Ford Hybrid Marketing Plan

Ford Hybrid Marketing Plan
Introduction The push for green cars comes from people looking for ways to lessen their impact on
the environment and become less dependent on oil. The research into alternative and more efficient
energy is ongoing, but there is technology available for those who are willing to help. At the
individual level, personal automobiles are one of the easiest ways for people to help with the
movement. As more people are becoming informed and taking action, companies are feeling
pressure from the government and customers to make changes. The change process has been
relatively slow and not all countries feel passionate about making changes. In Greece, the change
has been slow to sell more green cars. Our consulting group has been assigned ... Show more
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They have around 65% of the sales. The other 35% is distributed among other small regions like
Epirus, Aegean Island, Ionian Island etc. Change in Sales 2005/2006 Sales 2005 Sales 2006 Change
05/06 Toyota 21,961 25,514 16.18% VW 19,091 21,256 11.34% Ford 19,639 20,357 3.66%
Hyundai 24,859 19,715 –20.69% Opel 21,515 18,154 –15.62% While comparing the total sales for
2005 and 2006 we observed that three of the top five companies have positive growth rates and two
of them are negative. Toyota has increased it's sales by 16.18% (from 21,961 sales in 2005 to 25,514
sales in 2006); VW has a positive growth of 11.34% (from 19,091 sales in 2005 to 21,256 sales in
2006); furthermore, Ford has a positive increase in sales by 3.66% (from 19,639 sales in 2005 to
20,357 sales in 2006). On the other hand, Opel has a negative growth rate of 15.62% (from 21,515
sales in 2005 to 18,154 sales in 2006); Hyundai is the second company with negative growth. The
sales have decreased by 20.69% (from 24,859
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Advantages Of Hybrid Cycles
Hybrid cycles are ideal for folks who need a versatile bicycle for traveling numerous landscape
across the country or commuters. Typically blending road and pile bike traits, compounds offer
some things to assist modern, aerodynamic types and you peak challenging increases to improve
your velocity on flat stretches of road.
Boardman Hybrid Pro
For a bicycle that sustains you on the fast travel, wintertime education miles or even a cyclocross
race, the Cross Master is a superb selection. Professional reviewers from BikeRadar offered it 4.5
from 5 stars, while shoppers awarded it five from 5 thumbs–up. Analyzing about 20 lbs, its mixture
keeps the bicycle relatively mild and of road elements and mountain bike raises your control. The
extended, flat and hostile placement of the framesets up to race for your traffic light or in a Grand–
Prix. Certainly one of its only drawbacks is its size; this bicycle doesn't accommodate extra–small
bikers or extra large.
Huge Rapid 3
For there is that a "good–value, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically blending road and pile bike traits, compounds offer some things to assist modern,
aerodynamic types and you peak challenging increases to improve your velocity on flat stretches of
road.
Boardman Hybrid Pro
For a bicycle that sustains you on the fast travel, wintertime education miles or even a cyclocross
race, the Cross Master is a superb selection. Professional reviewers from BikeRadar offered it 4.5
from 5 stars, while shoppers awarded it 5 from 5 thumbs–up. Analyzing about 20 lbs., its mixture
keeps the bicycle relatively mild and of road elements and mountain bike raises your control. The
extended, low and hostile placement of the frame–sets up to race for your traffic light or in a grand–
Prix. Certainly one of its only drawbacks is its size; this bicycle doesn't accommodate extra–small
bikers or extra large.
Huge Rapid

Hybrid Demystification
The article "The Gas–Electric Hybrid Demystified" by Sara R. Howerth, gives the reader some
insight on the new developed technology of hybrid cars. The author uses the difference between four
engine models; Gas–Engine, Battery Powered Electric, Hybrid model #1 and Hybrid model #2 – to
show just how far technology has come and to say that this is only just the beginning. The engine
will keep evolving as long as our natural resources continue to diminish and our need for them
increases. The author starts with the Gas–Engine; this is where we started, the foundation for how
far technology has come. According to the article gas engine vehicles are one of the major leading
causes of pollution which contributes to global warming. The gas engine ... Show more content on
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The vehicle was equipped with a smaller engine and like explained above a smaller engine requires
less fuel to run. According to the article where this version fell short was having an electric motor
that made up for the smaller engine. They needed to find a more powerful motor that picked up the
smaller engines slack so the vehicle preformed how it was supposed to perform. They equipped this
car to save fuel by powering down when the vehicle is stopped, the car powers back up when the
accelerator is touched. All hybrid models have the ability while running to charge themselves which
solves the problems consumers found with battery powered electric motors. Enter hybrid number
two, this model has the same properties as the hybrid number one but has extra features that proved
to be ingenious. Like hybrid number one the gas engine shuts off when the car is stopped but stays
off until the car is moving at speeds above forty kilometers an hour. All hybrid models are equipped
with the neat feature of using breaking to also help keep that battery charged. Therefore hybrid
models though expensive when first purchased can save you a lot of money in the long run (less
money spent fueling your car, and you save your hydro bill by not having to charge the car) and
their eco–friendly because they require less fuel to power which means a lot less emissions

The History Of Hybrid Vehicle
A hybrid vehicle, in its most simple definition, is one that utilizes two or more distinct power
sources to move it. When considering this vehicle type, the most common configuration is a Hybrid
Electric Vehicle (HEV). This frequently used configuration combines an internal combustion engine
and one or more electric motors to move the vehicle. To better understand the concept of hybrid
vehicle technology, the areas that of the topic that should be focused on are the history of hybrid
vehicles, their progression, how hybrid systems work, and the positives and negatives of the use of
this technology today.
The history of modern hybrid vehicle technology can be traced back as early as the beginning of the
20th century. In 1900, Ferdinand Porsche developed a vehicle known as the "Mixte," a 4 wheel–
drive series hybrid carriage with a later design that featured hub–mounted electric motors in each
wheel, powered by a gasoline generator. When considering more modern technology designs such as
regenerative braking, in which energy developed during the braking process is converted to energy
that powers the car, the earliest predecessor can be found dating back to 1967. This concept was first
implemented in the American Motors vehicle known as the "Amitron," a battery powered urban
vehicle, and served as the first use of this technology in the United States. Although certain concepts
and ideas were developed early on in the 20th century, their widespread implementation did not
occur

Nissan Rogue Hybrid Case
The two cars used in this analysis are the Nissan Rogue FWD and the Nissan Rogue Hybrid SL
FWD. The scenarios used are as follows best, base, and worst cases, for each of these the variables
are consistent just with different values. The best case exhibits the highest yearly miles, gas prices,
percent of city driving, thus making it the best savings option if one drove a hybrid. The worst case
has the least amount of yearly miles driven, lowest gas prices, and lower city driving percentage,
which makes this the least optimal scenario to opt in for the hybrid because savings are not as high.
In each of these cases the NPV, IRR, payback, discounted payback periods, as well as the
profitability index is analyzed also to further see the best the scenario possible for the driver. ...
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The premium paid for the hybrid in each scenario is $1200, in this particular case the yearly saving
on years one through seven is $713 (the highest of the three cases). In conjunction with the highest
yearly savings this case also has the highest NPV ($1974.15) and IRR (52%). Consequentially this
scenario also has the shortest payback period as well as the highest profitability index making this
the most optimal situation to drive a hybrid. The base case studied used annual miles driven of
25,000, in city driving percentage of 80%, and a current gas price of $2.35. In this case the year to
year savings amounts to $436. This scenario has the second highest NPV of $740.99, but the lowest
IRR of 9%. Even though this case has the lowest rate of return, it has the second–best payback
periods (2.8–2.9) with the least amount of differentiation between the two, and profitability index
(.6). With these statistics this makes this case the second best of the three for driving a hybrid over
the traditional model of the

