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Multi Objective Optimization of Plastic Welding Parameters in USPW of PMMA CM-205 using Grey Relational Analysis
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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1324 MULTI OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF PLASTIC WELDING PARAMETERS IN USPW OF PMMA CM-205 USING GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS Sathananthan R1, Madhu Mohan2, Dr. Suresh K S3 1PG Scholar, Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad-8 2,3Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering N S S College of Engineering, Palakkad-8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Ultrasonic Plastic Welding (USPW) has received significant attention in the past few years and has become more durable & suitable for a wide range of uses. The major aspect of this study is to have a good understanding of the joint design will ensure the good quality of weld. Since, the joint configurations find its most importance in USPW to ensure that plastic assemblies are adequately joined. Because, the joint configurations is considered to be one of the major influencing parameterthatresponsiblefortransferringenergy to the welding zone & the main objectives of this study investigate and evaluate the effect of different USPW parameters (Joint configurations, Hold time, Weld time & Pressure) on welding tensile strength & percent elongation of PMMA. Poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA is also known as acrylic glass, it is a transparent thermoplastic and is used as an shatter- resistant alternative to glass. It is having a very wide range of applications in automobile industry like, assembling vehicle lightunits and dashboard instrumentsetc.., In this paper various parametersinvolvedinUSPWofPMMA is investigated for obtaining optimal weldingconditionatwhich the maximum weld joint strength can achieve to improve weld-ability of plastic material & production rate. Minitab 17 is used for L27 full factorial DOE & Taguchi method is used for analysis. Grey RelationalAnalysis(GRA)methodwasemployed to determine the optimal set of parameters forthebestquality of weld. Key words: USPW, PMMA, Minitab 17, Taguchi design, GRA 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Importance of Plastics in Engineering: Within the basic engineering materials widely utilized and accepted now a days, plastics have attainedfirm place. As with any particularmaterial ormaterials,plasticsin general are no issues for design problems. However, necessary degree of action is to be taken in their application otherwise disappointing results may lead to wrong impressions regarding their more possible advantages.Asis characteristic with other types of production, where machining, fitting, assembling and finishing operations can be minimized/ eliminated, plastics molding may prove highly in economical. The critical design consideration thus highly that of suitability of the material for the uses. The suitability factor cannot be over-emphasized. Properly applied plastic materials provide a host of unusual properties which suit them for a wide range of applications. Generally, Plastics are strong, light, highly di-electric in nature, workable, corrosion and chemical resistant and durable. Satisfactory applications range over a wide variety of machine parts from hard wheels, gears and levers to housing, frames, and insulators. It would be difficult tothink our modem world without plastics. Now a day’s they are an integral part of everyone’s lifestylewithapplicationsvarying from commonplace domestic articles to modern scientific and medical instruments. Today designers and engineers readily turn to plastics because they provide combinations of properties which are not available in any other materials. Plastics provides advantages such as lightness, resilience, resistance to corrosion, colour, fastness, transparency, ease of processing, etc., and although they have their own limitations like burns out or distortedathighertemperature, their developments is limited only by the ingenuity of the designers.[1] 1.2 What is ultrasonic? Ultrasonic is acoustic (sound) energy in the form of waves having a frequency above the human hearing range. The highest frequency that the human ear can detect is approximately 20 thousand cycles per second (20,000 Hz).This is where the sonic range ends, and where the ultrasonic range begins. Ultrasound is used in electronic, navigational, industrial, and security applications. It is also used in medicine to view internal organs of the body. Ultrasonic is a branch of acoustics dealing with the generation and use of (generally) in audible acoustic waves. There are two broad areas of use, sometimes called as the
