every country should be democratic. Again another form
of hypocrisy has occurred in American self– perceptions and beliefs.
Other nations view America slightly differently than what the American self–perception details.
Let's take the Polish perception of Americans. Ever since the Polish Solidarnosc movement of the
late 1980s, America has been there to lend a helping democratic hand. Help from the United States
come in the forms of economic aid and increased

Ukraine Research Paper
UKRAINE
Introduction_ Current
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary,
Romania, and Moldova. It is also bordered by two major Sea's called Black Sea and Sea of Azov.
Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 (233,062 sq mi), making it the largest country entirely within
Europe and the 46th largest country in the world, and a population of about 44.5 million, making it
the 32nd most populous country in the world.
Ukraine is a large country in Eastern Europe known for its Orthodox churches, Black Sea coastline
and forested mountains. Its capital, Kiev, features the gold–domed St. Sophia's Cathedral, with
11th–century mosaics and frescoes. Overlooking the Dnieper River is the Kiev Pechersk Lavra ...
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This is another Important factor in the growth of the Zaporizhian Cossacks. They had Favourable
conditions to sell the grain to Weastern Europe, The polish introuced a manorial system of
agriculture. they asked for peasentry. they alloted less lands to the people they gave less freedom to
people and their land. Then, The Fugitive peasents and Townpeople fled to steppes and established
settlements, for a specific time period of 30 years . they fought for the Right to tax free settlement
called Sloboda. and also they called themselves as Cossacks. But the Polish Kings who occupied
created large latifundia and also tried to impose feudal dependency on both peasents and cossacks.
these all led to bloody conflicts in which cossacks fought the polish government and the landowners,
all of them brutally suppressed by the Poles. the growth of cossacks brought a confusion for the
polish Government that the cossacks are helpfull for the defence of steppe frontier. they tried to
control the cossack problem but they lost in the hands of cossacks. the cossacks became more
stronger in the 17th century. Hetman petro Konashevych–sahaidachny spread their fame through
successful campains against the tatars and the turks. also revived the traditions of the Kyivan Rus

Guernica: Investigating the Impact Essay
In times of crisis and public upheaval, artistic representations emerge as both a way of remembering
an event historically and as a means to interpret and overcome the past. This response is universal,
and in the case of Picasso's Guernica, the emotional, social, and political impact it had and continues
to have on people perpetuates its complex universality. Guernica became a symbol of pride to the
Republican supporters and a force to be reckoned with for General Franco and the Nationalists. The
painting's overwhelming response from both sides aided in the call for European and international
awareness of the Spanish Civil War and reflected a horrified outrage towards immoral bloodshed –
an emotion so familiar throughout the world that it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an effort to break the morale and cause panic among his opposition, Franco sanctioned the aerial
bombardment of Guernica, a historically significant Basque town, by his German and Italian allies.
The date was April 26, 1937, and after the bombing finished Guernica was left in shambles with
many of its citizens killed and the rest fleeing out of fear. This strategy of attacking civilian centers
was a preamble to what would be experienced during WWII.
Pablo Picasso, an already famous Spanish painter and expatriate, was living in Paris at the time of
the incident. The mixture of anger and grief he felt translated into the artistic Republican protest we
know as Guernica. Picasso unveiled his representation during the 1937 Paris International
Exhibition (or World's Fair) only weeks after the event occurred. The fair was meant to be a
celebration of modern technology, but the work exhibited in the Spanish Pavilion by Picasso and
other Spanish artists was adverse to this intent. Although the Spanish Pavilion opened late in the
Fair (and therefore lost a lot of its potential publicity and initial effectiveness), the people who
entered were disillusioned by what they saw. Guernica, which many had preconceived notions of
already, received mixed reviews: some were overly critical and equated Picasso's work to that of a
child's, others reacted in the same way they did to his other works – with confusion and a
misunderstanding of the surrealist and cubist style. Conversely, some

