STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE USING G.G.B.S AND SILICA FUME AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | May 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1117
STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH
CONCRETE USING G.G.B.S AND SILICA FUME AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
OF CEMENT.
Vishvjeetsinh Dilipsinh Rana
1
, Aakash Rajeshkumar Suthar 2
1 Student Civil Engineering Department, L.J.I.E.T. Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
2 Professor Civil Engineering Department, L.J.I.E.T. Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
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Abstract - The aim of this investigation is to assess how mineral admixtures can enhancethecompressiveandflexuralproperties
of concrete by partially substituting cement. The researchwillinvolveconductingtrialanderrorexperimentstoexplorethe impact
of Silica fume and GGBS when partially replacing cement while maintaining a constant water-cement ratio to produce high-
strength concrete. To achieve this, concrete samples of varying percentagesofSilicaFume (5%, 8%, and10%)andGGBS (25-50%)
will be casted and evaluated, with partial substitution of cement, in sizes of 150mmx150mmx150mm (cube) and 500 X 100 X 100
mm (beam). The goal of the study is to identify the optimal percentage of Silica fume and GGBS that will provide the highest
compressive strength (M65, M70, M75) and flexural strength. The research involvesan analysisofhow mineraladmixturessuchas
Silica fume and GGBS can be effectively used in cement and concrete construction materials.
Key Words: Cement, Concrete, Construction Material, Mix Design, Silica Fume, GGBS
I.INTRODUCTION
The utilization of triple blended concrete is a method that improves the strength characteristics of concrete by altering its
chemical composition, particle size distribution, and fineness. It involves incorporating additives like pozzolana, granulated
slag, or inert fillers to modify the concrete's properties. As a result, this technique has led to the development of different
cement formulations that conform to both national and international standards. Triple blended cement serves as a promising
alternative to mineral admixtures such as fly ash, silica fume, and granulated slag. This type of concrete, known as triple
blended concrete, exhibits exceptional physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, making it particularly advantageous in
construction applications.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
General
In this chapter, you will find comprehensive details regarding the materials used. This includes information about the
characteristics of the materials, the types of materials employed, and their respective proportions.
Materials
The materials utilized for the study consist of processed Silica Fume and GGBS as source materials, ordinary Portland cement,
aggregates, water, and an admixture.
Cement:
The experimental work utilizes 53 grade ordinary Portland cement. The specific type of cement employedforthe experiments
can be seen in Figure 1.1. The chemical properties of the cement are outlined in Table 1.1.1, while Table 1.1.2 presents the
physical properties of the cement.

Figure 1.1 : Cement Used for experimental work
S.No. Composition Opc-53
1 IR 1.30
2 Cao 63.36
3 Sio2 21.52
4 So3 1.87
5 Al2o3 6.16
6 Fe2o3 4.60
7 Mgo 0.83
8 Loss of ignition 1.64
Table 1.1.1 Chemical composition (%) of cement
Sr. No Properties Results obtained Speciﬁcations (IS:12269) [18]
1 Compressive Strength (MPa)
28 days 54.47 53(min)
2 Setting Time(Minute)
a)Initial Setting Time 40 30(min)
b)Final Setting Time 305 600(max)
3 Soundness
a) Le-Chatelier (mm) 1.8 10(max)
Table 1.1.2 Properties Of Cement

A. Ordinary Portland cement of 53 Grade
Purchased from ultratech having soundness property in limit and all other properties according to Indian standards
B. Aggregates of Pertaining Sieve Size (<20mm IS standard)
Collected from Vadgam, Ahmedabad Gujarat having specific gravity 2.6 and all properties according to Indian Standards
C. River Sand of Pertaining Sieve Size (<4.75mm IS standard)
Collected from Vadgam, Ahmedabad Gujarat following zone 2 and all properties according to Indian Standards
D. Super Plasticiser
A modified acrylic super-plasticizer was utilized in the study, which has a low water/cement ratio, long workability times,and
very high mechanical strength.
E. Silica Fume
Silica fume is a material that is obtained as a by-product from the ferrosilicon industry and has high pozzolanicpropertiesthat
can improve the mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete. It can be added directly to concrete as a separate
ingredient or mixed with Portland cement. In the US, silica fume is mainly utilized to produce concrete with higher resistance
against chloride penetration in parking structures, bridges, and bridge decks.
Table 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of Silica Fume
F. GGBS
which stands for Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, is a product that is eco-friendly and derived from a by-product of the
iron manufacturing process. It is known for its high quality and low CO2emissioncharacteristics.DuetoitslowembodiedCO2,
GGBS is an ideal material for designing sustainable concrete mixes for construction purposes.
SR.NO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SR.NO CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS
1 COLOUR OFF WHITE 1 CALCIUM OXIDE 40%
2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.9 2 SILICA 35%
3 BULK DENSITY 1200 kg/m3 3 ALUMINA 13%
4 FINENESS 350m2/kg 4 MAGNESIA 8%

