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Meeting the data demand tital wave upgrade of in door das for lte
1.
1 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved MEETING THE DATA DEMAND TIDAL WAVE: UPGRADE OF INDOOR DAS FOR LTE May 2015 A Comba Telecom White Paper
2.
2 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................3 EVOLVING MARKET DEMAND TOWARDS LTE .....................................................................4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR INDOOR LTE DEPLOYMENT...............................................................4 CASE STUDY.................................................................................................................5 Phase I..........................................................................................................................................6 Phase II.........................................................................................................................................7 Phase III........................................................................................................................................8 Summary of Results .....................................................................................................................9 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................10 ABOUT COMBA TELECOM .............................................................................................11
3.
3 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Consumers have become heavily dependent on their mobile devices and expect uninterrupted ubiquitous coverage and fast data performance. Network operators are encountering an overwhelming amount of data traffic that is forcing them to embrace efficient data-centric technologies like LTE. A large volume of mobile data is being consumed indoors; such as residential buildings, offices and commercial spaces. In-building systems (IBS) were typically deployed in sites with high voice traffic or serving important customers/corporate accounts, due to the additional CAPEX investments. Indoor coverage in most other buildings is incidental, served by macro outdoor base stations nearby. Coverage tended to be limited, due to the building penetration losses. With rapid urbanization and building densification, outdoor cell sites are increasingly inadequate to meet indoor consumption demands and expectations. Existing distributed antenna system (DAS) built for voice services on GSM and even 3G is not capable of delivering the customer’s expected data performance with a direct upgrade of base station equipment. To retain and attract customers, operators need to channel investments into indoor systems beyond outdoor rollout for 3G/4G. However, with limited CAPEX, the low hanging fruit is to upgrade important buildings with existing DAS systems to ensure they meet the required data quality of service (QoS). In the case study, we see that re-using DAS infrastructure designed for voice cannot meet the data requirements for LTE or even HSPA. The antenna must be densified by approximately 1.5 times to achieve the desired LTE high data rates. This paper discusses the growing market demand for data centric technologies and concerns regarding its efficient indoor deployment. It also presents a case study to quantify the CAPEX investment versus performance improvement for evolving from voice centric IBS to support LTE/HSPA.
4.
4 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved EVOLVING MARKET DEMAND TOWARDS LTE Global Mobile-Suppliers Association (GSA) published a map depicting worldwide LTE deployments by 2014 as shown in Figure 1. According to this report, 533 operators globally have committed to LTE networks out of which 331 have already deployed commercial LTE networks in 112 countries. Furthermore, LTE subscriptions worldwide have reached an overwhelming 280.4 million by Q2 2014. Figure 1: Global LTE Deployments by 2014 (Global Mobile-Suppliers Association) Ericson’s mobility report for 2014 had estimated total mobile subscriptions to be in the order of 6.8 billion by Q1 of 2014. These are expected to further grow to 9.2 billion by the end of 2019. LTE subscriptions alone are expected to grow to 2.6 billion by 2019, thereby representing almost 30% of total mobile subscriptions. Based on a Cisco report, at least 80% of all mobile traffic is now generated indoors. This is mainly due to the shift in mobile usage from voice to data- centric services such as social networking, online gaming and media streaming applications. Therefore, it is vital that network operators focus on indoor LTE deployment to meet rising consumer data requirements. CONSIDERATIONS FOR INDOOR LTE DEPLOYMENT 1) Deployment techniques Multiple deployment options are available to operators for providing indoor coverage: Outdoor Macro Network: Traditionally outdoor networks have been used to provide coverage to indoor customers. Such networks need to consider distance from cell tower, obstruction from environment clutter, wall penetration losses and service requirements. Efficient outdoor
5.
5 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved deployment methods include optimizing antenna tilt, minimizing interference to increase capacity and re-farming lower frequency spectrums to enhance coverage. Small Cells: Small cells with its small footprint and ease of installation is suitable for small to medium enterprises and residential deployment. Typically it is targeted for small coverage area with medium traffic due to its low output power and dedicated capacity, Wi-Fi Offload: Wi-Fi is used to offload data traffic from mobile networks in hot spots and increasingly as an additional layer to both indoor and outdoor networks. In-Building DAS: A distributed antenna system is a reliable way of covering medium/large buildings to ensure good indoor performance. Operators can appropriately deploy an active or passive DAS network. Its ability to host multiple operators, services and technologies compensates for the relatively high deployment costs. 2) Spectrum considerations Network operators also need to come up with a spectrum strategy to make efficient use of an expensive resource. Based on spectrum availability, capacity requirements and budget constraints, operators can re-farm their existing spectrum or purchase additional spectrum for 4G rollout. Lower spectrum bands provide better signal strength but higher spectrum bands can accommodate enormous data volumes due to larger available bandwidth. Operators also need to decide on whether to deploy a dedicated frequency band and bandwidth for indoor deployment e.g. 1800MHz for outdoor and 2600MHz for indoor or use a common underlay coverage layer for both indoor/outdoor and a separate band for capacity overlay layer. CASE STUDY This case study looks at the capital investment versus performance for a typical building passive DAS upgrade from voice centric 2G to support data centric LTE network. The chosen site is a mid- sized, high traffic commercial building – a 9 storey shopping center of 700,000 square feet, with 9 floors of retail space. The in-building DAS is upgraded in 3 phases from GSM DAS to provide LTE 2x2 MIMO. 1) Phase 1: The DAS is upgraded to provide 3G by reusing 2G DAS design. However, the 3G performance is poor. 2) Phase 2: The DAS is retro-fitted to meet HSPA/LTE network KPI for data services. 3) Phase 3: The DAS is upgraded to support LTE 2x2 MIMO. Tables 1-3 are the operator defined 2G, 3G and LTE system information and key performance targets for indoor coverage.
6.
6 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved Table 1: KPI for 2G Technical Specification Criteria Frequency 900MHz, 1800MHz Signal Transmit Power at BTS output 39 dBm RxLev >= -80 dBm @ 99% coverage area Table 2: KPI for 3G Technical Specification Criteria Frequency band 2100MHz CPICH Transmit Power at Node B output 30 dBm CPICH RSCP >= -90 dBm @ 99% coverage area CPICH Ec/No >= -10 dB @ 99% coverage area Average DL FTP Throughput (HSDPA) Average up to 4 Mbps walktest Table 3: KPI for LTE Technical Specification Criteria Frequency Band/Bandwidth 1800MHz (10MHz) LTE Pilot Transmit Power at eNodeB output 15 dBm LTE RSRP >= -92 dBm @ 99% coverage area LTE RSRQ >= -12 dB @99% coverage area Average Downlink Throughput > 24 Mbps (2x2 MIMO) PHASE I In this phase, 2G DAS is reused for 3G upgrade. The 2G IBS network is supplemented by a 3G base station while re-using the existing DAS as shown in Figure 2. Antenna count and cable length remain unchanged. Figure 2: 3G DAS Reusing Existing 2G Infrastructure The 3G RSCP and Ec/No walk test plots for a typical floor are shown in Figures 3-4 respectively.
7.
7 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved Figure 3: RSCP Walk test Plot for 3G IBS Figure 4: Ec/No Walk test Plot for 3G IBS The RSCP plot shows the 3G signal strength greater than -90dBm for only 72.7%. Similarly, Ec/No plot indicates that 3G signal quality was better than - 10dB for 38.6% of the same floor. From these plots, we observe that a direct re-use of 2G DAS is incapable of meeting the required 3G KPI targets. The DAS design needs to be enhanced. PHASE II In phase II, the DAS design is improved by re-working the required cell radius to meet coverage KPI and data throughput requirements for both HSPA and LTE. Data centric networks require high signal to noise ratio (SINR) to achieve high throughput rates by operating in higher order modulation schemes and MIMO signal strength requirements. This translates into a smaller antenna radius but a higher density of antennas. Hence, the number of antennas and feeder cable required per floor rises. Figures 5-6 captures the post upgrade RSCP and Ec/No walk test results for the same floor. Additional antennas are marked in blue versus the existing antennas are in green. Figure 5: RSCP Walk test Plot for 3G Network Enhancement
8.
8 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved Figure 6: Ec/No Walk test Plot for 3G Network Enhancement The plots indicates RSCP greater than -90dBm and Ec/No better than -10dB for more than 99% of the coverage area. Also, the average HSDPA downlink throughput measured on site was found to be 9.2Mbps. From these results we can see that the 3G KPI is fulfilled after the re-design and antenna densification. PHASE III In the last phase, DAS network is doubled to support LTE 2x2 MIMO as shown in Figure 7. The LTE eNodeB is added to the network with the main output path feeding the existing DAS. The 2nd path is fed into a duplicate DAS where separate omni antennas are used for MIMO. Figure 7: DAS Infrastructure for LTE 2x2 MIMO Figures 8-10 show the LTE average serving cell RSRP, RSRQ and downlink throughput walk test results for LTE 1800 MHz system respectively. Figure 8: RSRP Walk test Plot for LTE1800 2x2 MIMO System
9.