Bringing Papa John's to Poland
From 1997–2001, Poland's compensation per employee (CPE) was increasing at double digit growth
rates, according to the OECD. Starting in 2002, Poland's CPE growth rate was less than the EU
average. In 2007, Poland's CPE growth rate exceeded the EU average again. CPE growth reached
3.08% in Poland in 2013 while CPE in the EU as a whole remained stagnant.
Labor productivity in Poland has consistently been above the EU average. From 1997 to 2013,
Poland has seen a 3.78% growth rate while the EU average has only experienced a 0.75% growth
rate. Even in the 2008 recession, Poland had a positive growth rate while the Euro average declined.
Poland experienced double digit unemployment rates from 2000–2006. In 2008, the unemployment
rate dropped to 7.1% which was the first time the unemployment rate fell below the EU average.
Unfortunately, since 2008, the unemployment rate has steadily increased to 10.5% in 2013.
However, Poland's unemployment rate remains below the EU average and forecasts for 2014 show
the rate decreasing slightly.
Poland's GDP growth did not stop during the recession and has been above the EU average since
2002. In 2013, Poland's GDP growth rate was 1.45% while the EU average was –.43%.
Current Affairs in Poland
According to the European Commission 2020, major challenges faces Poland's economy are
concentrated into four areas: labor market, research and development, infrastructure, and public
finances. Considering the current labor market, Poland has

Why Did Polish Manipulate The Soviet Union
The Soviet Union's methods and intentions differed from that of Germany's to the extent that they
wanted to manipulate the Poles to go against one another in order to unify Poland and the Soviet
Union instead of eradicate the Polish population. When the Red Army invaded from the east, they:
"scattered leaflets designed to arouse class hatred towards the owners of the larger estates and
factories, officers, judges, magistrates, priests, and politicians" (Garlinski 34). The country still
included multiple ethnic minorities which did not yet learn to live harmoniously with each other.
The Red Army used this lack of unity to their advantage and aimed disassembling the Polish
underground movements. The Soviets subtly proclaimed misleading slogans ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Garlinski states:
The academic curriculum was altered completely; the teaching of Polish language, history,
geography, and of religious instruction was forbidden, and all Polish textbooks were
withdrawn...many lecturers were arrested and deported. (35)
The Soviet Union, unlike Germany, did not only want the territory of Poland, but they wanted the
people as well. However, in order to prevent any uprisings from occurring from Polish citizens, the
Soviet Union deported any leading figures in the communities, such as officers, professors or
lecturers. A large dispute from this time period was the ethical dilemma of the Katyń massacre,
where 4,410 Polish officers were murdered (Richie162). The Katyń massacre strengthened General
Rowecki's fears about the Soviets because: "Stalin broke off diplomatic relations with the Polish
government–in–exile" (Richie 162). Not only did the Soviet Union eradicate any sense of
leadership, but they also deprived any sense of Polish nationality. They took away the culture,
religion, and language in order to promote Soviet

Religious Conflicts: The Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War did not emerge merely as a class conflict; the dispute was also a religious
conflict that had some of the characteristic of the insurgencies that occurred in Eastern Europe. Such
as in Poland, the Catholic Church in Spain counterpoised the Communist administration. The most
notable countermovement in Poland was Solidarity, which sought a wide–reaching change in the
ethical principles that guided Communism and which in most cases was advocated through powerful
religious rhetoric and connotations. Moreover, the emergence and growth of Solidarity and therefore
the downfall of the Polish Communist regime was to a great extend caused by Pope John Paul II and
the visits he paid to his native Poland. John Paul II drew forth ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They came to the same conclusion as Britain did: a direct action in Spain would almost certainly
cause a strong reaction by Germany and Italy. It was not until a meeting in August 8, 1936 that the
French government explicitly and officially adopted neutrality in the conflict. The determinant
factors that caused Blum to accept neutrality were the following: the realization of the likelihood of
an European war arising from the conflict in Spain, the absence of British backing, the inner
disunity within his government, and because of the danger that socialist extremists posed by
threatening to dissipate the French Popular Front