Marketing
Introduction
Team A presents our comprehensive assignment, this paper encompasses a variety of factors related
to ECO–Specialties, a leasing firm that specializes in hybrid and alternative fuel vehicles We will
examine the following area in this paper:
a. Identify product/service
b. Market research
c. Market SWOTT analysis
d. Marketing mix (4 P 's)
e. Implementation of the marketing plan
f. Monitor marketing plan
g. Control and adjust
h. Critique and make recommendations of the marketing plan
The team will demonstrate that the popularity of these vehicles present a strong opportunity for a
leasing company such as ECO–Specialties to enter the market.
Identify product/service ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hybrid owners:
· Tend to have a higher income than the average car buyer.
· Are more likely to be female.
· Are a few years older than the average car buyer, closer to 50 rather than the average age of 40.
· Drive fewer miles on average
· Plan to keep vehicle longer than average person
· Are willing to pay more for an environmentally friendly product.
· Expect fuel prices to increase.
Reference: hybridcars.com Additionally, ECO–Specialties acquired a regional breakdown of hybrid
vehicle sales. Vehicle registration information is provided for the top five selling states in 2004 and
is as follows:
· California – 25,021 registrations
· Virginia – 5,613 registrations
· Washington – 3441 registrations
· Florida – 3,272 registrations
· Maryland – 3,238 registrations
Reference: hybridcars.com
Market SWOTT Analysis

Strengths
New to the market are different varieties of hybrid cars, which serve the same purposes, saving
money on gas and reduce emissions. Besides the dual power sources, hybrids are more economical
because they are lighter and more aerodynamic than many other cars. Additionally, the hybrid 's tires
create half the drag of regular cars because they are stiffer and inflated to a higher pressure" (Nice,
2005). Hybrid gasoline engines are much smaller than those on regular cars. "A hybrid car engine is
built small to accommodate 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or

A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle
Brief History of Hybrid Vehicle Development
First built in the early 1900s by inventors tinkering with combinations of the electric motor and the
gasoline engine, hybrid vehicles were dropped when gasoline–fueled vehicles became more reliable
and easier to start, and gasoline fuel more readily available. Research and development of hybrid
vehicles was revived by concern about oil dependency in the1970s and about air pollution in the late
1980s.
A number of hybrid vehicles have been built and tested since 1980. Some of these vehicles have
impressed analysts with their performance and low levels of exhaust and petroleum consumption.
Interest in hybrid vehicles jumped in late 1993 with the announcement of funding for ... Show more
The Series Hybrid Car: The gasoline engine in this car turns a generator and the generator can either
charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission. Thus the gasoline engine
never directly powers the vehicle.
All of the components form a line that eventually connects with the transmission.
[4]
Hybrid Components
Gasoline engine – The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most
cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce
emissions and increase efficiency. The engine turns the generator. It is not able to power the car
directly.
Fuel tank – The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline
has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of
batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.
Electric motor – The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics
allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy
from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return
energy to the batteries.

Generator – The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power.
It is used mostly on series hybrids. It is

Pros And Cons Of Hybrid Cars
The pros and cons of Hybrid/Alternative Fueled Vehicles:
There are many factors to consider when purchasing a Hybrid or Alternative Fueled Vehicle. Most
times when searching for a vehicle, consumers tend to search for amenities to help cut cost. When
considering alternative fueled vehicles, consumers have to keep in mind that there are several types
of hybrid vehicles with different operating abilities to choose from to satisfy the needs of the
consumers. With hybrids, there are three types which are hybrid electric vehicles, plug–in hybrid
electric vehicles and all electric vehicles. Since they all operate differently, it is important to be
informed to ensure the consumer is happy and satisfied with their investment.
Hybrid Electric ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is often referred to as the "all electric range" of the car. Most of the driving with the plug–in
hybrid comes from the stored electricity. If a consumer would like to use this vehicle to do light
commuting, they can plug the vehicle in at night and the next day; this vehicle will be able to be
driven in all electric modes. The batteries to the plug–in electric vehicles can be charged using an
outside electric power source, the internal combustion engine or by the regenerative braking. When
braking, the electrical motor behaves as the generator which uses the energy to charge the battery.
There are two configurations used to combine power from the electric motor and the engine which
are parallel and series. Parallel connects the engine and the electric motor to the wheels through
mechanical coupling. The electric motor and engine drives the wheels directly. With series, plug–in
hybrids only use the electric motor to drive the wheels.
All Electric Vehicles use battery packs to store the electrical energy that provides power to the
motor. These types of vehicles are charged by plugging the vehicle to an electrical power source.
Since this car does not produce direct exhaust or emissions, it's been said to be a zero–emissions
vehicle. The use of fuel is not needed with this vehicle so this helps reduce petroleum consumption.
This type of vehicle has a short range per charge than conventional vehicles

Research on Hybrid Cars
[pic]
I. Introduction:
✓ Overview Of The Project:
This project is based on the latest technology in automobile (car) industry– HYBRID
TECHNOLOGY.
In this project we are going to discuss about the hybrid technology in cars, the impact of hybrid
technology on Indian automobile (car) industry, the companies which have adopted and benefited
through this technology and the findings & the conclusion.
✓ Hybrid Technology:
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle.
Power sources include: ▪ On–board or out–board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) ▪
Gasoline or Diesel fuel ▪ Hydrogen ▪ Compressed air ▪ Human ... Show more content on
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In 1905, Mr. H Piper filed a patent for a gasoline engine–electric motor powertrain. According to
him, the electric motor would augment a gasoline engine, allowing a vehicle to accelerate from zero
to 25 miles an hour in 10 seconds, much faster than the gasoline engines of that time. Ironically,
when finally Mr.H Piper was granted the patent a few years later, normal engines were capable of
producing the same kind of acceleration.
Due to rapid advancements in the gasoline engine, the popularity of a hybrid car slowly diminished
untill again in the early to mid 1970s, the time of oil crisis. Many companies poured funds to build
experimental Hybrid Electric Vehicles. But as the oil became available again, the surge for HEVs
died down immediately.
The Europeans and Japanese researching on reducing production costs and making HEVs more
salable. Companies like Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, Mitsubishi came up with ways to reduce
emissions and better the mileage.
Toyota introduced the Prius in 1997 (in Japan and in 2000 in the US) which proved to be a huge

success. Recent sales figures indicate that well over 300,000 units of Toyota Prius have been sold
the world over justifying the concept of a clean family car.
In 1999, Honda introduced its first production hybrid car, the Insight and then the Civic Hybrid in
2002.
Ford came up with the first hybrid SUV, the Escape, which hit the road in 2004. Quick on their path
are

Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda was founded in Hamamatsu, Japan, by Soichiro Honda in 1946 as the Honda Technical
Research Institute. The company began as a developer of engines for bicycles, but by 1949 it had
produced its first motorcycle, called the Dream. In 1959, Honda entered the U.S. automobile and
motorcycle market by opening the American Honda Motor Company. A few years later, in 1963,
Honda released its first sports car, the S500, in Japan. Honda Motor Co. Inc. grew rapidly to become
one of the largest automobile companies in the world. Its "globalization" strategy of building
factories around the world that would meet the needs of local customers had resulted in a total
worldwide presence of more than 100 factories ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sales of hybrids were further hindered by consumer ignorance regarding hybrid technology: as of
2004, 50 percent of U.S. consumers still believed that hybrid cars require battery regeneration via
electric plug.
Hybrid cars were also expensive to produce relative to traditional automobiles. While Honda
charged a sales price for the Insight that was comparable to its non– hybrid counterparts––around
$20,000, depending on options–it was estimated that Honda lost as much as $8,000 per car when the
hybrids were originally launched, as a result of insufficient volume to achieve economies of scale.
Total Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicle Sales in United Sates, 2000–2004
Year Unit sales
2000 9,367
2001 20,287
2002 35,691
2003 47,525
2004 83,153
Strategy at Honda
At Honda, being an environmental leader means never uttering the words "It can't be done." That's
why for more than two decades Honda has led the way in balancing what consumers want with what
the environment needs. Technologies change over time–but our commitment to the environment
never will.
Honda Corporate Web Site, August 2003
Honda's strategy had consistently emphasized innovation, independence and environmental

friendliness. In 1972, Honda introduced the Civic, which became n immediate success, ranking first
in U.S. fuel–economy tests for four consecutive years starting

