IRJET- Digital Revolution using Novel Wireless Statement Design with Cognitive Radio Network Service for Rural Enlargement

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 01 | Jan 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 818
Digital Revolution Using Novel Wireless Statement Design with
Cognitive Radio Network Service for Rural Enlargement
R. Padmapriya 1, G.Nandhini2
1Associate Professor , School of Computer Studies, Rathnavel Subramaniam College of Arts and Science ,
Tamilnadu , India
2Assistant Professor, School of Computer Studies, Rathnavel Subramaniam College of Arts and Science, Tamilnadu,
India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The coverage area and demand of service are
mismatching in rural communication. Due to the wide
coverage area and low demand of service, the service cost of
the rural communication is increased. To provide a viablecost
communication service in the rural area, novel wireless
communication design has been introduced in this research.
This novel wireless communication design has been proposed
with Cognitive Radio (CR) technology. CR is an emerging
technology to provide suitable service model to the rural area
based on efficient use of statically allocated unused spectrum.
To improve the spectrum efficiency, Cognitive Radio
technology is introduced with dynamic spectrum access. The
challenges in rural communication and existing wireless
technologies are reviewed. This novel wirelesscommunication
design proposed to provide a low cost and large areacoverage
service.
Key Words:
1. INTRODUCTION
According to the census reports more than half of the
people in India living in rural areas. These peoples are
spread far and wide in geographical area. To develop the
nation, it is believed that providingcommunicationsservices
are an important step to facilitate development and social
equity. The cost to provide the communication service is
very high due to the coverage more geographical area. Apart
from that, rural communications networks are crucial in
disaster/emergency response scenarios.
However, providing rural communications is often
challenging due to the mismatch between costsanddemand.
Most rural areas have low population density and the
demand for services per individual or household can be
much lower in rural areas if compared to urban areas. To
create a viable business, operators must aim for low-cost
solutions. However, the deployment and maintenance of
rural communications networks can be costly due to large
areas requiring coverage, lack of transportation,anddifficult
terrains. This is particularly trueforwirednetworksbecause
wires or cables must be laid all the way to the destinations.
As a result, wireless technologies usually are preferred for
rural connectivity [4].
In fact, there are various approaches that consider
wireless technologies for rural communications. Recently,
with the proliferation of Wi-Fi, there have been proposals to
extend this short-range/local-area-network technology for
rural coverage. Nevertheless, the challenges of providing
low-cost services to a low-demand market still remain.
Cognitive radio is an emerging technologythatpromises
to overcome one of the most challenging problems of
modern wireless communications, namely, spectrum
scarcity. Access to radio spectrum today is based largely on
fixed allocation, that is, different frequency bands are
allocated to different services. With the proliferation of
wireless applications and servicesinmanycountries,mostof
the available spectrum hasbeenallocated.Ontheotherhand,
careful studies reveal that most of the allocated spectrum
experiences low utilization. By intelligently detecting and
making use of the allocated but under-utilized spectrum,
cognitive radio enables wireless networks to operate
without requiring dedicated spectrum. This,inthecontextof
rural communications, means cognitive radio networks can
be deployed at lower costs.
The most notable example of cognitive radio
technologies for rural communications is the IEEE 802.22
wireless regional area network (WRAN) standard that is
currently being developed, which is based on time division
duplexing (TDD) to opportunistically use of very high
frequency/ultra-high frequency(VHF/UHF)TVbands.Apart
from the fact that IEEE 802.22 technology does not require
dedicated spectrum, which significantly saves deployment
costs, the large network coverage makes this technology
particularly suitable for rural deployment [6]. Due to the
favourable propagation condition in the VHF/UHF bands, an
802.22 WRAN signal can reach a much longer distance,
compared to Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX signals transmitted on
frequencies above 2 GHz. In fact, 802.22 WRAN is designed
to provide wireless broadband access to rural and suburban
areas, with an average coverage radius of 33 km that can
increase to 100 km.
To realize the advantages of IEEE 802.22 technology,
there are many technical challenges that must be overcome.