Poland Research Paper
Poland is located in Central/Eastern Europe. It's locational and geographical properties have been in
a constant changing state. It covers 120,700 square miles. On the north Poland is bordered by the
Baltic Sea, Russia, and Lithuania; on the east by Belarus and Ukraine; on the south by Slovakia and
the Czech Republic; and on the west by Germany. Originally, the capital was Cracow, but in 1611 it
was moved to Warsaw, the current seat of government.
Seventy–five percent of the land lies below 650 feet. The Baltic Sea forms a natural northern border,
and the Sudetes and Carpathians form the southern border. Poland does not have any natural borders
on the east or west. Polish wars and large scale changes in the borders, both ethnically and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "socialist" city was constructed after World War II to accommodate the rapid increase of people
caused by industrialization. The general appearance of this type of city was heavily influenced by
what was in practice in the Soviet Union. The city has vast streets and large public areas. Housing
consists of four tofive story apartment buildings. Normally, construction was sub–par. Apartments
commonly consist of two or three rooms plus a kitchen and a bathroom. All apartments have access
to gas, electricity, and municipal water and most have central heating. There is minimal space for
parking and children's play. The center of the city is devoted to government buildings, not to
commercial outlets and the service sector. Places of employment, especially industry, are located
some distance from

The Treaty Of Non Aggression Treaty
The Molotov–Ribbentrop pact, named after the Soviet secretary of state Vyacheslav Molotov and
also the German secretary of state Joachim von Ribbentrop, formally the treaty of Non–aggression
between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and additionally called the
Ribbentrop–Molotov pact or Nazi–Soviet pact, was a non–aggression treaty signed in Moscow
within the late hours of twenty three August 1939. The pact 's publicly declared intentions were a
guarantee of non–belligerence by every party towards the opposite the others a commitment that
neither party would ally itself to or aid an enemy of the opposite party. Additionally to stipulations
of non–aggression, the accord enclosed a secret protocol that divided ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The pact remained operative till the German government violated it by attacking the USSR on 22
June 1941. On 16 April 1922, Germany and also the USSR entered the treaty of Rapallo, pursuant to
which they renounced territorial and economical claims against one another. The parties further
pledged neutrality within the event of an attack against each other with the 1926 written agreement
of Berlin. Whereas trade between the 2 countries fell sharply when world war I, trade agreements
signed within the mid–1920s helped to extend trade to 433 million Reichsmarks each year by 1927.
At the start of the Thirties, the Nazi Party 's rise to power multiplied tensions between Germany and
the USSR at the side of different countries with ethnic Slavs, who were considered
"Untermenschen" according to Nazi racial ideology. Moreover, the anti–Semitic Nazis associated
ethnic Jews with each communism and money laissez–faire economy, each of that they opposed.
Consequently, Nazi theory command that Slavs within the USSR were being ruled by "Jewish
Bolshevik" masters. In 1934, Adolf Hitler himself had spoken of an unavoidable battle against each
Pan–Slavism and Neo–Slavism, the conclusion in which would result in "permanent mastery of the
world", tho ' he declared that they 'd "walk a part of the road with the Russians, if that may facilitate
United States of America." The

Why the ratification of the constitution was a good thing
Why the ratification of the constitution was a good thing
The Constitution of the United States is one of the first written constitutions and one of the 'oldest'
to have been made on the national level and applicable today. It was developed and adopted by the
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in May and September, 1787. The Constitution of 1787
followed the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.
The U.S. Declaration of Independence, as the precaution of the U.S. Constitution, is a historical
document in which the British colonies in the North America declared the independence from Great
Britain, which was unanimously adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July ... Show more
All this together gives grounds to say that the adoption of the U.S. Constitution was a historic event
and played a major role in the development of democracy in the USA, as well as throughout the
world. According to one of its founding fathers and the third U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, "The
Constitution of the United States is the result of adding the wisdom of our country".
The U.S. Constitution was the first constitution in the world, and for its time, it was an outstanding
document. For this reason, the subsequent constitutions could not ignore the experience of the
drafters of the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Constitution (including the Bill of Rights) had great
influence on modern policy documents: the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights of 1789 and the
Polish Constitution of 1791.
Despite the fact that Polish Constitution (which was the second constitution in world history but
lasted only a year) established a form of government as a constitutional monarchy, the impact of the
U.S. Constitution in this document was found. Constitutions of Latin American countries that gained
independence in the early XIX century borrowed from the U.S. Constitution not only general
principles but also the state system (structure of executive authorities, in some cases – the federal
structure). Almost all countries in Latin America are presidential republics. In some cases, American
lawyers were directly involved in the creation of the constitutions