Hybrid Cars And Hybrid Electric Vehicles
In the present generation where automobiles are very important in daily life, there is two types of
cars i.e. Gasoline vehicles and hybrid–electric vehicles, hybrid–electric cars which used quite a
while but not as much as their gasoline counterparts. The difference between these two cars is
mainly the Engine, tank, and the source on which the cars work. The hybrid–electric vehicle is more
a computerized and electric version where it switch between running on gasoline and electricity.
Other than that major changes, these cars are fundamentally the same. The body and the
maneuvering design of these are fundamentally the same. Hybrid cars were few to come by when
they were initially introduced, but current climate change and pollution issues have encouraged
people to opt for the cleaner and greener version of the automobile. Although both kinds of
automobiles are being used, there are a lot of aspects where these automobiles can be differentiated.
A few comparisons between these two vehicles is stated below.
1. HISTORY:–
a. Hybrid: This type of engine vehicles were invented in the 19th century but it came into market in
early 2000 and gained popularity in the 2005 from then on many started to use this type of vehicles.
b. Gasoline: This type of vehicles were invented in 1876 in Germany and the usage of these cars was
from 1882 and it is still very much in demand in the market for its features.
2. WORKING :–
a. Hybrid: The electric power is fed to the electric motor from the

The Problem Of Hybrid Car
For a few decades, pollution has become an emergent hazard to the Earth. Human, nowadays, has
been putting a great effort into filtering atmosphere, cleaning wastes from industrial factories, and
making things greener. Waste from transportation is one of the main factors that cause air pollution.
It appears that scientists are now working on a new project in the automotive industry, which is
called hybrid car. The goal of hybrid technology is not only to produce a vehicle using "green fuels",
but also offer, at least, same performance compared to conventional cars. This research proposes the
background history of hybrid car, how hybrid technology work to conserve environment and save
gasoline sources; it also raises the discussions of all perspectives about hybrid car. Since cars were
invented in 18th century, they become the most popular transportation around the world. With mass
industry, autos are currently cheaper than before, and they are affordable for most people to pay.
According to Voelcker (2014), there are 1.2 billion vehicles on world 's roads now, and it is
predicted to reach 2 billion by 2035. As more vehicles are being produced every day, the supply of
oil grows to fill up the demand. As gasoline is getting scarcer because of pioneering, this may cause
a growth of price in the future. The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) stated that Consumer Price
Indexes (CPI) increased 0.3 %, with gasoline accounting for two–thirds of the gain, which rose 4%.
Therefore, the

Hybrids Hurting The Earth?
Matt Frey Ms. deGozzaldi 8th Grade 6/21/17 Hybrids Hurting the Earth? Hybrids are deservingly
known for their fuel economy, a 2016 Prius c can get up to 50 MPG (FuelEconomy.gov, US
Department of Energy). They are also known for being kind to the environment: Toyota advertises
the Prius c, as seen below, as an "everyday eco fun sized for the city" on their website (Toyota,
toyota.com/priusc). In Kia's Super Bowl LI commercial for their new hybrid crossover, the Niro,
they use the tagline: "it's hard to be an eco warrior, but it's easy to drive like one." Hybrid owners
agree with this; they can be seen driving around with proud smiles on their faces, knowing that they
are saving the earth. But they have likely done little research, because ... Show more content on
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There is an explosion just as the piston is at its highest point, and the volume of the chamber is its
lowest. This phase is called combustion. The force of this explosion pushes the piston down, and
then up again as a second valve opens, pushing the exhaust out and into the air. This final phase is
called exhaust. As the piston moves down again, the cycle repeats. Now, in a hybrid car, there is a
battery assisting, so that the cylinders have to do less work, and consequently use less fuel. A Prius
has only 84 horsepower without its electric battery, and wouldn't even be able to start! (Regular Car
Reviews, Youtube) But this battery isn't all good, which brings us to the first problem with these
hybrid cars. The batteries are made from metals like cobalt, lithium, and nickel. The nickel is mined
at a damaging mine in Ontario (Demorro, NCPA 2007) and some of the other metals can come from
unstable countries around the world, says Anderson in "5 Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid." He also
mentions that increasing dependence on, well, undependable countries couldn't help us. Not to
mention, all of these materials are destructive to the environment to mine. Another problem is the
emissions of harmful substances besides just exhaust. "Nickel–hydride batteries are responsible for
higher sulfur oxide emissions, roughly 22 pounds (10 kilograms) per hybrid compared with 2.2
pounds (about 1 kilogram) for a conventional vehicle" (HowStuffWorks:

Hybrid Vehicles : Go Green
Eric Hung Ms. Giardino English 1A December 12, 2014 Hybrid Vehicles Are "Go Green" Hybrid
(HEV) has been around a long period of time. In fact hybrid cars describe a combination of two or
more distinctive things. A hybrid vehicle has two motors one an electric motor and second a
gasoline motor. Combining two motors is the reason to reduce deficiencies. Gasoline motors are
better at a high speed generating more power to the motor than an electric car used low speed,
during rush hours; vehicles are on a full stop and running. Hybrid cars are getting popular everyday
in public. With the becoming societal worries about green upheaval furthermore accomplishing huge
lessening in fuel utilization, hybrid vehicles are viewed as tasteful in ... Show more content on
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This is recorded as the first half and half auto in the history. Later, in the begin of twentieth century,
Henry Ford– father of vehicles industry– created the first mechanical production system assembling
plant to encourage the creation of gas–fueled auto. Real advancements in hybrid autos were
recorded when General Motors led investigations to deliver crossover autos on business premise.
They tried by utilizing power at 13 mpg and afterward used gas motor arriving at up to 40 mpg. The
1973 vitality emergency required the presentation of option ways depending less on oil and gas.
After ceaseless innovative work; GM, Ford, Chrysler, and the Department of Energy entered into an
agreement to launch a project to create (HEV). Destination of this joint wander was to make
productive and financially savvy vehicles that are sheltered to utilize furthermore address ecological
concerns. After the disappointment of electric autos, auto producers focused all the more on utilizing
HEV project to create vehicles. The principal hybrid vehicle was advertised in the United States in
the year 2000 by Toyota– the Japanese car titan named as 'Prius '. One advantage of a hybrid vehicle
is the quality of two motors use as part of it. Gasoline engine charges the batteries while it's running,
and it must be charge through an outlet. Hybrid vehicles at the same time do not require an outlet for
charging reason.