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1325 low-and high-intensity applications. In low-intensity applications, the intent is to convey information about or through a system, while in high-intensity applications; the intent is to permanently alter a system. To some extent, the low- and high-intensity fields are also delineated by a frequency range and power level. Thus, low-intensity applications typically involve frequencies on the order of 106Hz or higher and power levels on the order of mille watts. High-intensity applications will typically involve frequencies of 5 to 100 kHz and powers of hundreds to thousands of watts. In actual fact, the total frequency range of all ultrasonic applications is enormous, rangingfrom5-10 kHz to as high as 10 GHz. There are also applications,such as sonar, which are exceptions to the previous categorizations, since intense power levels are involved in conveying information via underwater sound.[2] 1.3 Concept of Ultrasonic plastic Welding: Ultrasonic plastic welding is the joining of plastic through the use of heat generated from high-frequency mechanical motion. It is accomplished by converting high- frequency electrical energy into high-frequency mechanical motion. That mechanical motion, along with applied force, creates frictional heat at the plastic components mating surfaces (joint area) so the plastic material will melt and form a molecular bond between the parts. No solvents, adhesives, mechanical fasteners, or other consumables are required, and finished assemblies are strong and clean. Ultrasonic plastic Welding is the fastest and most cost effective method used today to join and assemble plastic parts. Ultrasonic plastic welding is cost effective and a green technology. Ultrasonic welding eliminates the need to use fasteners, glues and/or solvents. Ultrasonic plastic Welding can be used to join all rigid thermoplastics. Ultrasonic welding uses an acoustic tool called an ultrasonic horn made to match your parts design. Ultrasonic Welding is converted to heat through friction that melts the plastic. The main components of an ultrasonic weldingsystemaretheactuator and power supply, converter/booster and ultrasonic horn, part holding weld fixture/jig.[3] 1.4 Ultrasonic Plastic Welding Principle: Connecting hard plastics by ultrasonic is done through friction on the contact surfaces. The principle is to touch the surface of the work pieces vertically with a tool that oscillates with a high frequency (e.g.20 KHz). This tool, oscillating with the frequency produced by the machine (called sonotrode) touchestheplastic work piece&transfers energy. Figure -1: Principle of USPW [6] The work piece as the element of energy transformation getsthemost possibleenergyforthewelding process if the losses between the two contact surfaces of sonotrode and plastic are the smallest possible. The work piece begins to oscillate in the standing transverse wave train, and the maximum begins to form itself on the contact surfaces of the two pieces of plastic to be connected. This phenomena is similar to the one discovered by MELDE, called the effect of the oscillating ropes (loop of oscillationat the loose end!). Under the effect of the ultrasonic, transmitted through the sonotrode, the energized part begins oscillating on its surface in a locally limited way, while the other part – the one to be connected – does not move. Under the influence of a set pressure, superimposed by ultrasonic, a secondary friction of a highfrequency begins to heat up the contact surfaces of the parts to be connected. The plastic melts immediately and after cooling off a sturdy & homogeneous weld is obtained. 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 2.1 Experimental Setup All the welding was carried out using a conventional ultrasonic plastic machine (1500W, 20 kHz) manufactured by M/s National Indosonic.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1326 Figure -2: USPW Machine Horn made of Al-Ti alloy was used for this study. The horn (Bezier) used for welding had diameters of 28 and 30mm for near field welding, the material investigated is PMMA (amorphous). Table -1: Properties of PMMA Material PMMA cm-205 Colour Transparent Density (ρ) 1190 Melting point ( (104-118) Decomposition temperature ( >288 Flexural modulus (GPa) 2.8 Maximum tensile strength (Mpa) 70 Maximum tensile elongation (%) 12 The standard sample shown in Figure 3 (developed by Nedulandse Philips) [5] was used for analysis and experimental work. Figure -3: Model used for analysis and experimental work A standardized sample (which was developed by Nedulandse Philips) was used in all the experiments in near field welding. The specimen with different energy directors were made by injection molding. A ZWICK 1484 tensile tester was used to measure the strengths of the welded joints. TestproceduresaccordingtoASTMstandardD638-97 (Standard Test Method for Tensile properties of plastics) were used. The deformation rate used in the testing was 20 mm/min. Figure 4 Tensile testing of PMMA welded specimen