Poland's Role Of The State Of Poland
The Republic of Poland, commonly referred to simply as Poland, is a unitary state that operates with
a parliamentary republic government. In addition, Poland has also been a member of the European
Parliament since 2004 in which it is the sixth largest member state with a population of over 38.53
million as of 2013. The politics of Poland can arguably be viewed as complex to an outsider, such as
one from the United States of America. Unlike the United States, Poland does not use a two–party
system in elections and it also operates under a semi–presidential system meaning the country has
both a president and prime minister. Poland operates with a semi–presidential system in which there
is both a president and a prime minister taking part ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Duda is an independent politician meaning he does not particularly align with any political party.
Contrarily, Szydło is a member of the political party known as the Law and Justice party. The
political parties, or lack of, of Polish politics can greatly assist in influencing how Poland is
governed. Poland operates under a multi–party system in which various political parties compete
against one another in elections. This system contrasts from the United States in that the United
States operates within a two–party system in which elections are between only two major political
parties. Poland currently has 15 political parties that hold seats in either the Sejm, Senate or the
European Parliament. These parties include Law and Justice, Civic Platform, Modern, Polish
People's Party, Union of European Democrats, Union of European Democrats, Democratic Left
Alliance, Solidary Poland, Poland Together, Liberty, Congress of the New Right, Right Wing of the
Republic, National Movement, Real Politics Union, Labour United and National–Catholic
Movement. Civic Platform and Law and Justice are the two major political parties of Poland, as they
accumulate the most seats by a plurality in the Sejm, Senate and European Parliament. Due to their
pluralities in these institutions, members of these two parties have a large impact and influence on
decisions in the country of Poland. In addition to

What Is The Federal Republic Of Germany
The Federal Republic of Germany is a country located in north–central Europe and the seventh
largest country in Europe. The country lies at the center of Europe and shares more borders with
other countries than any other in Europe. The capital city is Berlin, which is over 775 years old and
is the most populated city in the country. Before the nation of Germany formed, it was the capital of
Prussia, that later developed into the Federal Republic of Germany. The country borders not only
other countries, but also the Baltic Sea to the north–west and the North Sea to the northeast. The
landscape is diverse and ranges from flat plains utilized for farming to mountains enjoyed for skiing.
The land of Germany has over 300 lakes and rivers that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along with the ancient sites are majestic castles such as the one made famous by Walt Disney, the
Neuschwanstein Castle, located near the village Hohenschwangau and built during the 19th century.
The oldest inhabited is Meersburg Castle, located in Baden–Württemberg and built 630. There are
World War II sites and museums such as Lichtenburg concentration camp near Wittenburg and
follow in the footsteps of American and other Allied soldiers on a cruise on the Rhine River.
The different peoples moving into and out brought their unique cultures and added to the mixture
that became Germany. The first known people to settle in Germany was the Celts, who lived there
before the birth of Christ. Words from the Celtic language became part of what would later develop
into the German Language. The name of the Danube, Neckar, and Rhine Rivers, were names left
over by the Celts. The Celts were great traders and left behind trade routes that the Romans
subsequently reused and improved. Julius Ceaser, Roman Emperor, gave the area east of the Rhine
the name of Germania and the Romans ruled Germany for two hundred years. Also, they brought
with them the religion of Christianity and their laws which influenced the structure of German law.
The religion of Christianity continues to be the primary religion of the nation today. After the
deterioration of the Roman empire in Germany, the Franks took control and introduced the feudal
system, a hereditary

The Impact Of 1848 Was The Year Of Revolutions
Nationalism is defined as spirit or aspirations common to the whole of a nation; devotion and loyalty
to one's own country; patriotism; excessive patriotism. In 1848, Europe experienced back to back
revolutions in different countries led by rebels and nationalists who wanted constitutional and
democratic governments to replace the monarchies that ruled. Although these revolutions were
unsuccessful in achieving their goals of turning their country into a new,stronger nation, they did
have significant impacts in Italy, France, Austria and Germany, where they influenced the course of
future political change.
1848 was the year of revolutions. The Revolution in France gave its people a new wave of
nationalistic pride and it ignited a fire to a series of revolutions in Western and Central Europe.
However, the new French ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Soon after, however, the republic moved in a conservative direction, and Louis–Napoléon
Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was elected president with the support of farmers and
peasants. Four years later in 1852, Louis Napoleon abolished the Republic, established the Second
French Empire and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. After the revolution of 1830, Louis
Philippe took over the throne in place of Charles X. Louis Philippe sat at the head of a moderately
liberal state controlled mainly by educated elites. Supported by the Orleanists, he was opposed on
his right by the Legitimists (former ultra–royalists) and on his left by the Republicans and Socialists.
Under his rule, privileged groups were favored, and only approximately 1% of the French
population were allowed to vote. Louis Philippe was viewed as generally indifferent to the needs of
society, and was therefore turned against by even some of his liberal supporters, because of
opposition towards