For example, to avoid causing interference to incumbent
users, namely, TV receivers, WRAN systems must be able to
perform spectrum sensing and detect these incumbents at
very low signal strength. Another challenge is how multiple

WRANs can coexist and interact with networks of other
types. Whereas these challenges are general in any 802.22
deployment, for rural scenarios the success of IEEE 802.22
technology and the like depends on two important factors,
namely:
 Whether service providers can offer attractive low cost
service for the rural market
 How to ensure the efficiency of operation in large
coverage scenarios
In terms of service content, it should be noted that
customers in rural communities are more familiar with and
have higher demand for traditional applications such as
telephony and TV broadcasting,thanfortheInternet,data,or
other multimedia applications. To account for this, we
propose a service model that combines TV broadcasting and
data services to facilitate the growth of rural demand for
connectivity.
To reduce costs and increase customer population,rural
wireless networks must be deployed inlargecoverageareas.
In such cases, if TDD is used as in 802.22 WRAN, the system
efficiency will be seriously affected by the TDD turn-around
time which the time a system must stay idle for nearby and
faraway subscribers to synchronize their uplink
transmission. To address this problem, we propose an
adaptive TDD technology that effectively eliminates the
requirement for long TDD turn-around time and thus
increases the efficiency of large coverage rural networks[7].
2. RESEARCH CHALLENGES
In this section, we highlight the challenges faced by
service providers in the rural information and
communications technology (ICT) market. This is followed
by a discussion of existing technologies that were proposed
or deployed for rural communications. Compared to the
urban ICT market, the rural market exhibits a significant
mismatch between costs and demand.Inparticular,therural
ICT market can be characterized as follows.
 High deployment/maintenance cost: Deploying and
maintaining a communications network in rural areas
often incurs higher costs, compared to doing so inurban
areas. This is due to large coverage areas, difficult
terrains, lack of transportation, and often a shortage of
local trained staff.
 Low customer density and demand: Most rural areas are
sparsely populated. Moreover, customers in the rural
market often have lower incomes than those in urban
areas and therefore, have less to spend on ICT services.
The low service demand also is due to low customer
awareness and expertise. This is particularly true in
developing countries.
 Slow service adoption rate: It has been observed that it
takes longer for consumers in rural areas to adopt new
services compared to those in urban areas.
Figure 1. Spectrum Allocation Chart by Govt. of India (As per NFAP 2002)

With the previously mentioned characteristics of the
rural ICT market, service providerstendtofacethe following
chicken and egg problem. To reduce the service costs,
network providers require a large or fast-growing customer
base; however, in rural markets, the customer demand can
only be increased if services are offered at sufficiently low
rates. To overcome this problem, rural network providers
should aim for solutions that incur low costs and offer large
coverage.
3. EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES
Cellular/Wireless Local Loop/Satellite: Fixed cellular and
wireless local loop (WLL) technologies have been proposed
for rural communications. Their advantage is the relatively
short deployment time. Moreover, with the proliferation of
cellular technologies, the cost of portable devices has
decreased significantly.Nevertheless,thesetechnologiesstill
require a large user base to offset their costs. Small satellite
earth stations are widely used in developing regions,usually
for distribution of TV signals and interactive voice/data.
Examples include the bank networks in remote parts of
Brazil and the India National InformationCenterNetwork for
government data services. However, the hardwarecostsand
service charges of satellite communications are relatively
high for the rural market.
Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX: With the success of Wi-Fi technology for
short-distance, local area network applications, there has
been significant interest in using this technology for rural
connectivity. An example is the Digital GangeticPlainproject,
developed jointly by IIT Kanpur, India and Media Lab Asia,
where IEEE 802.11 technologies are used to provide long-
haul access links. This is achieved by using highlydirectional
antennas mounted on tall structures and tuning 802.11
protocols to obtain a much longer coverage (more than 30
km). Compared to cellular and satellite technologies, the
advantages of Wi-Fi include ease of set-up and maintenance,
relatively high bandwidth, and low costs for both users and
providers. AnothercandidatetechnologyisWi-MAX, whichis
based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. Wi-MAX is described as
an enabling technology that provides last mile wireless
broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL.
Currently, Wi-MAX trials are being performed in several
countries.
