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“INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE OF RED MUD (BAUXITE RESIDUE) BASED CONCRETE”
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“INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE OF RED MUD (BAUXITE RESIDUE) BASED CONCRETE”
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 685 “INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE OF RED MUD (BAUXITE RESIDUE) BASED CONCRETE” Kedar D. Kulkarni1, Mrunmyee N. Deshpande2, Shailesh S. Angalekar3 1M.E. Structures student, Department Civil Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, India 2Assistant Professor, Department Civil Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, India 3 Professor, Department Civil Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Cement is a binder and an essential component when making concrete. However, the production of it pollutes the environment by releasing a lot of CO2intotheatmosphere. This can be avoided by using less cement and partially substituting waste materials. Industrial waste includes red mud (bauxite residue). This waste is produced during the Bayer process, whichseparatesaluminiumfrombauxite. When making concrete by weigh batching, experimental studies are done to determine the strength and durability of concrete in which cement is replaced with red mud (bauxite residue) in percentages of 5, 7.5, and 10. For the M30 grade, the current experimental study determines concrete's fresh and hardened qualities. When 7.5% by weight of red mud(bauxiteresidue)is used to produce concrete instead of cement, the maximum compressive strength is attained. Additionally, 7.5% replacement produced the greatestresultsfortheflexuraltest. Thus, durability tests such as the rapid chloride penetration test, and influence of high temperature on concrete's compressive strengthwerecarriedoutonthesamepercentage of specimens. The findings of the mechanical test show that replacing the red mud in concrete has an impact on its strength. Key Words: cement, concrete, compressive strength, durability properties, flexural strength, mechanicalproperties, red mud, RCPT 1.INTRODUCTION The most adaptable man-made building material in the world, concrete is widely used in all kinds of construction projects. The properties of the materials, the amounts of the mix, the manner of compaction, and other controls during placement, compaction, and curing determine the strength, durability, and other attributes of concrete. Red mud (bauxite residue) is the by-product of Bayer's process from the aluminium sector that is produced as waste. It should be distributed properly because it is a very caustic chemical material that can contaminate groundwaterandposehealth risks. For these sectors, disposing of such materials is a significant issue. Red mud (bauxite residue) is a solid waste that is produced worldwide in aluminium facilities. In 2020, there were more than 133 million tonnes of alumina produced annually, producing more than 175milliontonnes of red mud (bauxite residue). In the present experimental work, the red mud (bauxite residue) is used in concrete as a partial replacement of cement. For that purpose, weigh batching is done and red mud (bauxite residue) is replaced in concrete in variations of 5%,7.5% and 10% replacement of cement. The Mechanical testing’s and durability testing’s were performed to assess the performance of red mud (bauxite residue) placed concrete. 1.1 Objectives The aim of this research is to investigate the performance of red mud (bauxite residue) concrete on strength and durability of concrete by conducting series of tests by replacing cement in various percentages by red mud (bauxite residue). Some other objectives are The objective involves using industrial by-products as building materials to improve waste management. Comparison of various properties of conventional concrete with Red mud (bauxite residue) replaced concrete. Performing various mechanical and durability tests on red mud (bauxite residue) concrete. Defining the optimum percentage replacement of cement with Red mud by the weight of cement. 2. METHODOLOGY In the present study, propertiesofconcretesuchasfreshand hardened properties were determined for M30 grade. Also, M30 grade of concrete with Red mud with various percentage were also determined. Mechanical properties are limited to compressive, tensile and flexural strength tests. Various tests were conducted and the test results are compared. Rapid chloride penetration test wasconducted to test the durability properties of the specimens under study.M30 grade concrete is prepared under the guidelines of IS 10262–2019.Specimen cast with only OPC is taken as control mix. Concrete mixtures were thenmade byreplacing cement with 5%, 7.5% and 10% of Red mud by the weight of cement.