The Spanish Civil War: The Second Spanish Republic
In 1936, the Spanish Civil War started on a hot summer day in July in the Spanish held Morocco.
There was a group of generals that started a coup d'etat against the republic to start a more
nationalist country. One of these generals, Francisco Franco, called for all army officers to join and
destroy the leftist government of Manuel Azana, the Second Spanish Republic. They succeeded in
taking over with the help of the Republicans in Madrid and other major Spanish cities. The new
inventions of carpet bombing, a large aerial bombing done in a progressive manner, by Luftwaffe,
was used in many cities but a major use was in the Spanish town of Guernica. The nationalists
wanted a strong singular government that some cities didn't want, such as Catalonia ... Show more
Francisco Franco would be known as a fascist by modern standards. Fascism is a totalitarian
philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over
every aspect of national life. The regular concept that comes out of Fascism is the suppression of
religion by outlawing the right of freedom of the practice of religion. Instead of suppressing
religion, Spain actually increased the power of the clergy to have policing power. The Law of
Political Responsibility in 1939 gave the church powers equal to those as government officials and
those officials had to get statements from the priest. This made Spain in the minority of the world
powers that were fascist including Germany and Italy. For example, Germany suppressed
catholicism by outlawing the practice and imprisoned the priests in Germany and Poland. They also
killed many catholics and jews because they wanted them to be the only thing that the citizens
believed in. Italy in tern abolished the papal states in favor of putting the Capitol in Rome and they
melded religious religious rhetoric and symbolism into their policies. They also made catholicism
the state religion, which is typical form of fascism by mainly religious

Franco and Fascist Spain
The long term misunderstanding and simplification of RIGHT vs. LEFT terminology in political
discourse is responsible for the misconception that "The RIGHT" with its emphasis on traditional,
nationalistic, conservative or religious values is inevitably a step in the direction of the FAR RIGHT
"ending in Fascism." Yet history has demonstrated that both political extremes share a basic
common appeal to the "masses" and depend on a collectivist ideology that glorifies abstractions
such as "The Nation," "The People," "The Throne" or "The Working Class."
On the eve of World War II, various so called "Right Wing" authoritarian regimes of the
conservative, traditional, national and religious type (always considered by the Left to be ... Show
Many conservative supporters of the church, military and monarchy were concerned as much by the
leader of the Falange, Jose Antonio, (always referred to by his admirers and followers by his first
names only) as by the Marxists and their myriad anarchist and socialist parties. The moderate
conservative right, monarchist and centrist parties that opposed the Leftist "Popular Front" in the
elections in 1936 refused to enter into an electoral alliance with the Falange which stood isolated.
Jose Antonio had stepped on too many toes by his justifiable criticism of scandal and corruption
among parties of all shades. His calls for social justice for the Spanish working class, small farmers
and agricultural workers led to charges by the Catholic and conservative Right Wing Press that he
was a "Bolshevik" to which he responded that all those wealthy Spaniards who valued luxuries and
their petty whims more than the hunger of the people were the real Bolsheviks –"the Bolshevism of
the Privileged" and added oil to the fire by proclaiming "In the depths of our souls there vibrates a
sympathy toward many people of the Left who have arrived at hatred by the same path which has
led us to love – criticism of a sad mediocre, miserable and melancholy Spain."
Mussolini had been a Socialist in his youth and shown anti–Catholic sentiments during the first ten
years of Fascist rule. Similarly in Spain, the Catholic Church was suspicious of the Falange and its
street