DakNet Asynchronous Service Network: DakNet is a network
architecture based on store-and-forward. Instead of real-
time services, DakNet provides remote communities with
useful asynchronous Internet access. The rationales are:
 Real-time communications are generally too expensive
as a widespread investment for the nascent rural ICT
market.
Figure 2. Rural Communication Environment

 Asynchronous ICT services appear to be sufficient to
meet most of the needs of rural communities.
 Local information caches can be used to provide local
users with immediate access to commonly requested
information without the need for real-time Internet
access.
The three major entities in DakNet are the hub, the
mobile access point (MAP), and Info Kiosk. A physical
transport vehicle, for example, a car or motorbike, carries a
MAP through a rural area where the DakNet service is
provided. When a MAP reaches within the communication
range of an Internet hub or an Info Kiosk, it uploads or
downloads e-mail, voice mail, and other offline data content.
However, due to its asynchronous nature, DakNet is not
suitable for disaster/emergency relief situations [5].
4. COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGY
The radio frequency spectrum, asa natural resource,isa
crucial medium bridging transmitters and receivers in
wireless communications. The frequency spectrum is
regulated and licensed by the government or some other
government-aided organizations such as Federal
Communication Commission (FCC) in United States. Under
the regulation of the governments or such organizations,
frequency bands are staticallyassignedtodifferentmeans or
purposes for wireless communications in military or civil
use. Users that are allowed to use a specific band are called
licensed (Primary) users and othersareregardedunlicensed
(Secondary or CR) users.
In Figure 1 illustrate the radio spectrum frequency
allocations in India (as of 2002) [3]. In the static spectrum
allocation is almost no available band left for the future
wireless network use. To address this problem, cognitive
radio arises to be a tempting solution to the spectral
congestion problem by introducing opportunistic usage of
the frequency bands that are not heavily occupied by
licenced (Primary) user [11]. Cognitive radio definition
adopted by FCC is “ Cognitive radio: A radio or system that
senses its operational electromagnetic environmentandcan
dynamically and autonomously adjust its radio operating
parameters to modify system operation, such as maximize
throughput, mitigate inference, facilitate interoperability,
access secondary markets” [1].
The goal of cognitive radio can be realized only through
dynamic and efficient spectrum management techniques.
The challenges faces by the cognitive radio user in cognitive
radio network are
 Check availability ofspectrumholeinstaticallyallocated
channel [8]
 Choose the best available channel [9]
 Organise use of this channel with other user
 Leave the channel with detect primary user
To address this problem, cognitive radio focusing four
key spectrum concepts: spectrum sensing, spectrum
management, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility [2,
10].
5. PROPOSED DESIGN
The IEEE 802.22 Working Group was formed in 2004 to
develop a standard for wireless regional area networks
(WRANs), based on cognitive radio technology. WRAN
systems will operate on the VHF/UHF TVbands,thatis,from
54 MHz to 862 MHz, by opportunistically making use of the
unused TV channels. While doing so, it must ensure that no
harmful interferenceiscausedtotheincumbentusers,which
include TV receivers and microphone users. Figure 2
illustrates a typical WRAN deployment that consists of a
WRAN base station (WRAN BS) serving multiple fixed-
location wireless customerpremiseequipment(CPE).Figure
2 also shows a TV station and a wirelessmicrophonesystem.
The WRAN must ensure that interference caused to all TV
receivers within the TV protection contour (around 150 km
from the TV station) is below a predefined threshold.
Similarly, there is a protection area for the microphone
system, but with a much smaller size (a few hundred
meters).
For rural communications, IEEE 802.22 technology
offers two main advantages, thatis,nodedicatedspectrumis
required, and the coverage is large. These two advantages
help service providers address the cost-demand mismatch
discussed earlier. In particular, as no dedicated spectrum is
required, service providers can save the cost of obtaining a
spectrum license. In addition, wide coverage is essential to
reach a large customer base in rural areas. IEEE 802.22
technology is designed to providetheaveragecoverageof33
km and can increase to 100 km.