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 686 2.1 Materials Grade 53 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in accordance with IS 12269–2013 is used for the preparation of test samples. Physical properties of cement are determined by conducting tests. The sand is used as fine aggregate confining to zone-II (as per IS 383–1970) as that of river sand and the size of naturally crushed coarse aggregate adopted is 20mm and 12mm partially. Coarse and fine aggregates are tested using IS 383–1970 code guidelines. The specific gravity of the fine sand is found to be as 2.65 kg/m3. The specific gravity of coarse aggregateisfoundto be 2.67 kg/m3. In this study, red mud (bauxite residue), a by-product of the aluminium manufacturing industry, is used to partially replace cement by weight. Red mud (bauxiteresidue),which is a by-product of alumina refinery plants, is a slurry that contains more than 55% solid material. Red mud produced using Bayer's method is a robust waste material that shares many chemical characteristicswithregularPortlandcement. Iron oxides and aluminium were the red mud's main chemical components. Fig -1: Red mud (bauxite residue) sample Table -1: Chemical composition of red mud Sr. No. Parameters Unit Result (%) Permissible limit (%) 1 Fe2O3 - 35.04 30-60 2 AL2O3 % 20.20 10-20 3 SiO2 % 13.50 3-50 4 Na2O % 9.40 2-10 5 CaO % 5.30 2-8 6 TiO2 % 4.00 Trace-25 2.2 Mix Calculations M30 grade concrete is prepared under the guidelines of IS 10262–2019.Specimen cast with only OPCistakenascontrol mix. Unit Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Water Quantity 477 kg/m3 620 kg/m3 1133 kg/m3 197 lit Ratio 1 1.4 2.5 0.45 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The obtained results are discussed under following categories. 3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST Compressive strength test is mechanical test measuring the maximum amount of compressive load a material can bear before fracturing. Concretecubespecimens werecuredfor7, 14 and 28 days. The cubes were tested as per Indian Standards (IS 516–1959). Theaveragecompressivestrength of concrete partially replacedwithvariouspercentageof Red mud (bauxite residue) is then compared with the conventional concrete values. Cubes were tested for normal concrete and concrete with 5%,7.5% and 10% cement replacement by red mud each for 7, 14 and 28 days curing. Fig -2: Compressive strength testing
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 687 Chart -1: Compressive strength 3.2 SPLIT TENSLIE STRENGTH TEST Tensile strength test is done in order to find out the amount of stretching stress that a material can withstand before yielding. In this test, a standard cylindrical specimen is laid horizontally, and the force is applied on the cylinder radially on the surface which causes the formation of a vertical crack in the specimen along its diameter. The specimens were cured for 28 days are considered for testing and the test cylinders are prepared as per the Indian Standards (IS 516– 1959). The concrete specimen having 150mm diameter and 300mm length were casted. Fig -3: Split tensile strength testing Chart -2: Split tensile strength 3.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST Flexural testing measures the force required tobenda beam of plastic material and determines the resistance to flexing or stiffness of a material. Flexural strengthtestswerecarried out on 28 days cured beams as per the Indian Standard guidelines (IS 516–1959). Beam specimen of 15x15x70 cm was casted. Four beams were casted for normal concrete,5%,7.5% and 10%redmudreplacementbycement in concrete. The beams were kept inpotable waterforcuring period of 28 days. Three-point flexural test was adopted. Fig -4: Flexural strength testing 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 OPC OPC+5% RM OPC+7.5% RM OPC+10% RM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/mm 2 MIXPROPORTION 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 OPC OPC+5% RM OPC+7.5% RM OPC+10% RM SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH N/mm2 MIX PROPORTION 28 DAYS