The Pros And Cons Of Hybrid Cars
Hybrid cars are vehicles that have a combustion engine with an electric motor and battery pack.
There are many types of hybrid vehicles and they are all different. As we know gas can be expensive
at times. It is bad on our environment as it causes pollution. Hybrid vehicles is one way we have
improved our economy and environment. It provides less emissions than regular vehicles and
gasoline is just a backup, as these vehicles run off electricity as the main source. Earlier models have
used lead–acid batteries, which were bad on the environment due to the high amounts of toxic lead.
Hybrid vehicles have since then improved and now contain lithium ion batteries. Hybrid cars do
have many positive aspects, but they are not completely safe toward the environment. One of the
most popular hybrid cars of 2017 is the Toyota Prius. This vehicle is one of the most fuel–efficient
vehicles among others. This vehicle is one of the most reliable cars compared to modern vehicles.
The Toyota Prius was rated one of the safest vehicles this year. In 1997 this was the first hybrid
vehicle in mass production in Japan. In 2000 this hybrid vehicle became known nationwide. The
Toyota Prius may be a great vehicle, but it also has some downfalls. It has slow acceleration and
provide enough space for families. This vehicle runs with an electric motor and a gasoline engine.
This vehicle contains new technologies such as climate control, smart key system, premium audio,
wireless phone charging,

Top Five Hybrids
Top Five Hybrids Trevor Endre Argosy University September 7, 2016 Today I am going to be
covering one of my favorite subjects which is cars. I have picked five hybrid cars, that are great in
their own right. But I will be covering their advantages and disadvantages. I will also be picking my
personal favorite, by usefulness to my family. I will also be covering the political situation between
the US, and oil producing countries. I will also be covering how this technology will influence
world politics. Include an analysis of economic issues such as production, supply, and trade. The
number one car on my list is the Audi A3 Sports back e–tron. This version of the A3 is a hybrid with
a turbo charged 1.4 liter 4–cylinder engine, with a hybrid electric motor. This hybrid has the ability
to get 83 mpg combined with the electric motor, and 35 mpg on gas alone. It is also a hatchback,
making it great on storage space for your trip to the grocery store, or moving things. Some
disadvantages of this car is figuring out the computer system so you can optimize MPG, but overall
there are no real disadvantages. The cost of this car is roughly $39,000. The Audi also pushes 204
horsepower. The next car on my list is the new 2016 Prius. At only $30,000 you can get up to 54
mpg, while keeping a steady 80mph which is difficult to achieve. The Prius has a 1.8 liter 4–
cylinder pushing 121 horsepower. This Prius is also a hatchback, making it great on storage space
for your trip to

Informative on Hybrid Cars Essay
Hybrid Cars
Jose Ayon
Specific Purpose – To inform my audience about hybrid vehicles.
Central Idea – Hybrid car history and different platforms of hybrid vehicles.
Introduction
I. A hybrid car is a vehicle with more than one power source such as a small internal combustion
engine and an electric motor.
II. Most hybrids only use gasoline when needed. The electric motor, powered by a stack of
rechargeable batteries, is the primary workhorse for propulsion under low–speed driving.
III. When you think of a hybrid vehicle, you may find yourself thinking Toyota Prius. 1. Toyota
Prius was the first mass produced hybrid vehicle.
IV. According to Toyota Motor Corp. a hybrid system combines different power sources to
maximize each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. A Mild–Parallel hybrid vehicle has an internal combustion engine that is equipped with an electric
motor, both in parallel configuration, meaning they both provide propulsion to move the vehicle
forward. This configuration allows the gasoline engine to be shut off while coasting, braking or
being at a complete stop yet will restart with minimal delay.
A. Some mild hybrids will also be equipped with regenerative braking that will essentially charge
the battery packs under braking.
B. Mild hybrids are not capable of exclusively operating on the Electric motor.
2. A Series hybrid platform, sometimes referred to as range–extending electric vehicles (REEV)
incorporate a configuration by design to be operated mostly by the battery, but will have an ICE
(Internal Combustion Engine) to recharge the battery when enduring a long drive.
B. Series hybrid's only have electric motors to provide propulsion while maintaining an
exceptionally high power to weight ratio providing enough torque over a broad range of speeds.
C. The gasoline engine drives an electric generator which charges the battery bank at which point
the electric motor use the power from the battery bank to drive the vehicle.
Conclusion
In conclusion today I have informed you all about the first existence of the hybrid vehicle which
was created by Ferdinand Porsche, known as the Elektromobil. The common types of configurations
that are available, which include

Hybrid Proposal
Date: March 11th, 2012 To: From: Subject: Proposal to Research Alternative Energy in Vehicles I
have received your RFP and have written up a proposal based on the requirements you have listed.
This proposal outlines the research I would like to continue regarding the feasibility of alternative
energy sources in vehicles, particularly in hybrid vehicles. I have included a summary of the topic, a
description of the graphics I plan to use, deadlines that will be met, costs involved, and an outline
for the report. I am quite eager to research this topic more and appreciate you taking the time to read
through this proposal. If you need to get a hold of me, you can reach me at bpryan@ualberta.ca.
Attached: "Proposal: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figures of different hybrid models will also be included as well as a table comparing the costs of
various hybrids to traditionally fuelled cars. This will help the audience get a sense of the price
ranges for hybrid vehicles before they go out and decide to buy one. Finally, a table dealing with the
performance specs of hybrids will be added to emphasize certain limitations with these models.
Qualifications Here is a list of my qualifications to write this report: * Currently have a cumulative
GPA of 3.7 out of 4.0 * Lots of experience writing essays * Very good internet research skills *
Nearly done a course in technical writing * Strongly value the idea of making our environment more
sustainable * Motivated to learn more and write about greener energy in vehicles Budget The
following costs have determined based on a price of $100 per hour of writing and an approximate
writing time of 3 hrs per page. Editing and graphics will cost $50 per hour and it will take about 1
hour for 5 pages. Cost of coffee, donuts, and lunch will also be included. The numbers are listed
below: Research/Writing (3 hr/pg @ $100/hr) $300/pg Editing/Graphics (1 hr/5 pgs @ $50/hr)
$10/pg Coffee, Donuts and Lunch $300 Total (based on 8 pages of writing) $2780 If there are any
problems or errors in my research paper, I will be glad to revise and edit them at no extra

Hybrid Vehcile
SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2003–01–2307 A Comparative Study of the Production
Applications of Hybrid Electric Powertrains Harry L. Husted Delphi Corporation Reprinted From:
Hybrid Vehicle and Energy Storage Technologies (SP–1789) Future Transportation Technology
Conference Costa Mesa, California June 23–25, 2003 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA
15096–0001 U.S.A. Tel: (724) 776–4841 Fax: (724) 776–5760 Web: www.sae.org All rights
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of SAE. For permission and licensing requests contact: SAE ...
There are a large number of possible configurations of engine, electric machine(s)2, clutches,
gearing, and transmissions that can result in an HEV. These are grouped in four classes in this paper.
Based on an examination of the architectures, these classes are: beltdriven starter/generators on the
front of the engine, crank–shaft mounted motor/generators on the rear of the engine, series/parallel
hybrids, and combination hybrids with a mixture of the previous configurations. BELT–DRIVEN
STARTER/GENERATOR The first architecture is the entry level to hybridization. In this
architecture the engine stop–start function is implemented with a starter/generator that is typically
belt–driven. The Toyota Crown with the Toyota Hybrid System – Mild (THS–M) architecture shown
in figure 1a is exemplary. The traditional alternator has been replaced Some powertrain features
such as clutches and differentials are not included in these diagrams in order to keep them from
becoming unduly complex. 2 A rotating electric machine can act as both an electric motor and an
electric generator. 1 INTRODUCTION Hybrid vehicles have been in saleable production for over
five years, with the first sales occurring in Japan. Many automakers have shown hybrid vehicle
concepts at automotive shows. It is interesting, however, to examine in more detail which concepts
have been chosen for further development and determined to be

