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IRJET- Effectiveness of Different Crack Depth at Various Locations of Steel Frame Structure
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1771 Effectiveness of different Crack Depth at various Locations of Steel Frame Structure Vivek1, Dr Manjunath N Hegde2 1MTECH Scholar, Structural Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 2Professor-Dept.of Civil Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The cracks in the building can cause severe damage to the structures serviceability. The cracks is in the structure are caused due the poor construction, improper structural designwhichleadstothecollapseof the member or in some cases partial or entire collapseof the structure. So the study of the cracks and its behavior is very essential in the design of the structure.Thecracks in the structures at different location and at different depth varies the frequency, time period and displacement. The current study involves the analysis of a steel frame structure using SAP-2000 software tool. The crack depth of 5mm and 10mm are introduced into the structure at various level andtheparameterssuchas frequency, time period and displacement are studied. Then multiple cracks of 5mm and 10mm are introduced. The study shows that cracks at lower storey near to support causes more displacement when compared to cracks at higher storey. Key Words: Crack depth, Natural Frequency, Mode Shape, Harmonic analysis, SAP, Steel frame etc... 1. INTRODUCTION In current days, with the headway in innovations, multistoried structures are being worked at a quick rate. Because of quick development rehearses, there might be flaw in development which may make harm the structure after a specific time frame. Auxiliary harm is characterized as the adjustment in the basic parameters of structures that may influenceitspresentorfutureexhibitions.Damage is defined as the deviation in original material or geometric properties of a structure due to cracks, corrosion, fatigue which causes displacements, vibrations. For the safety of proper purposes, persistent upkeep and fix works for the structures are required. There were two physical based method such as mode shapes and natural frequency as these methods were widely adopted in the detection of damage procedures for the detection of single and multiple cracks and these methods are the vibration- the adjustment in modular curvatures and common frequencies to characterize the damage likelihood based structural health monitoring system which manages capacities. The parameters such as natural frequencies and mode shapes can be obtained from the vibration- based damage detection methods i.e., Experimental studies or through analytical studies. The natural frequencies and modal shapes are called as modal parameters or eigen parameters. Natural frequencies provide the stiffness properties whereas modal parameters due to vibration give the deformed shape of the structure. And these modal parameters don’t give the locationofthedamagedirectlyinanydamaged structures.Thesemodalparametersserveasabasisfor finite element model updating, structural damage detection, structural safety evaluation. Hence suitable algorithms are necessary for the detection of local damage and its quantification in various structures. In general, any damage detection techniques involve a forward problem and an inverse problem. The modal parameters provide solution for the forward problem. The inverse problem consists of determination of damage parameters like crack length or location from the measured structural response. 1.1 Objectives The main objective of the present study is to analyse the simple harmonic response of the steel frame with and without cracks at different locations. 1. To study the simple harmonic response of the healthy steel frame structure. 2. To study the response of the steel frame structure for 5mm crack width at various locations. 3. To study the response of the steel frame structure for 10mm crack width at various locations. 4. To study the response of the steel frame structure for multiple cracks
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1772 1.2 Methodology Simple harmonic analysis is carried out on a healthy steel frame and a frame with cracks at different locations anddepthsandformultiplecracksusingSAP- 2019 software. From modal analysis first three i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained. Table-1: Properties of the steel frame Steel Frame Length of the frame 3m Width of the frame 3m Total height of the frame 9m No. of bays Single bay Steel section 200x10mm Each storey height 3m Modulus of elasticity 210 GPa Crack depth 5mm,10mm 2. Modal Analysis The essential accessory in vibration analysis is modal analysis. To figureouttheEigenfrequenciesand mode shapes of structures and its structuralelementis the main purpose of the modal analysis. Natural frequencies and mode shapes of both cracked and un- cracked frames by using SAP software has been obtained. Forharmonicanalysisfollowingstepsconsideredareas follows: Developing the model (steel frame) and defining material properties and section properties. Meshing and assigningtheboundarycondition. Harmonic aid is utilized to measure outcome for displacement, natural frequency. Set harmonic analysis and analyze the model. Evaluate the outcome in the fashionof pictorial representation. 