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1327 2.2 USPW Parameters Table -2: Properties of PMMA Parameter Levels 1 2 3 Joint Configuration T C S Hold Time (sec) 2 2.5 3 Weld Time (sec) 2 2.25 2.5 Pressure (bar) 2 2.5 3 An experiment must be designed so that the information about the parameters affecting the process and inference about the system can be drawn with minimum of efforts & time being consumed.DesignofExperiments(DOE) is a methodology which helps us exactly do this. Hence, the experimental work is planned using the DOEprocedure.The design of experiments is indicated in Table 3. The first & foremost consideration is to selecttheparameterswhichare to be controlled i.e. independent variables or confounding variables & the parameters that are to be measured as the response parameters representingthequalityoftheprocess. The key parameters for ultrasonic plastic welding are joint configurations, hold time, weld time & pressure. Tensile strength and Percentage of elongation at breaking load are taken as the response variables. The frequency of generator is not taken as parameter for the experiment. as the machine is having fixed generator frequency (i.e. 20 kHz). Also the Bezier horn [4] as shown in figure 5. Is tuned at only one frequency. Figure -5: Bezier shaped Horn 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Experiments were conducted as per L27 full factorial DOE. The results obtained after USPW is represented in Table 4. Table -3: Design of Experiments Exp. No. Joint Configuration Hold Time (sec) Weld Time (sec) Pressure (bar) 1 T 2 2 2 2 T 2 2.25 2.5 3 T 2 2.5 3 4 T 2.5 2 2.5 5 T 2.5 2.25 3 6 T 2.5 2.5 2 7 T 3 2 3 8 T 3 2.25 2 9 T 3 2.5 2.5 10 C 2 2 2 11 C 2 2.25 2.5 12 C 2 2.5 3 13 C 2.5 2 2.5 14 C 2.5 2.25 3 15 C 2.5 2.5 2 16 C 3 2 3 17 C 3 2.25 2 18 C 3 2.5 2.5 19 S 2 2 2 20 S 2 2.25 2.5 21 S 2 2.5 3 22 S 2.5 2 2.5 23 S 2.5 2.25 3 24 S 2.5 2.5 2 25 S 3 2 3 26 S 3 2.25 2 27 S 3 2.5 2.5 Grey relational method is applied in the USPW response data. Out of two output responses,moreweightage (0.9) was given to the Tensile strength and less weightage (0.1) was applied to the percentage of elongation. Signal to
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1328 noise ratios of the output responseswerefoundusinghigher the better criterion for both the Tensile strength and Percentage of elongation. The values of S/N ratios are shown in Table 5. Now, the grey relational coefficients and grey relational grades are calculated as shown in the Table6 and Table 7 respectively. Higher the GRG, higher is the performance. Table 8 presents response table for mean of GRG. From this table, it is clear that that the most influencing factor is Joint configurations. Then it is Hold time, weldtimeandfinallythe pressure. Also, from this table, we obtain the optimum set of parameters. The optimum parameters was predicted to be Triangular shaped joint configurations, Hold time = 3sec, Weld time = 2.5sec and Pressure = 2.5bar. Figure 9 depicts the same things discussed in the response table. Optimum sets of parameters are those levels in whichthemeanofGRG is maximum. (a) (b) Figure -6: PMMA test specimens (a) After USPW & (b) After tensile testing Figure -7: Stress vs Strain curve of PMMA Table -4: Experimental results Exp. No. Tensile Strength ( Percent Elongation (%) 1 2.705 2.93 2 3.050 3.04 3 3.566 2.86 4 3.382 2.84 5 4.400 2.81 6 4.681 2.16 7 3.438 3.18 8 4.403 2.89 9 4.920 2.63 10 1.265 2.56 11 1.377 2 12 1.491 2.26 13 1.866 2.19 14 1.928 2.16 15 2.116 2.26 16 1.449 2.46 17 1.591 2.56 18 1.554 2.15 19 1.522 2.12 20 1.716 2.29 21 2.078 2.48 22 2.233 2.37 23 2.593 2.30 24 2.674 2.26 25 2.819 2.93 26 2.933 1.86 27 3.720 2.76
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1329 Table -5: Values of S/N ratios 0 S/N (T.S) S/N (% E) 1 8.6433 9.3374 2 9.6860 9.6575 3 11.0436 9.1273 4 10.5835 9.0664 5 12.8691 8.9741 6 13.4068 6.6891 7 10.7261 10.0485 8 12.8750 9.2180 9 13.8393 8.3991 10 2.0418 8.1648 11 2.7787 6.0206 12 3.4696 7.0822 13 5.4182 6.8089 14 5.7021 6.6891 15 6.5103 7.0822 16 3.2214 7.8187 17 4.0334 8.1648 18 3.8290 6.6488 19 3.6483 6.5267 20 4.6903 7.1967 21 6.3529 7.8890 22 6.9778 7.4950 23 8.2761 7.2346 24 8.5432 7.0822 25 9.0019 9.3374 26 9.3462 5.3903 27 11.4109 8.8182 Table -6: Grey Relational Coefficients Exp No. Grey Relational Coefficient Tensile Strength GRC Elongation GRC 1 0.4520 0.7252 2 0.4942 0.8250 3 0.5744 0.6734 4 0.5430 0.6600 5 0.7784 0.6407 6 0.8843 0.3928 7 0.5521 1.0000 8 0.7794 0.6947 9 1.0000 0.5454 10 0.3333 0.5156 11 0.3402 0.3586 12 0.3476 0.4177 13 0.3743 0.4000 14 0.3791 0.3928 15 0.3945 0.4177 16 0.3449 0.4782 17 0.3544 0.5156 18 0.3518 0.3905 19 0.3497 0.3837 20 0.3632 0.4258 21 0.3913 0.4852 22 0.4048 0.4489 23 0.4398 0.4285 24 0.4486 0.4177 25 0.4651 0.7252 26 0.4790 0.3333 27 0.6036 0.6111 Table -7: Grey Relational Grades Exp No. GRG Rank 1 0.2396 11 2 0.2636 9 3 0.2921 7 4 0.2773 8 5 0.3823 4 6 0.4175 2 7 0.2984 6 8 0.3855 3 9 0.4772 1 10 0.1757 26 11 0.1710 27 12 0.1773 24 13 0.1884 19 14 0.1902 18 15 0.1984 17 16 0.1791 22
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1330 17 0.1852 20 18 0.1778 23 19 0.1765 25 20 0.1847 21 21 0.2003 16 22 0.2046 15 23 0.2193 14 24 0.2227 13 25 0.2455 10 26 0.2322 12 27 0.3021 5 Table 9 presents the results of USPW performance using initial and optimal input variables. The results show that the GRG has improved while USPW using the predicted optimum sets of parameters. Table -8: Response table for mean of GRG Figure -8: Main effects plot for GRG Table -9: Results of USPW performance using initial and optimal input variables Initial parameter setting Optimal USPW parameter Predicted Experimental Setting level A1 B1 C1 D1 A1 B3 C3 D2 A1 B3 C3 D2 Tensile Strength 2.7050 4.9200 % Elongation 2.93 2.63 GRG 0.2396 0.4772 Improvement in GRG =0.2376 3. CONCLUSIONS Experimental studyonUSPWofPMMACM-205hasbeen done using a Bezier horn. The following conclusions were made. 1. From GRA method, the most influential factor affecting the quality of weld wasjointconfiguration. Then hold time, weld time & pressure respectively. A Triangular shaped energy directorshowsthebest quality weld than the other shaped (circular & square) energy directors. 2. The predicted optimumparameterswasTriangular shaped joint configurations, hold time 3 sec, weld time of 2.5 sec & pressure of 2.5 bar. 3. The GRG of optimum parameter yielded an improvement of 0.2376. Therefore, it can be concluded that GRA method coupled with Taguchi design of experimentscanimprovethe weldquality. 4. From this experimental study,theresultsshowthat, the values obtained for one of the responsevariable i.e., percentage of elongation having the values in the range of (2-2.5%). So we can able to conclude that, the values of percent elongation at the break load is very less for PMMA specimen as compared to the other materials, due to its brittle behavior in response to appliedload.Nonetheless,brittlenature can be minimized by adding rubbertougheninginto the specimen to increase the toughness of PMMA, owing to its brittle behavior in response to applied load. Results of present study have been very much useful to choose the optimal welding condition, at which the maximum weld joint-strength can achieve to improve weld- ability of non-metallic materials and production rate. Factor Level Max-Min Rank1 2 3 Joint- configurati ons 0.3371 0.1826 0.2209 0.1544 1 Hold time 0.2090 0.2556 0.2759 0.0669 2 Weld time 0.2206 0.2460 0.2740 0.0533 3 Pressure 0.2482 0.2496 0.2427 0.0069 4
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1331 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the N. S. S. College of Engineering for this study. Thanks are due to the Management and the Principal, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore for providing the necessary infrastructure to setup the laboratory with Department of Production Engineering, PSG College of Technology for the tensile testing of specimens is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES [1] Rajani(2008)A M.TechThesison“someinvestigationsin effect of ultrasonic welding process parameters on lap joint of plastics.” [2] K.C.Srivastava “Hand book of ultrasonic testing” published by International-2001(page no.1). [3] Sunil K. Patel, A thesis on “Experimental investigation and Parametric characteristics of an Ultrasonic Plastic Welding for ABS, Polycarbonate and Acrylic material,” Ganpat University. [4] M.Roopa Rani, R. Rudramoorthy, Computational modeling and experimental studies of the dynamic performance of ultrasonic horn profiles used in plastic welding, 2012 [5] A. Benatar, R.V. Eswaran, S.K. Nayar, Ultrasonic welding of thermoplastics in the near field, Polym. Eng. Sci. 29 (23) (1989) 1689–1698. [6] http://www.bransoneurope.eu/products/ultrasonic- welding/technology BIOGRAPHIES Sathananthan R, was born in Kerala, India in 1991. He received the B.Tech degree in mechanical engineering from Palakkad Institute of Science and Technology (PISAT), Kerala,in 2014.He is currently a M.Tech Scholar of mechanical engineering and specialized in computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), at NSS College of Engineering. His research interest is in modern manufacturing technology.
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