Gorbachev And The Soviet Union
This is a photo of Gorbachev giving a speech. Mikhail Gorbachev became Secretary General of the
Soviet Union in 1985, until he resigned in 1991. Gorbachev was much younger than the previous
leaders of the Soviet Union and had many ideas for reforms. After entering office, Gorbachev began
to implement a wide range of reforms. He sought to correct many problems in the Soviet Union,
including economic problems, the issues and history of harsh punishments against dissidents, and
unrest among the different groups that made up the Soviet Union. Gorbachev began to encourage a
culture of openness and honesty between the government and the Soviet people. This policy was
known as "glasnost". Gorbachev also instituted a reform of restructuring the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As the United States and the Soviet Union began to normalise their relationship, many people in the
Soviet republics began to feel that they no longer needed to be part of the Soviet Union for
protection against a military threat. President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev
began this process of détente in an attempt to pull back from the threat of nuclear war and to begin
increased trade between the United States and the Soviet Union. Détente made people feel safer as it
decreased the threat of nuclear war and included formal agreements on arms control and the security
of Europe. However, détente contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union as some of the Soviet
republics decided that they no longer needed to be part of the Soviet Union for protection against a
military threat. Therefore, they gradually realised that if they did not need that protection, then they
did not need the Soviet Union at all. Consequently, détente planted the seeds for some of the Soviet
republics to dream of independence.
This photograph is the mark of the Polish Trade Union, Solidarity. The symbol of the Solidarity
movement became renown throughout the world. In 1980, the Solidarity movement began in Poland
and set the stage for a weakening of Soviet Communist power. Solidarity was a trade union started
in the shipyards of

Poland : History, Politics, United States Partner
BACKGROUND PAPER
ON
POLAND: HISTORY, POLITICS, UNITED STATES PARTNER
1. Poland's past and present is both complex and lively. Located in the "heart of Europe," Poland has
been conditioned by a history of foreign aggression, stampeding empires and communism.
Stemming from today's political scene, Poland has many attributes which make it an appealing
international partner. This paper addresses how Poland's history has shaped its current political
domain and, in turn, how this domain contributes to the interests of the United States (US).
2. The founding of Poland can be traced back to the myth of Lech, Czech and Rus, three brothers
who went out hunting and ran into a white eagle protecting its nest, positioned against the red rays
of the sun. Lech took this as a positive sign and decided to settle there, naming the site Gniezno (in
polish: 'nest'). This settlement became Poland's first capital. Czech continued to travel west and Rus
headed east, founding the Czech Republic and Ukraine, respectively. Poland's roots date as far back
as 966AD, when it became Christianized. Poland's modern history begins with the signing of the
Constitution on May 3, 1791, the world's second oldest constitution. Shortly after, Poland was
partitioned amongst Austria, Prussia and Russia. In 1918, Poland regained independence after 123
years of being non–existent on territorial maps. However, soon Poland was overtaken by the
Germans and Soviets during World War II and remained under Communist

Country Study Project : Poland
Country Study Project – Poland
Background
Physicians Formula is privately held cosmetics company based in the USA. The company was
established in 1937 by a physician who developed a line of skin–care and make–up products for
patients with skin conditions. The company manufactures and distributes its products through
retailers such as department, drug and other mass–market stores. In addition to the USA, the
company sells its products in Canada, Latin America, Australia, South Africa and France where it
has partnered with a distribution company (1).
For the purpose of this report, it is assumed that Physicians Formula will continue its expansion in
Europe by establishing a branch office in Poland. A sales team will be used to identify new ... Show
The private sector gained tremendously from these reforms and as a result Poland is now the sixth–
largest economy in the EU. In addition, the country plans to adopt the Euro currency, which will
help boost its economy further. (1) and (5). The chart below illustrates Poland's economic growth
since joining the EU.
People, Society and Education With a population of 38 million, Poland has the 35th largest
population in the world. The official language Polish is spoken by 96.2% of the population. Almost
70% of the population is urbanized with Warsaw and Krakow being the two largest cities in the
country. The people of Poland are highly educated with 99.7% of those aged 15 and over who can
read and write, and it is ranked 4th in Europe for the number of students attending University. In
2010, 5.2% of GDP was invested in Education.
Political and Legal
Officially, the country is known as the Republic of Poland with Warsaw as its capital city. Despite
having frequent changes of government since its independence from Russia, Poland continues to
have a stable democracy from Russia (11). Its government is made up of three branches; executive,
judicial and legislative and the country adopted a civil law legal system.
Official Name: Republic of Poland
 Type of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
 President – Bronisław Komorowski
 Prime Minister – Ewa Kopacz
 Capital: Warsaw
 Time

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