Hybrid Vehicle
Abstract: As gas prices raise the average automobile consumer demands a better, more fuel efficient
vehicle. This demand has forced manufacturers to begin producing hybrid vehicle; first four door
hybrid sedan was unveiled by Toyota in 2000. The Toyota Prius' success encouraged it competitors
to roll out their hybrid cars as well setting a common standard for environmentally friendly and
efficient vehicles. The relationship of consumer and manufacturer in the car industry on a macro
level has always been one in relative equilibrium. As demand increases the car manufacturers have
increased supply. The green movement in the United States pushed for hybrid vehicles and car
manufacturers responded by producing more vehicles, making the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This can be seen by the younger age group that has recently begun purchasing hybrid vehicles. Sales
in 2005 of hybrid vehicles only 12.34% were purchased by individuals ages 30–39 and only 9.61%
were purchased by individuals ages 20–29; in 2011 12.68% were ages 30–39 and 17.84% were ages
20–29. (Priuschat.com) The increasing attention the younger population places on environmentally
friendly and less gas consuming vehicles the more likely corporations are going to spend time and
energy devoted towards its research and development. Hybrid cars in themselves have become more
and more fuel efficient from a Prius bought in 2005 which provided an EPA estimated 37.2 miles per
gallon is in 2011 providing 42.7 miles per gallon. With media attention car manufacturers are
increasing what the vehicle can do and making them more and more efficient. A major factor for
individuals who are seeking to purchase a new vehicle is the cost of gasoline which has risen almost
32% since January 2011. The chart below indicates the trend of increasing gas prices. As prices
increase demand inherently falls creating room for alternative products to step in. "16% of Prius
buyers stated that the primary reason for buying the Prius was to save money on gas."
(inflationdata.com). The fact that a meaningful number of people can reasonably expect for their
hybrid purchase to save them money is perhaps the most important indicator for future hybrid

Research Paper On Hybrid Cars
Drive A Hybrid car
Driving a car is something that can be quite exhilarating, as it makes the person feel free, as if they
can go anywhere that their hearts aspire. With the unveiling of the new hybrid vehicles, there is an
alternative means to get to an end. These vehicles are some of the best for the money, while keeping
things such as the atmosphere and gas mileage in mind. They are many other improvement in
driving a hybrid car, even over these huge ones that make many humans convert; even if it's just for
the fact that they are cheaper when it comes to insurance. you can find those reused parts in Junk
Yard Toronto .
The Environment
The environment is something to take into account when buying a wagon in many people's minds,
as they are mindful of the depletion of the earth's 'greenhouse' gases. By using clean energy of the
electric motor, they dissipate less energy into the ozone layer. Not only is this better for the
surrounding, the hybrid end up performing better gas distance wise than the standard vehicle. They
are also just as strong power wise as the traditional that run on fossil fuels with the advancement of
technology in the field of hybrid wagons.
The Monetary and Technological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the technology improves and the cost of these wagon lowers, a hybrid vehicle will soon be
commonplace, and everyone will see the its different advantages to driving a hybrid vehicle. With
the incentives and specials that these wagon have, one will find it amazing how humans would
consider ever driving a car that runs solely on fossil gas alone. For those who are skeptical about the
hybrid wagon, after one drive of the vehicle they will see that there are hardly any differences
between that and the standard automobile. And if they are available to help out the environment and
global economy, they are differently worth a shot.From Junk Yard Toronto we can make classic cars
according to our

Hybrid Cars
Abstract This report explains how advantageous a hybrid car is and why conventional car should be
replaced by hybrid car. Hybrid car is getting more popular and marketable because of its advantages.
In essence, the report touches on the benefits of owning a hybrid car and some possible effects. The
problems that arisen are environmental problems which catch the whole world's attention, the prices
and fuel are hiking up and the fuels are limited in supply. Therefore, hybrid cars are here to help
people to overcome the problems. They are definitely the best solution to replace conventional cars
because they are more advantageous than conventional cars. Hybrid cars have the ability to save fuel
which ultimately reduces the dependence on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there are people who argue that this is not the right time to get a hybrid car because hybrid
cars are now too pricey (Mason, n.d). Also, Patel (2009) claims that it has been estimated that the
price of hybrid cars will rise over years. However, hybrid cars are not all expensive, there are also
some other low priced hybrid cars. With the low priced hybrid car and fuel savings, consumers can
save much using a hybrid than a conventional car. Besides, they can also buy a used hybrid car with
a more affordable price. In short, hybrid cars are certainly the best solution to replace conventional
cars. People can always put an equal sign between save fuel and save money. This is because when a
hybrid car is accelerating, cruising or braking, it saves energy. A small and efficient gas engine is
used in a hybrid car to generate power for an electric motor, which in turn moves the wheels. While
extra power will be stored in a large pack of battery which will then being extracted out when the
car needs a boost of energy to accelerate. This leads to a waste of running a big motor all the time
being eliminated. Besides, a hybrid car will shut off automatically if the battery is fully charged.
Therefore, a gas engine only runs when it needs to engender energy for electric motor. This in turn
leads to an increase in fuel efficiency and also reducing cost

Hybrid Vs. Electric Cars
Hybrid vs. Electric
When hearing the words gas, hybrid and electric, people automatically think of automobiles.. [this is
a very clunky opening–rewrite it–I think people do know those are the three main types of cars...]
People buy hybrid or electric cars because they either want to save money on gas or they want to be
able to help the environment with their vehicles. One of the most popular hybrid vehicles in the
United States is the Toyota Prius, which, compared to a normal gas powered car, has great mileage
and reduced fuel emissions. The popularity of the Tesla Model S––a fully electrically powered car––
has recently skyrocketed due to the increase in gas prices. Hybrid technology powered cars, such as
the Toyota Prius, are better for the environment than fully electric powered vehicles, such as Tesla's
Model S, because of the emissions created by the electricity that powers the vehicle.
The gas powered vehicle has been a problem for the environment since the day it was created. These
vehicles emit greenhouse gasses that are detrimental towards the environment. Nearly one fifth of
the United States total fuel emissions come from gas powered cars. In 2012 transportation
contributed with 28% of total greenhouse emissions in the United States. One of the greenhouse
gasses that cars emit is Carbon Dioxide. What greenhouse gases including Carbon Dioxide do is trap
heat in the Earth's atmosphere leading to the atmospheric temperature rising. Global warming causes
disastrous

Hybrid Vehicles Essay
A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. This most commonly
refers to gasoline–electric hybrid vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) to power internal–combustion
engines (ICEs), and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass–produced hybrids,
such as the Toyota Prius, recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative
braking. As well, when cruising or idling, some of the output of the combustion engine is fed to a
generator (merely the electric motor(s) running in generator mode[1]) which produces electricity to
charge the batteries. This contrasts with all–electric cars which use batteries charged by an external
source such as the grid, or a range extending trailer. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A forgotten attempt was by the Bill Clinton administration with the Partnership for a New
Generation of Vehicles (PNGV)[3] program in September 29, 1993 that involved Chrysler, Ford,
General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next
efficient and clean vehicle. The resulting hybrid prototypes[4] never made it into production as the
program was replaced by the hydrogen focused FreedomCAR initiative[5] of George W. Bush's
administration in 2001.
In the intervening period, the widest use of hybrid technology was actually in diesel–electric
submarines, which operate in essentially the same manner as hybrid electric cars. However, in this
case the goal was to allow operation underwater without consuming large amounts of oxygen, rather
than economizing on fuel. Since then, many submarines have moved to nuclear power, which can
operate underwater indefinitely, though a number of nations continue to rely on diesel–electric
fleets.
Automotive hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the Honda Insight and Toyota
Prius became available. These vehicles have a direct linkage from the internal combustion engine to
the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power. The 2000s saw development of
plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can be recharged from the electrical power grid
and don't require conventional fuel for short

Advantages Of Hybrid Vehicles
Traditional vehicles use gasoline or diesel to power a combustion engine, while hybrid vehicles use
both the traditional combustion engine and an electric motor ran on electricity. Hybrid vehicles are
superior to their conventional counterparts when it comes to fuel efficiency. Like in traditional
vehicles, the combustion motor's alternator charges the vehicle's battery. But the difference is that in
hybrid cars, there is an electric motor that can utilize the energy generated by the alternator. The
reason why hybrids are so efficient is that the alternator from the combustion engine charges the
battery which runs the electric motor. Therefore, hybrids can alternate from one energy source to the
other, cutting down the amount of fuel needed to go longer distances. Hybrids are also considered
environmentally friendly because they produce 90 percent fewer emissions than their conventional
competitors. Hybrids are also flexible when it comes to their energy source. Hybrids can be fueled
like normal cars are powered by wholly by electricity, and of course, they can use both. Moreover,
ghe electric motor is not the only aspect that contributes to hybrids' fuel efficiency. The feature
"Idle–off" is often found in Hybrid vehicles. Idle–off works much like a refrigerator's light bulb
when the door is closed. When stopped, hybrid vehicles will go into idle–off, turning off the
combustion engine while still powering the interior technology with the vehicle's battery, saving
fuel.

Hybrid Vehicle Disadvantages
The pros and cons of Hybrid/Alternative Fueled Vehicles:
There are many factors to consider when purchasing a Hybrid or Alternative Fueled Vehicle. Most
times when searching for a vehicle, consumers tend to search for amenities to help cut cost. When
considering alternative fueled vehicles, consumers have to keep in mind that there are several types
of hybrid vehicles with different operating abilities to choose from to satisfy the needs of the
consumers. With hybrids, there are three types which are hybrid electric vehicles, plug–in hybrid
electric vehicles and all electric vehicles. Since they all operate differently, it is important to be
informed to ensure the consumer is happy and satisfied with their investment.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles consist of gasoline engines, electric motors and use advanced technology to
operate. One of the technologies used is a regenerative braking, which recaptures energy that is lost
during coasting or braking. The use of the forward wheels is what turns the motor which generates
electricity and assist to slow the vehicle. There is also a normal hydraulic braking system that stops
the vehicle when the regenerative system isn't sufficient. Another technology used is the Electric
Motor Drive/Assist which allows the electric motor to provide power and assist the engine in
accelerating, passing and hill climbing. It also allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used.
The electric motor in hybrids drives the vehicle at low speeds,

Description of a Hybrid Vehicle
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle.[1]
The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal
combustion engine and one or more electric motors. However other mechanisms to capture and
utilize energy are included. Power Power sources for hybrid vehicles include: * On–board or out–
board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) * Coal, wood or other solid combustibles *
Electricity * Electromagnetic fields, Radio waves * Compressed or liquefied natural gas * Human
powered e.g. pedaling or rowing * Hydrogen * Petrol or Diesel fuel * Solar * Wind Vehicle type A
biodiesel hybrid bus in Montreal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rail transport Main article: Hybrid train East Japan Railway Company HB–E300 series Europe The
new Autorail à grande capacité (AGC or high–capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company
Bombardier for service in France. This has dual mode (diesel and electric motors) and dual voltage
capabilities (1500 and 25000 V) allowing it to be used on many different rail systems.[7] The
locomotive has been on trials in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a Genesse and
Wyoming company. China The First Hybrid Evaluating prototype locomotive was designed and
contracted by rail research center MATRAI in 1999 and the sample was ready in 2000. It was a G12
locomotive that was converted to hybrid by using a 200KW diesel generator and batteries and also
was equipped with 4 AC traction motors (out of 4) retrofited in the cover of the DC traction motors.
Japan The first operational prototype of a hybrid train engine with significant energy storage and
energy regeneration capability was introduced in Japan as the KiHa E200. It utilizes battery packs of
lithium ion batteries mounted on the roof to store recovered energy.[8] North America In the U.S.,
General Electric introduced a prototype railroad engine with their "Ecomagination" technology in
2007. They store energy in a large set of sodium nickel chloride (Na–NiCl2) batteries to capture and
store energy normally dissipated during dynamic braking or coasting downhill. They expect at least
a 10% reduction in fuel use

The Theory Of The Hybrid Car
The human species is always advancing in technologically, medically, electronically, and even
transportation. Transportation methods are one of the many contributions to our climate change
issues we are experiencing. As we progress technologically, we have come up with better and more
climate–friendly vehicles to prevent and reduce climate changes. With these advances in
transportation, the hybrid car was introduced to the market. The hybrid car is a vehicle that uses two
or more distinctive types of power, such as an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The
introduction of the hybrid car to the market changed the consumer's views and thoughts on climate
change. It became evident to most consumers that climate change is a major issue not only in the
U.S but also around the world. This involves severe levels of various chemicals such as carbon
dioxide and greenhouse gases. The brilliant innovation of hybrids is an attempt to turn the issues of
climate change around or even reduce its effects on our planet. Ultimately, the goal is to reduce and
prevent further climate changes, but how can the consumer attitude affect purchases of hybrids
vehicles to help aid the climate change issues? To understand the influence of the hybrids on climate
change we must first look at what climate change is. According to United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA), Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit over
the past century, and it's projected

Hybrid Cars
MKTG 396: Assignment #1: The Prius Leading a Wave of Hybrid Cars Question #1: Company:
Within the company there are a few areas to look at regarding Toyota 's introduction of the Prius.
Areas such as financing, research, development, as well as others. When introducing the Prius,
Toyota started early with its promotion of the hybrid. Spending US$15 million out of the US$190
million is spent on marketing in the 2002 year. Toyota informed its potential customers threw
informative emails, TV commercials, and earth day give a way 's. Toyota put a lot into research and
development to come up with the hybrid with the advances in technology, such as the engine of the
Prius. The engine combines a 1.5 litre, 4 cylinder gas engine, with a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Natural Forces: with natural forces marketers would be aware of trends, like the shortage or raw
materials trend, the increase of population, and the government. with the government putting more
emphasis on being environmentally friendly Toyota seems to have taken this to heart seeing as the
Prius is one of the greenest vehicles on the market. also with the population tending to gather around
more urban settings it is becoming more essential to have a vehicle with better gas mileage with
more people commuting back and forth to work. Technological Forces: with the advances in
technology recently people now except more from manufactures. Toyota seeing this used it to its
advantage using the combined engine and adding other features as a computer system installed right
in the car. it also used the internet as one of the ways it go to potential consumers to educate them on
the Prius and what it was all about. which in turned created sales of the hybrid. Political: on problem
with the Prius is that it 's not all that affordable. so makers of hybrid cars have gone to the
government to see if there was a way to incorporate a benefit of driving a environmentally friendly
car. while the US now offers a tax benefit for driving such a car there has yet to be any incentive in
Canada. since there is no documented proof as of yet that driving one of these cars helps the
environment they do not see the point in implicating anything

Hybrid Cars : Advantages And Effects Of Hybrid Vehicles
Hybrid is a term used to describe a combination of two or more distinctive things, aiming to
accomplish a common objective. A hybrid vehicle is a fuel efficient vehicle having two motors– one
a gasoline powered motor and the other electric motor. The reason for combining two motors is
using their strengths and reducing deficiencies. Electric motor is used at low speed wile gas motors
perform better at high speed generating extra power for a particular motor weight. During rush
hours, when vehicles are continuously stopping and running, performance of electric motor is
appreciative. Gas motor supports higher speed supporting driving at the highways. (Anderson 134–
45) Hybrid vehicles are continuously gaining popularity in the general public. With the growing
societal concerns about green revolution and also achieving significant reduction in fuel
consumption, hybrid vehicles are considered satisfactory in performance. They have become so
popular that certain tax incentives have been offered by the government on hybrid vehicles. Due to
their better performance compared with gas powered vehicles, we present the thesis of our paper as
follows: Thesis statement: it is hypothesized that compared with the gas powered vehicles, hybrids
offer more benefits in maintenance, are cost–effective, and most importantly environmental–
friendly. History of Hybrid Cars A steam–powered motor carriage was used in France in the
eighteenth century. In the next century, a car with electric motor