G. Admixture
To achieve the desired level of workability in regular concrete,Superplasticizerisemployed.MAPEIDynamonSX550
is utilized to improve workability and decrease the water-to-cement ratio in fresh concrete.
Table 2:- Properties of Admixture
Appearance: liquid
Colour: amber
pH: 7.0 ± 1
Chemical name of active ingredient Poly carboxylic ether
ensity according to ISO 758 (g/m³): 1.110 ± 0.03 at +25°C
Main action: increase workability and/or reduction of
mixing water
Classification according to EN 934-2 high range water reducing superplasticizer,
tables 3.1 and 3.2
Classification according to IS 9103-1999 Superplasticizer, water reducing Clause 3.6
Classification according to ASTM C49 type F
Water-soluble chloride content
according to EN 480-12 (%):
< 0.1 (absent according to EN 934-2)
Alkali content (equivalent Na₂O)
according to EN 480-12 (%):
< 2.5
Sr.
no.
Characteristic Test Results Requirement
as per
ISstandard-
12089[20?]
1 Colour White -
2 Speciﬁc surface area (sq.mt./ kg) 379 275 min
3 Loss of Ignition (%) 0.6 3 max
4 SiO2 36.8 -
5 Al2O3 17.12 -
6 CaO 34.4 -
7 Fe2O3 0.92 -
8 Glass content 92.5 85 min
9 Speciﬁc gravity 2.91 -

III. PROCEDURE
This research paper includes experiments carried out on several high strength concretegrades,inwhicha partial replacement
of cement was made with GGBS and silica fume to determine the most optimal mixdesign.All themixdesignsusedinthisstudy
were in compliance with Indian Standards. The different mixes included M65 (with a targetstrengthof73N/mm2), M70(with
a target strength of 79N/mm2), and M75 (with a target strength of 783N/mm2) grades of concrete, with silica fume andGGBS
being replaced by varying percentages ranging from 5 to 10% and 25 to 50%, respectively.
The main objectives of this study are :-
• The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of partially replacing cement with pozzolanic materials like silica fume and
GGBS in concrete.
• The study aims to determine the compressive and flexural strength of the triple-blended concrete with the combined effects
of silica fume and GGBS.
• The main objective is to identify the optimal replacement of cement with the pozzolanic materials.
The compressive strength tests were performed following the guidelines outlined in IS 1489-199, and the flexural strength
tests were conducted in accordance with IS:516-1959.
The mix groups for 70 Grades were created as follows:
Group A
D1 (with Cement: 70%, Silica fume: 5%, GGBS: 25%)
Group B consisted of the following mixtures:
D7 (with 67% cement, 8% silica fume, and 25% GGBS)
C. Group C
D13 (Cement: 65%, Silica fume: 10%, GGBS: 25%)
Mix groups were prepared for the 65 Grades as follows:
"D. Group D
J1 (Cement: 70%, Silica fume: 5%, GGBS: 25%)
J2 (Cement: 65%, Silica fume: 5%, GGBS: 30%),

For the 75 grades, the following mixture groups were created -"
E. Group E
K1 (Cement: 70%, Silica fume: 5%, GGBS: 25%)
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Comparison of compressive strength in concrete specimens for 7, 14 & 28 days in N/mm2
SR
NO. MIX GROUP
AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH RESULT FOR 7
DAYS
AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE
DAYS
AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE
DAYS
1
M65
J2 43.17 78.43 79.07
2 J5 42.79 77.16 79.03
3 J7 43.14 77.77 78.23
4
M70
D2 48.01 71.83 82.30
5 D8 50.66 72.67 85.04
6 D13 58.33 74.59 82.06
7
M75
K2 51.35 NA 89.58
8 K5 52.29 NA 89.32
9 K7 51.48 NA 87.48