9 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved Figure 9: RSRQ Walk test Plot for LTE1800 2x2 MIMO System Figure 10: Cell Downlink Throughput Walk test Plot for LTE1800 2x2 MIMO System The RSRP plot shows signal strength more than -92dBm and RSRQ better than -12dB for more than 99% of coverage area. The cell downlink throughput achieved an average of 33.9Mbps for 10MHz of bandwidth. The LTE KPIs are satisfied after upgrading the DAS to be MIMO 2x2 ready. SUMMARY OF RESULTS Table 4 summarizes the improvement in measured KPI per phase of the DAS upgrade. Table 4: IBS Performance at each phase of DAS upgrade Phase I Phase II Phase III 3G KPI RSCP Target RSCP >= -90 dBm @ 99% coverage area Achieved @ 72.7% >@ 99% >@ 99% EcNo Target Ec/No >= -10 dB @ 99% coverage area Achieved @ 38.6% >@ 99% >@ 99% Throughput Target Avg. DL FTP throughput (HSPA) >= 4 Mbps Achieved 9.2 Mbps* 9.2 Mbps* LTE KPI RSRP Target RSRP >= -92 dBm @ 99% Achieved >@99% RSRQ Target RSRQ >= -12 dB @ 99% Achieved > @99% Throughput Target Avg. DL FTP Throughput >= 24 Mbps Achieved 33.9 Mbps* * Achieved throughput rate varies with network traffic
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10 ©2015 Comba Telecom.
All Rights Reserved Table 5 shows the passive equipment count and increase factor from the original 2G DAS design. Table 5: Passive Component Quantity Component Phase I Phase II Phase III Antenna Count 137 200 400 Antenna Count Increase Factor 1.46 2.92 Cable Length (in m) 3878 6028 11515 Cable Length Increase Factor 1.55 2.97 Average passive CAPEX Increase Factor 1.5 3 Overall, the average rise in CAPEX between Phase I and Phase II was found to be about 1.5x. It further increased by 2x between Phase II and Phase III for LTE MIMO support. Therefore, an approximate 3x CAPEX increase was involved with upgrading the existing IBS site to LTE 2x2 MIMO. CONCLUSION With large amounts of mobile data being consumed indoors, network operators need to focus more at enhancing indoor coverage to ensure customer satisfaction and reduce churn. LTE IBS solutions provide an efficient means to meet these high capacity demands. Operators need to consider the different infrastructure options, service requirements and spectrum considerations in order to deploy effective LTE IBS networks. These decisions severely impact investment budgets and the overall system design. Key findings of this paper are: Operators should not purely re-use old voice centric IBS DAS as the design is not capable of meeting the data performance of HSPA or LTE networks. An average of 1.5x antenna densification is needed to achieve the base throughput requirements. To reap the maximum benefits of MIMO, an additional 2x of passive equipment is required. Since operators are already investing CAPEX into base station equipment, the DAS system must also be correspondingly re-designed and retrofitted to deliver an effective HSPA/LTE network with throughput performances that meet end customer QoS expectations.
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All Rights Reserved ABOUT COMBA TELECOM Comba Telecom is a leading supplier of infrastructure and wireless enhancement solutions to mobile operators and enterprises to enhance and extend their wireless communications networks. With over 50,000 system deployments around the world including turnkey in-building systems, urban/rural wireless systems, and transport wireless networks, Comba Telecom’s end-to-end network solutions include consultation, network design, optimization and commissioning. Comba Telecom’s product portfolio includes DAS, small cells, tower mounted systems, antennas, subsystems, passive accessories, Wi-Fi systems and digital microwave links. Listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, Comba Telecom is headquartered in Hong Kong and has operations throughout the Americas, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia Pacific. To learn more, visit www.comba-telecom.com and follow Comba Telecom on LinkedIn for regular updates. www.comba-telecom.com marketing@comba-telecom.com © 2015 Comba Telecom. All rights reserved. Comba Telecom reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication and the product specifications without notice. While Comba Telecom uses commercially reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy of the specifications contained in this document, Comba Telecom and its affiliated companies will assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions. Nothing in this publication forms any part of any contract.
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