2.1 Equation of motion - For Damped system.............. (1) - For Un-damped system............. (2) = 0 – Free vibration...................................... (3) Harmonic Analysis If load is harmonic the response is also harmonic ....................................................................... (4) Where, ω – Excitation frequency t – Time period; K – Stiffness matrix; M – Mass matrix; C = αM +βK – Damping matrix Excitation Force Corresponding response is expressed as ......................................................................... (5) ................................................ (6) ................................................... (7) Substituting equations (5), (6), (7) in (1) For ) The progressed strength and weight matrix due to destructions are demonstrated as
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1773 Where, Alternate in strength due to harm Alternate weight due to harm Unique strength matrix of size n x n Unique regular weight matrix of size n x n As a result damping matrix can be acquired as Fig -1: 3D view of Healthy Steel Frame 3. Results and Discussion In the present study steel frame with, without cracks and multiple cracks are developed as shown in fig in the above chapter. Natural frequencies, mode shapes and displacement of cracked and un-cracked frames is gained by performing modal analysis using SAP2000 software. The crack locations are considered for the frame models as 0.5, 1.5, 2.3, 3.5, 4.5, 5.3, 6.5, 7.5, 8.3m from the support for steel. For these crack locations crack depth considered are 5, 10mm.The comparison for displacement v/s frequency of healthy and cracked beams at different locations graphs has been plotted below. Fig -2: The comparison graph of Frequency v/s Displacement of Healthy steel frame and frame with cracks of (5,10mm) depths at location 0.5m 3.1 It has been observed that the maximum time period is for healthy frame structure of 3 modeshapes. As the crack depth increases the time period of the structure decrease. The percentage reduction for 10mm crack at 0.5m is 27.78% compared of healthy frame. Fig- 3: Comparative graph for Variation of Time period of un-cracked and cracked steel frame for 3 mode shapes at identical crack locations of different depths
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1774 4. Conclusions Based on the results obtained the variations of Eigen frequency and Eigen vectors because of presence of crack on steel frame structure, following conclusions are done: Variations in natural frequencies and mode shapes are due to variation in crack specifications such as crack location and crack depth. Crack existing near to the fixed end support of the steel frame have greaterincreaseinnatural frequency and displacement than comparedto crack existing away from the fixed support. With increase in depth of the crack at constant location there is slight increase in displacement, frequency and decrease in time period. With increase in number of cracks the natural frequency, displacement increases and time period decreases. 4.1 Scope of future work: The effect of cracks can be studied by implementing cracks in beam element. The effect of multiple cracks can be studied by implementing cracks in columns and beam elements simultaneously. REFERENCES [1] Bin Xu and Xu Gong [2010], Damage Detection Of Reinforced Concrete Columns Based On Vibration Tests. Earth andSpace 2010: Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environment ASCE [2] Chuanchuan Hou and Yong Lu [2017], Identification of Cracks inBox-Section Beams with a Cracked-Beam Element Model. Journal of Structural Engineering. ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445 [3] M. Ahmed, M. K Dad Khan and M. Wamiq [2008], Effect of concrete cracking on the lateral response of RCC buildings. ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 9, NO. 1 (2008) [4] Mark Aschheim and JoAnn Browning [2008], Influence of Cracking on Equivalent SDOF Estimates of RC Frame Drift. Journal of structural engineering Vol. 134. No. 3, ISSN 0733- 9445/2008/3-511-517. [5] Ricardo Perera and Ronald Torres [2006], Structural Damage Detection via Modal Data with Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Structural Engineering Vol.132, No.9 ISSN 0733- 9445/2006/9-1491-1501. [6] Sophia Hassiotis and Garrett D. Jeong [1995], Identification ofStiffnessReductionsUsingNatural Frequencies. Journal of engineering mechanicsVol 121 No.10 ASCE ISSN 0733-9399/95/0010-1106- 1113. [7] Sandeep Chaudhary Umesh Pendharkar and A. K. Nagpal [2007], Hybrid Procedure for Cracking and Time-Dependent Effects in Composite Frames at Service Load. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 133, No. 2, February 1, 2007. ASCE,ISSN0733- 9445/2007/2166–175 [8] Wang Q. Nonlinear stiffness design optimizationof tall reinforced concrete buildings under service loads, M. Philosophy thesis, Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, [2001]. [9] Elwood KJ, Eberhard MO. Effective stiffness of reinforced concrete columns, PEER report 1-5, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, [2006]. 25 [10] S.K. DUGGAL. Earthquake-resistant design of structures, Second edition
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