Although most of the 802.22 related works has focused
on various technical challenges, such as designing advanced
spectrum sensing to detect weak TV andmicrophonesignals
or providing coexistence for multiple WRANs, we contend
that these issues may not be critical for remote, rural WRAN
deployments. In particular, in remote areas,theremaybe TV
channels that are always available for 802.22 access, that is,
without any need of spectrum sensing. Also, it is not likely
that multiple WRANs will be deployed in a sparsely
populated region. Based on the previously mentioned
arguments, we believe that the success of 802.22 as a
technology for rural communications significantly depends
on whether a scalable service model can be introduced for
the rural market, and whether the technology can be
deployed in an efficient way.
Two important factors that determine the growth ofthe
rural ICT market are cost and service content. In terms of
service content and other surveys, although there are many
potential applications, in the short-term, only email, scan-
mail, voice-over-e-mail, and chat are likely to be revenue-

generating applications for the rural market. We further
contend that to increase the demand in the initial phase of
network deployment, service providers should focus on
traditional applications such as telephone and TV
broadcasting. Data services such as e-mail, Internet access,
and video streaming, should be introduced gradually, in
accordance with the adoption and awareness of rural
customers.
Based on the above arguments, we propose that service
providers start with a TV broadcasting service, as the
demand and awareness already exist in rural communities.
This TV broadcasting can be combined with delay-tolerant,
asynchronous data applications such as e-mail and voice
mail. These data applications can be scaled up in accordance
with demand. Furthermore, when the need arises, suchasin
emergency/disaster responses, TV broadcasting can be
switched off to deliver command, control, and rescue
information. With this, we can eventually create a
widespread wireless infrastructure that grows seamlessly
with the rural communications market.
6. CONCLUSION
This research starts with mismatching factors in rural
communication like cost and coverage area. The challenges
in rural communication and existing wireless technologies
are reviewed. In this research provide the novel design for
rural communication with cognitive radio technology and
IEEE 802.22 WRAN. This type of rural communication
reduces the cost of the service and covers the more
geographical area. Further, this research is going to
concentrate on development of algorithms to improve the
efficiency and throughput of the rural communication
service.
REFERENCES
[1] Federal Communications Commission “Notice of
proposed rulemaking and order: Facilitating
opportunities for flexible, efficient, and reliable
spectrum use employing cognitive radio technologies”
ET Docket No. 03-108, Feb 2005.
[2] K.S. Yuvaraj and Dr. V. Thiagarasu, “A study and
analysis the spectrum key functionalities in Cognitive
Radio Network,” International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Science, vol.4 no.8, May–June,
2013, pp. 233-237
[3] Government of India, Ministry of communication and
IT, department of Telecom, WPC Wing Spectrum
Allocation Chart, April 2007.
[4] R. Westerveld and R. Prasad, “Rural Communication in
India Using Fixed Cellular Radio Systems,” IEEE
Commun.Mag., Oct. 1994, pp. 70–74
[5] A. Pentland, R. Fletcher, and A. Hasson,
“DakNet:Rethinking Connectivity in Developing
Nations,” IEEE Computer, vol. 37, no. 1, Jan. 2004, pp.
78–83
[6] IEEE 802.22 Wireless RAN, “Functional Requirements
for the 802.22 WRAN Standard, IEEE 802.22-
05/0007r46,” Oct. 2005
[7] Ying-Chang Liang and Anh Tuan Hoang, “Cognitive
Radio on Tv Bands: A New Approach To Provide
Wireless Connectivity for Rural Areas”, IEEE Wireless
Communications, June 2008, pp-16-22
[8] Y.-C. Liang et al., “Sensing-Throughput Tradeoff for
Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE Trans. Wireless
Commun., vol. 7, no. 4, Apr. 2008, pp. 326–37
[9] Ian F. Akyildiz, Won-Yeol Lee, Mehmet C. Vuran and
Shantidev mohanty “A Survey on Spectrum
management in Cognitive Radio Networks” IEEE
communications, Apr 2008
[10] Ian F. Akyildiz, Won-Yeol Lee, and Kaushik R.
Chowdhury “Spectrum Management in Cognitive
Radio AD Hoc Networks”, IEEE Communication,
July/Aug 2009
[11] J. Mitola III “Cognitive radio: an integrated agent
architecture for software defined radio”, Ph.D.Thesis,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2000.

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IRJET- Digital Revolution using Novel Wireless Statement Design with Cognitive Radio Network Service for Rural Enlargement