The Gas Electric Hybrid Demystified
The Gas–Electric Hybrid Demystified
The world's population is at a steady growth, and it's not going to stop. More and more people are in
need for transportation, and a majority of them choose private transportation over public
transportation. The author of The Gas–Electric Hybrid Demystified, Sara R. Howerth, highlights the
development of hybrid vehicles and their purpose in the world. Her article's audience is pointed
towards young adults, essentially students; reasons being they are the new generation, and a portion
of them are entering post–secondary having to pay for school, transportation, residency, etc. The
article presents a useful resource to young adults that explains the growth of an improved system of
private transportation that applies to fuel efficient, cheaper, and less–polluting vehicles. The purpose
of the article is to teach young adults about a product that can both help them and help the world
around them.
The author first explains what a hybrid is, stating "A hybrid is a cross between two established
varieties of plant, animal... or technology." She introduces the hybrid vehicle, a new form of
technology that stands as a possible answer for a vehicle that is both energy preserving and safer for
the environment. Before she dives into details of how the vehicle works, she enlightens the reader
on what the article is about and the objective of the hybrid vehicle. Students enrolling in an
engineering course in a post–secondary institution will be more

The Hidden Cost Of Hybrid Vehicles
Victor Samaniego
December 16, 2014
GEO 368
The Hidden Cost of Hybrid Vehicles
One of the most debated subjects in today's society is the growing concern over global warming.
This concern is derived from the increase in global pollution from many aspects but in particular
greenhouse gasses. This increase in pollution is attributed to a growing population that is more
dependent on modern commodities. Of these commodities one of the greatest contributors to this
cycle are motor vehicles. Because of the growing concern over the environmental effects of cars,
manufacturers have began to develop new vehicle types in order to reduce the amount of pollution
emitted through carbon emissions. Some of the options available now being produced by ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This particular project will observe how the carbon footprint of automobiles effect the global
climate? Has the introduction of "eco–friendly" vehicles changed this footprint? Ultimately the end
result will yield the environmental impact of "eco–friendly" vehicle production, and whether it can
outweigh its carbon footprint. It is important to note that both the environmental effects and
economic effects are crucial in the advancement of technologies used by the auto–manufacturers; in
a sense both are dependent on the other.
The purpose of this paper is to support the amateur research experiment in regards to the efficiency
of combustion and combustion hybrid engines. A brief literature review on the effects of automobile
use and production will help draw a conclusion as to whether hidden environmental effects
outweigh its marketed green value.
Environmental Effects of Motor Vehicle Exhaust The importance of the environmental effects
attributed to the use of motor vehicles cannot be understated; as one of the primary producers of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) cars a greatly responsible for the increase of greenhouse gasses
(Desonie, 2009). Greenhouse gasses are considered to be the primary reason for the rise in global
temperatures. Within the entire existence of the motor vehicle, or approximately one hundred years,
the temperature of the earth

Advantages Of Hybrid Cars
Hybrid cars use both internal combustion engines as well as an electric motor. The electric motor
requires no charging source, as electric cars do, as the movement during driving allows for kinetic
energy to be produced which in turn, charges the electric motor. This process is known as
Regenerative Braking. Newer hybrid cars made by the company, Tesla, can reach top speeds up to
155 mph. Tesla Model S can reach 60 mph in under 3 seconds, with an average time of 3.1 seconds.
This then is proof that modern hybrid cars can be a challenge to other sports cars, and can even
reach higher speeds than most average cars. Tesla cars have better features than most regular cars on
the road, such as auto parking, which uses minimal power. Another big advantage ... Show more
The aim of Chevron was to prevent any advancement as well as prevent the public from making a
move towards using non petrol vehicles. Chevron was not successful as Ovonics was able to
overcome Chevrons tactics. BP has had to shift their focus to other alternative energies because of
their decrease in profits with the growing success of the hybrid cars. BP has had to invest a lot of its
money in doing this in order to maintain their profits. Oil companies still invest up to $52 Billion
towards the fossil fuel industry, and of this a very small amount is actually invested in the Hybrid
Car industry – any investments made by an oil company in hybrid car manufacturers is most
probably to gain controlling access of the company in order to destroy the company. Sponsoring of
Formula 1 electric race cars by Gulf, an oil company, has only but helped its reputation and
increased its wealth. This small investment towards the hybrid car has furthered the company's
ability to dig for more oil and even combined with more oil companies, such as the "Standard Oil of
California" company in 1985 Hybrid cars effect on the

Hybrid Car Technology
Hybrid Car Technology: One Way to Reduce the Air Pollution Contents Bil. 1. Titles Introduction
Pages 2 2. Hybrid Car Technology: One Way to Reduce the Air Pollution 3–5 3. Conclusion 6 4.
Appendix 7–8 5. Reference 9 1 Introduction There are millions of cars on the road of Malaysia
especially in Kuala Lumpur, main city of Malaysia. Each one is a source of air pollution in this
country. The amount of pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide that all cars produce together can
create a big problem to the air of Malaysia. For instance, air pollution can cause very serious disease
to Malaysian, such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart disease. To solve those problems, cities,
states, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This metal is the actual catalyst which is an accelerator that increases the rate of chemical reaction
without being used by the reaction. All the structure is located between the combustion engine 's
exhaust manifold and the exhaust pipe. The exhaust pipe enters one end of the catalytic converter
and exits the other side. 4 As the burned gasses leave the exhaust manifold, they enter the exhaust
pipe and then the catalytic converter where they are burned again, at about 1600 degrees. Next, the
reduced emissions are then released through the tailpipe, into the atmosphere. Therefore the
combination of the hybrid car engine with the catalytic converter device will make a perfect match
to counter the air pollution. 5 Conclusion In conclusion, the combination of hybrid car engine and
catalytic device are seen as one answer to saving the earth 's environment and reducing the world 's
dependence on oil. In other words, hybrid car technology also a practical solution to the rising
greenhouse gas levels that lead to the air pollution. As concerns about air pollution, the leaders are
encouraged to make sure this kind of technology is going to be a very successful way to save the air.
6 Appendix 7 8 References 1.
http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Environmental_Problems/air_pollution.html 2.
http://klikkhas.bharian.com.my/klikkhas/bajet/Artikel2011/TeksUcapan/2010101517