It was observed that the compressive strength decreases when the GGBS quantity exceeds 35%. Among the mixes for M70
grade, D8 (Cement: 62%, Silica fume: 8%, GGBS: 30%), for M65 grade, J5 (Cement: 57%, Silica fume: 8%, GGBS: 35%), and for
M75 grade, K5 (Cement: 62%, Silica fume: 8%, GGBS: 30%) were found to be the optimal mixes. No significant change was
observed in flexural strength for any of the trial mixes, except for a slight increase with 10% Silica fume.
V. CONCLUSIONS
 The study concludes that increasing the amount of GGBS in the mix leads to a decrease in compressive strength.
 After 56 days, there is a slight increase in strength of about 4-10%.
 The workability of the concrete is low due to the low water-to-cement ratio, resulting in an average slump valueof30
to 35cm.
 Silica fume is a reactive pozzolanic material in concrete due to its high content of amorphous silicon dioxide. It reacts
with the calcium hydroxide released by the Portland cement to form additional binder material called calcium silica
hydrate, which improves the hardened properties of the concrete.
 Silica fume particles are about 80 times smaller than cement particles, so they fill the voids between coarseaggregate
particles and cement grains, providing a micro-filler effect that significantly increases the strength of the concrete.
 The use of GGBS as a substitute material for concrete can reduce CO2 emissions during production and act as an eco-
friendly material, reducing the greenhouse effect.
 The experimental results show that 8% silica fume and 30-35% GGBS provide optimal results in most cases.
 The flexure strength of the concrete does not differ significantly, but a slight increase in flexure strength can be
observed with the presence of 10% silica fume.
 In summary, increasing the amount of GGBS results in a decrease in compressive strength but an increase in
workability. The initial increase in compressive strength is due to the micro-filler effect caused by thesmall grainsize
of silica fume compared to cement particles.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who helped and guided me throughout the
completion of this project within the given timeframe. I am deeply thankful to my Internal ProjectGuide, AakashRajeshkumar
Suthar, Assistant Professor, LJ Institute of Engineering and Technology (LJIET). Ahmadabad, for his assistance, invaluable
support, motivation and guidance throughout the project duration. His guidance and advice were always available, and his
dedication and assistance proved helpful even with practical aspects of the project.

REFERENCES
The following sources have been cited in this study:
Basic
1. Villasmil, Fischer, and Worlitschek (2019) provide an evaluation of thermal insulation materials and methods for
thermal energy storage systems.
2. Khoukhi (2018) investigates the combined effect of heat and moisture transfer on the thermal conductivity of
polystyrene insulation material and its impact on building energy performance.
3. Ciecierska et al. (2016) examine the flammability, mechanical properties, and structure of rigid polyurethane foams
with different types of carbon reinforcing materials.
4. Wang, Jiang, and Sun (2017) explore the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of expanded polystyrene foams
containing ammonium polyphosphate and nano-zirconia.
5. Jiang et al. (2014) investigate the correlation between flammability and the width of organic thermal insulation
materials for building exterior walls.
6. Zhou et al. (2017) examine the effectiveness of vertical barriers in preventing lateral flame spread over exposed EPS
insulation walls.
7. Li, Zeng, and Xu (2017) study the effect of pore shape on the thermal conductivity of partiallysaturatedcement-based
porous composites.
8. Parmar and Patel (2013) investigate the properties of high-performance concrete using Alccofine and fly ash.
IS CODES
IS 456-2000: Indian standard specifications for plain and reinforced concrete.
IS 516-1959: Indian standard methods of tests for strength of concrete.
BOOK
Shetty (2006) provides a comprehensive book on concrete technology.
BIOGRAPHIES
MR. Vishvjeetsinh Dilipsinh Rana
Student, Structural engineering department, L.J.I.E.T. Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
Mr. Aakash Rajeshkumar Suthar is currently working as an Assistant Professor at LJ Institutes of
Engineering and Technology. . He graduated with a Bachelor of Civil Engineering from LJ Institute of
Engineering and Technology. He has also completed Masters of Technology in Forensic Structural
Engineering from Gujarat Forensic Sciences University.

STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE USING G.G.B.S AND SILICA FUME AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT.

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STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE USING G.G.B.S AND SILICA FUME AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT.