As part of mobile revolution across the world communication and internet are becoming basic necessity in our day to day life.Urban and semi-urban areas are well connected with different telephony and internet service providers. As reported in INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS 2015[1], out of 7.2 billion world population only 3.3 billion populations is connected through internet and still 3.9 billion populations to be connected by internet ,most of which is in rural area.
As high entry costs and poor ROIs on currently available broadband access technologies, motivate a new system for ‘last mile’ or ‘deep web networks’ rural broadband access. In this paper we motivate our approach, describe the system architecture and different deployment scenarios to enable ‘deeper web networks’
2. Agenda
Need for Rural connectivity
Rural Broadband: Available solutions and
Issues
Requirement for Rural Broadband
TVWS for Rural Broadband
Brief overview to 802.22 standard
Q&A
3. Need for connectivity
We are more dependent on the
Internet for communication,
information, health services,
education, disaster management and
business relations
Internet has to be seen Basic Human
Right in days to come
out of 7.2 billion world population
only 3.3 billion populations is
connected through internet
Out of 3.9 billion unconnected
internet population 800million
population is from INDIA – ideal case
for make in INDIA and for INDIA
“10% increase in internet penetration
can boost GDP by 1.4%”: ITU
4. Need for Rural connectivity
Connectivity is a MUST
for rural area to
manage limited
resources and utilize
them in a efficient way
like power, irrigation
etc.
Improves education and
health services in rural
area
E-commerce platform
to connect end buyers
to farmer – eliminating
middle men
5. Rural Broadband :
Available solutions and Issues
ADSL/Cable/Fiber
Mobile telephony(2G/3G and 4G)
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n)
Wi-Max (IEEE 802.16)
Satellite
6. ADSL/Fiber/Cable
The most common type of broadband connection
worldwide.
QoS you achieve relies heavily on how close your
telephone exchange.
As rural areas are sparsely populated, service
providers are unlikely to be interested as it
wouldn’t be commercially viable.
Big challenge in Operation and Maintenance of
cabling.
With cabling, need another 20years to cover
remaining 3.9billion population.
7. Mobile telephony
(3G and 4G)
This is one of the fast and scalable ways to
connect rural area.
Involves costly wave spectrum
Unfortunately 3G/4G coverage in countries
like INDIA is patchy, particularly in the rural
areas.
High entry costs and poor ROIs currently
doesn’t suit the growing countries like INDIA.
8. Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n)
Works with un- licensed band and cost
effective CPE(Customer Premises Equipment)
and AP(Access Point) for deployments.
Well suited for coverage up to 100-200meters.
Not suitable for sparsely populated rural area
of 15-20kms.
9. Wi-Max (IEEE 802.16)
Mobile Wi-MAX was a replacement candidate
for GSM and 3G technologies.
Wi-Max operates from 2 to 11 GHz licensed
band and based on WRAN topology.
This is good candidate for last mile rural
connectivity which is limited up to 2-3Kms due
to its short multipath handling capability.
10. Satellite
Better alternative to cover bigger geography
wirelessly.
Building, launching and operating satellites is very
expensive which makes service to be costly.
High latency as signal have to travel 46000 miles
from customer end to back haul gateway.
Needs line of site link and depends on weather
conditions.
11. Comparison of different
options
Standard Range
(KMs)
Entry
Cost
Frequen
cy Band
Deploy
ment
time
Mainten
ance
cost
Network
latency
ADSL/Cabl
e/Fiber
1-2 High NA High High Low
Mobile
telephony
5(typical) High Licensed Medium Medium Low
Wi-Fi 0.1 Low Un-
licensed
Low Low Low
Wi-Max 2-3 Medium Licensed Low Low Low
Satellite >100 High Licensed High Low High
12. Requirement for
Rural Broadband
Entry Cost – Low like Wi-Fi
Range – at least 15-20Kms
Deployment time and Scalability – like Wi-Fi
Network Latency - <50msec
Speed per user – At least 1Mbps to have video
call
Network Topology – WRAN
14. Rural Broadband –
Who Fits the Bill
802.22b - Cognitive Wireless Regional Area
Network(WRAN)
Range – 30Kms
Network Topology – WRAN(Fixed installation),no
mobility
Entry Cost – Less, uses un-licensed TVWS Band
15. What/Where is TVWS
TV Whitespace(TVWS) are
unused gaps in TV broadcast
spectrum (470-690MHz)
Where
TVWS Policy in place
USA, UK, Philippines, Singapore,
Korea, South Africa
Under consideration/Trials
India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Japan
Malawi, Kenya, Botswana
Brazil, Argentina, Columbia
Kazakhstan
16. Why TVWS
Better Coverage than Wi-Fi
• FSPL(dB)=20log10(d)+20log10(f)+
92.45
• FSPL free space path loss
• d distance in KMs
• f frequency in GHz
Long range with low power
• Fewer towers Lower Capex
• Runs off solar power Lower
Opex
• Ideal for low user density areas
Better Non-Line-of-Sight
(NLOS) Performance
Picture courtesy: Carlson wireless
17. Spectrum allocation in
TVWS Band
TVWS Band allocation by taking existing licensed use
Offer the promise of opportunistic access to under-utilized
frequency bands
Location-aware wireless BS/CPE devices, assisted by
databases for band allocation
18. Overview – 802.22
Focus Area
Rural Wireless broadband service
Core Technology
Cognitive radio technology based un-licensed TVWS
Band without affecting incumbents
Spectrum sensing, spectrum management, intra-
system co-existence, geo-location
Mobility and Portability
Limited mobility support with NO hand-off
Network Topology –Point to Multi Point
Max EIRP – 4W
Cell Radius – up to 100KMs (with MAC support)
Incumbent Protection – Sensing and Data base access
20. Overview – 802.22
Frame Structure
TDD Frame structure support
Super Frame:160ms
Frame:10ms
Each frame consists of downlink
(DL) sub-frame, uplink (UL) sub-
frame, and the Co-existence
Beacon Protocol (CBP) burst
Lengths of DL and UL sub-
frames can be adjusted
Self Co-existence Window: BS
commands subscribers to send
out CBPs for 802.22
21. Overview – 802.22
PHY Features
PHY Transport -OFDM as transport
mechanism. OFDMA is used in the UL
Modulation-QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-
QAM
Coding–Convolutional Code is
Mandatory. Turbo, LDPC or Shortened
Block Turbo Code are Optional but
recommended.
Pilot Pattern -Each OFDM / OFDMA
symbol is divided into sub-channels of
28 sub-carriers of which 4 are pilots.
Max Spectral Efficiency - 3.5 bits/s/Hz
Spectral Mask – As proposed by FCC
22. Overview – 802.22
MAC Features Connection-oriented MAC, establishes
connection IDs and service flows which are
dynamically created
QoS – Various types of QoS services are
supported (UGS,rtPS,nrtPS,BE). ARQ
supported. Uni-cast, Multi-cast and
broadcast services are supported.
Dynamic and adaptive scheduling of quiet
periods to allow the system to balance QoS
requirements of users with the need to
quiet down the network to support
spectrum sensing
Subscribers can alert the BS, the presence
of incumbents in a number of ways
BS can ask one or more subscribers to move
to another channel in a number of ways
using Frame Control Header (FCH)or
dedicated MAC messages
23. Overview – 802.22
Cognitive Features
comprises of Spectrum Sensing
Function (SSF), the Geo location (GL)
function, the Spectrum
Manager/Spectrum Sensing
Automaton (SM/SSA) and a
dedicated security sub layer 2
Spectrum Sensing Function -
observes the RF spectrum of a
television channel for a set of signal
types and reports the results of this
observation. Present in both BS and
CPE
Spectrum Manager- Responsible for
spectrum availability information,
channel selection, channel
management, scheduling spectrum
sensing operation, access to the
database, enforcing IEEE 802.22 and
regulatory domain policies. Present
only at BS
24. Overview – 802.22
Field Deployment Scenario
Picture courtesy: http://ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen4242/802_22/general_info.html