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 688 Chart -3: Flexural tensile strength 3.4 EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Concrete is also used in structures exposed to high temperatures. It may cause microcracks and may also result in porosity. That’s why it should be tested against high temperature. The concrete cube prepared by 7.5% replacement of red mud (bauxite residue) in concrete was tested against high temperature. After curing of 28 days, the cube was kept in oven for 24 hours (+2 hours or -2 hours) at a temperature of 1050C. After removal of cubes, it was tested for compressive strength. The weight of cube before keeping in oven was found 8.35 kg and after 24 hours of oven drying it was found 8.10kg. The compressive test wasperformedon the cube and found out to be 16.9 N/mm2. Fig -5: Oven drying of concrete cube 3.5 RAPID CHLORIDE PENETRATION TEST Rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) is widely used test method to rapidly assess the durability of concrete, specifically its resistance against chloride ion penetrability. ASTM C 1202-19 Standard test Method For Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration is followed for the experiment. The concrete cubes prepared by replacing cement by red mud (bauxite residue) by 7.5% were tested for RCPT. Three cubes were used to get more precise results. RCPT is measured in Coulomb. Current is measured in ampere. A coulomb is an ampere – second which means one ampere passed through theconcretespecimeninonesecond is one coulomb, and the charge passed in 60 seconds would be 60 coulombs. Higher the coulomb, the higher the permeability and vice versa. The average of the three readings has taken. The average charge passed is 4275.73 coulombs. This is above 4000.As per ASTM C 1202-19, this indicates higher Chloride Ion penetration. The table below gives the results of RCPT. Table -2: Observations and calculations of RCPT Cube No. Charge Passed Corrected Charge Passed Average Charge Passed Chloride Ion Penetrabil ity 1 5315.8 4995.3 4275.73 High 2 4963.6 4664.4 3 3370.7 3167.5 Fig -6: RCPT Apparatus 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 OPC OPC+5% RM OPC+7.5% RM OPC+10% RM FLEXURAL STRENGTH N/mm 2 MIX PROPORTION 28 DAYS
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 689 4. CONCLUSIONS The conclusions obtained from these results can be summarized as follows: The maximumcompressivestrength wasobtainedwhen cement is replaced by red mud (bauxite residue) by 7.5% was found 27.59 N/mm2. The maximum flexural strength was obtained when cement is replaced by red mud by 7.5% is found 6.12 N/mm2. The tensile strength was obtained when cement was replaced by red mud by 7.5% was found 1.42 N/mm2. The optimum percentagefor cementreplacementbyred mud was found to be 7.5% but that amount of red mud replacement also does not satisfy the required strength of normal M30 grade concrete. It was found that with replacement of cement by red mud (bauxite residue) by 7.5% in the concrete gives nearest results to normal M30 grade concrete. The compressive strength gets reduced only by 6.9% and flexural strength reduced only by 5%. The environmental effectandsourceoftheredmudmay affect the concrete strength. Red mud can be utilized as a long-term substitute for cement in the building industry with proper quality control. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to Asst. Prof. M. N. Deshpande and Associate professor Dr. S. S. Angalekar for their continuous support and guidance with constant encouragement during the course of this work. We are thankful to the Department of Civil Engineering, SCOE , for providing the laboratory facilities to conduct these experiments REFERENCES [1] K. Viyasun, R. Anuradha, K. Thangapandi, D. Santhosh Kumar, A. Sivakrishna, R. Gobinath- Investigation on performance of red mud-based concrete (2022) [2] Chava Venkatesh, Ruben Nerella, Madduru Sri,Rama Chand- Experimental investigation of strength, durability, and microstructure of red mud concrete (2019) [3] Xiangzhou Liang, Yongsheng J- Mechanical properties and permeability of red mud blast furnace slag based geopolymer concrete (2020) [4] Chava Venkatesh, Ruben Nerella, Madduru Sri, Rama Chand- Role of red mud as a cementing material in concrete: a comprehensive study on durabilitybehavior (2020) [5] Dongshuai Hou, Di Wu, Xinpeng Wang, SongGao,RuiYu, Mengmeng Li, Pan Wang, Yanshuai Wang- Sustainable use of red mud in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC): Design and performance evaluation (2020) [6] I.M. Nikbin, M. Aliaghazadeh, S.H. Charkhtab, A. Fathollahpour – Environmental impactsandmechanical properties of lightweight concrete containing bauxite residue (red mud) (2017) [7] U. Raghu Babu, B. Kondraivendhan -Influenceof bauxite residue (red mud) on corrosion of rebar in concrete (2020) [8] B. Ritish Reddy, Md. Zakir Hussain, S. Keerthi and B. Narendra Kumar- Influence of Red MudonPerformance characteristics of High Strength Self Compacting Concrete (2022) [9] Chava Venkatesh, Nerella Ruben and MadduruSriRama Chand- Red mud as an additive in concrete: comprehensive characterization (2020)
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