Creative Writing: Becoming A Hybrid
Becoming A Hybrid Samantha is a Middle class girl who has an identical twin brother Sam and two
loving parents. Her best friend is Naomi, they have known each other since kindergarten. Samantha
is 17 years old, she was born on October 31, 1998. They live in Bloodville, New York. Samantha
and Naomi are the most popular girls in school. Her brother Sam is popular too but he is a nerd also.
He likes to hunt vampires and werewolves. Samantha doesn't know how her life is going to end up
just by protecting someone she loves. It was 7:01 am and Samantha was still sleeping. Today was
Monday. Sam walked into Samantha's room and said, " WAKE UP!!!!!" Samantha quickly got up
and started yelling, " WHY WOULD YOU YELL!!!!" "Cause you are a deep sleeper", he said. ...
Sam was in shock,"oh my gosh!!!", he said. Sam came up to the figure and asked who he was. The
figure said,"I'm Shawn Dawson." Without hesitating Sam said,"you're the Vampire Werewolf."
Shawn said,"Why are you here?" "I'm here because I want to become a hybrid like you." Sam said.
"And if you don't do it I will get hunters to hunt you and the other hybrid's down!" Sam said.
"Indeed" Shawn said sadly. Then Shawn asked Sam if he came alone." Sam said yes and then Shawn
went outside to look to see if someone was out there. Shawn quickly found Samantha around the
corner. Samantha knew it was the hybrid Sam was talking about just by the way he looks. Can you
please not turn Sam he is my twin and my only brother, turn me into a hybrid instead!!! "Look, you
seem like a nice girl and all but if I do that he will kill my people." Shawn said. Say that if you turn
him it will kill him. "If that's what it takes then I will do it." Shawn said. He quickly went back
inside to tell Sam the fake news. It took him 15 minutes to come back out since Sam was crying so
hard the whole street could hear

The Pros And Cons Of Hybrid Vehicles
Abstract
The Hybrid vehicle concept nowadays is on the path of becoming one of the brightest stars in the
foreseeable future. Environmental issues that beset the world today such as Global Warming, entail
many long–term negative effects which in turn, must not only be solved through short–term
solutions but also be countered with long–term solutions that will benefit not just the future of
society, but the future of planet earth and the well–being of its inhabitants. In response to this global
crisis, various industries and institutions are now searching for alternative energy sources such as the
Hybrid vehicle. The Hybrid vehicle seeks to reduce carbon emissions and reliance on petroleum and
diesel by substituting majority of the powertrain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Toyota introduced the first modern production hybrid vehicle, the Prius in Japan in 1997, and Toyota
and Honda introduced hybrids to the US in 1999 and 2000. Both manufacturers use the same hybrid
powertrain design, an input power–split system.
Fuel economy
Hybrid systems can increase fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions by 35%. The precise
reduction varies with the technology and capability of the system. The reduction can be hard to
quantify as there is no direct comparable non–hybrid vehicle. A study done by Vincentric on
October 2014 which compared 31 hybrids to the closest non–hybrids provides a direct comparison
of the efficiency benefits and cost of hybrid systems.
Basics of Hybrid vehicle technology
A traditional vehicle has a mechanical drive train which includes combustion engine, fuel tank,
gearbox, transmission and the wheels. A Hybrid vehicle has two drive trains a mechanical and an
electric. The electric drivetrain includes a battery and an electric motor. In principle these two
drivetrains should be connected together sharing some components such as transmission and

Hybrid Cars Essay
These cars operate from a rechargeable battery and gasoline. The engines are smaller so that they
will be able to accommodate the 99% of time when the car is not going uphill or accelerating
quickly. The battery is used to give extra acceleration power if needed. When the car is stopped,
hybrid gasoline motors can shut off and run off their electric motor and battery. These cars are
aerodynamic and the tires are often stiffer and inflated higher to reduce dragging. According to a
November 16, 2004 article written in the parents magazine, hybrid cars are no different from the gas
powered car. It can accelerate just as quickly and travel just as fast on the highway and they are just
as safe to drive. When the car comes to a complete stop, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, if the price of gasoline continue to increase, the hybrid car would be considered as
price inelastic because although the price of the hybrid car may increase somewhat, the consumer
will be able to save money on gas. On the other hand, if the prices of gas are stabilized, the hybrid
car will be considered as price elastic because if the price of the hybrid cars are on the rise and a
conventional car costs less, the consumer will go with the conventional car. The issues that could
affect the demand for hybrid cars would be if the price of gasoline could be stabilized at a good
price and the price of the hybrid was more expensive or cost the same as the conventional cars. The
consumer would have to decide whether to purchase a conventional car in which they would have a
much bigger selection or to purchase the hybrid car which has a much smaller selection to choose
from. In this type of scenario, it would just depend on the consumer's preference. Some strategies
that could be used enhance revenue would be to make prices more competitive, offer a bigger
selection of vehicles and enhance advertising strategy. Makers of the hybrid cars need to evaluate
the prices of other cars that are comparable and base its prices upon those results. Also, creating a
bigger selection of hybrids to choose from would also be a plus. Therefore, if there is a big selection
of these cars,

Ford Hybrid Case
EXERCISES
(1) Summarize and justify alternative scenarios (i.e., compelling stories about the future) ranging
from pessimistic to optimistic with regard to market performance of hybrid cars.
– Electronic Fuel Injection: This scenario is an optimistic scenario for hybrid cars adoption. In this
scenario 100% of the market will eventually adopt the hybrid car. This scenario predicts that the
growth will start out slow, until there is a breakthrough in technologies that make the hybrid car
even more efficient and affordable to the struggling class. When the breakthrough occurs there will
be an accelerated growth and eventually the hybrid car will become the norm with 100% of the
market will be adopting the car.
– Solar Energy: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inflation and rising prices across the United States will help grow the market, because consumers
will try to lower their transportation cost to fund other parts of their expenditures.
– Market price of elasticity is set at the highest position of 0.5%. This is because of how price
sensitive the automotive market is to begin with and combining it with consumers who are trying to
save the most money possible when moving to more efficient modes of transportation. The high
price of hybrid vehicles makes people less likely to buy them, and as the manufacturers and
government agencies pass cost savings to consumers, there will be more penetration.
– The hybrid vehicle is not entirely new to the world, but it is also not entirely saturated either. We
set the advertising coefficient at 1% to reflect an average amount of penetration through advertising.
There is often limited stimuli for a consumer and the amount of advertisements by other
manufactures are only increasing. Consumers might be overexposed to these car ads. We reflect an
average amount of penetration through advertising through this coefficient.
– The price coefficient is set at the maximum 4% because of how price sensitive the automotive
market is. Everyone bargains deals and takes advantage of special pricing and financing. Hybrid
buyer market is no longer occupied by the same type of people; people are now chasing prices and
maximizing the

Hybrid Automobile Technology Essay
For many years, automakers have been attempting to design a viable electric vehicle. It has long
been known that oil is a finite resource and with the demands for oil largely driven by America's
demands, as well as the ever–increasing demands of other industrialized nations, both automakers
and governments have long been desiring of a pollution–free alternative that does not rely on oil and
gasoline to run.
Why, then, have such efforts, with all the time and money spent on them, been largely unsuccessful?
The answer is not a simple one, for there are many factors which act as driving forces in this case.
First, it is important to examine why the development of an electric, pollution–free vehicle, or at the
very least the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many conflicting studies have taken place on the effects of our pollution, and it is beyond the scope
of this writing to analyze whether, in fact, a real threat exists. However, there is certainly a very real
possibility of such a threat of pollution seriously affecting our climate, and as a result, pollution is a
driving force as well as oil demands in the production and development of electric vehicles. In this
case, though, the demand for oil would be a much more important driving force as it is economic in
nature and people tend to be much more motivated by economic factors than environmental ones ––
especially considering that the next oil crisis is likely to be far worse than that which took place in
the 1970s if a transition to a renewable fuel source does not take place.
Because of these factors automakers have been attempting to design electric automobiles for a
number of years. Electric–only vehicles suffer from the problems of lack of battery life, poor
acceleration and speed, limited driving distance, and high cost compared to their better–performing
gasoline counterparts. As a result, efforts to market purely electric
vehicles have largely failed. Consumers simply will not purchase a product that performs worse in
nearly all measurable aspects, and pay a higher cost to do so. In our current society where oil is still
plentiful, an alternative market would need to be found for an electric vehicle to do

Ford Hybrid Marketing Plan

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Ford Hybrid Marketing Plan