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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value:7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1862 Case Study of Structural Rehabilitation of Multi Storey Residential Building DARSHAN HIRAPARA1, CHINTAN GABANI2, JAY PATEL3, VIREN RADADIYA4, JASMIN SORATHIYA5, GOVIND TIVADI6 1,2,3,4,5Students, Civil Engineering, Gujarat, India 6Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Gujarat, India -----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Although the RCC structures are designed as per codes not always constructed properly using correct techniques and methods. As a result, the structures start showing signs of distress which requires repair and rehabilitation work. In this project, a case study of (G+7) multistoried building whose ground floor was damaged due to the flood of 2006 has been represented. The repair strategy was to assess the quality of structural members of the ground floor of the building with the help of Non- Destructive and Semi Destructive Tests such as Rebound Hammer, UPV and Concrete Core Test. All the flood-affected members were tested and proper treatment to each of them was applied such as anticorrosion coating, injection grouting, micro concreting and also jacketing of columns at ground level. Strict quality control in materials and workmanship was adopted. All the rehabilitation work was done to increase the durability and service life of the building. After the engagement of all the professionals and cooperation of the residents for rehabilitation work was carried out. Some of the recommendations and conclusion have also been given to prevent further damage and to increase the service life of the building. Key Words: Rehabilitation, Repair, Non-Destructive Testing, Injection Grouting, Micro concreting, Jacketing 1.INTRODUCTION Rehabilitation is concepts of evaluation of existing structures; strength, durability and deficiencies, destructive & non- destructive testing, damaged structures & deterioration mechanisms, materials, criteria & techniques for repairing and strengthening of concrete structures. Concrete is the most commonly used & versatile construction material possessing several benefits over steel & other construction materials. However, very often one came across with some defects in concrete. The defects may noticeable themselves in the form of cracks, exposure of reinforcement, spalling of concrete, excessive deflections or other marks of distress 1.1GENERAL CAUSES FOR FAILURE/DEFECTS IN STRUCTURE: The following are the major causes of failures of concrete structures: Damages triggered due to fire, floods, earthquakes etc. Chemical deterioration & marine environments. Damages caused due to abrasion, wear & tear, impact, dampness, etc. Movement of concrete produced due to the settlement of foundation, thermal expansion, etc. Structural deficiency due to faults in construction, use of inferior & substandard materials, poor workmanship & negligence in quality control & supervision. Structural deficiency result from faulty design & detailing as well as wrong assumptions in the loading criteria. 2.PROBLEM SUMMAY The need to improve the ability of an existing building to withstand from weathering action, chemical attack, embedded metals, alkali-aggregate reactivity, fire, due to overload, seismic forces, etc. arises usually from the evidence of damage and poor behaviour. These type of structures are deteriorated with use and time and other various factors and might have passed their design life and require repair and rehabilitation. Therefore, the solutions for RCC structure or structural elements are essential and for this different techniques are used.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: Strength assessment of an existing structure is required to cover all the criteria in which maintenance is required. Thus, some numbers of non-destructive and semi-destructive techniques in the existing structures are used for assessment of concrete structure and to predict the cause of deterioration of the concrete. Some reasons of deteriorations are ageing of concrete, flood and leakages in the sewer pipes and pumping network. 3.AIM In this project, after performing various Non-Destructive and Semi- Destructive tests, and Gravity Load analysis in ETABS we have provided remedial treatment to increase the service life of the building. 4. OBJECTIVES Increase service life of the building Decrease the maintenance cost of building Enhance the safety of people 5.METHODOLOGY Perform Non Destructive tests, namely; Rebound Hammer test, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test and Semi Destructive test, namely; Concrete Core test Interpretation of results obtained from NDT testing Gravity load analysis in ETABS Remedial measures for rehabilitation of the building Figure 1 Process of Completion Project 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1863
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: 6.PROBLEM SPECIFICATION As Akshar Plaza I is located at the bank of River Tapi, it is vulnerable to the flash floods caused due to excess rainfall and surface runoff. The existing condition of the building shows signs of deterioration of ground floor columns due to ageing, leakage in sewer pipes and weathering action. Surat is a prone to flooding as it occurs almost every year. With the beginning of the month of September, Surat becomes prone to a huge natural disaster - the flood. The climatic records of Surat states the fact that from the year 1849 itself the city is experiencing yearly flood situations. 7.TEST RESULT 7.1REBOUND HAMMER TEST RESULT Table 1 Rebound hammer test result SITE ADDRESS:- Sahnip park, Nr.Divya Shoes, Adajan REPORT NO:- 1 RESULT OF REBOUND HAMMER TEST GROUND FLOOR SR NO. MEMBER LOCATION IDENTIFICA TION REBOUND HAMMER READING AVG. READI NG CUBE COMPRESSI VE STRENGTH QUALITY OF CONCRETE1 2 3 4 5 6 1 COLUMN A1 25 19 20 22 23 20 21 0 FAIR 2 COLUMN A2 38 36 34 30 32 32 35 19.2 GOOD LAYER 3 COLUMN A3 44 42 40 38 38 38 40 23.9 GOOD LAYER 4 COLUMN A4 23 20 22 19 20 21 21 0 FAIR 5 COLUMN A5 30 30 33 31 36 30 28 15.1 FAIR 6 COLUMN A6 26 25 24 28 25 20 24 14.3 FAIR 7 COLUMN A7 36 36 35 31 32 33 34 19 GOOD LAYER 8 COLUMN A8 36 33 32 35 36 31 34 19 GOOD LAYER 9 COLUMN A9 44 40 42 43 42 40 42 28.7 HARD LAYER 10 COLUMN A10 33 35 38 36 32 35 35 19.2 GOOD LAYER 11 COLUMN B1 37 36 32 36 36 35 35 19.2 GOOD LAYER 12 COLUMN B2 20 26 21 22 23 24 23 13 FAIR 13 COLUMN B3 31 34 36 33 35 36 34 19 GOOD LAYER 14 COLUMN B4 28 27 23 30 28 25 27 14.9 FAIR 15 COLUMN B5 20 18 20 15 15 16 18 0 POOR 16 COLUMN C1 25 22 29 28 27 24 26 14.7 FAIR 17 COLUMN C2 25 26 23 22 21 29 24 14.3 FAIR 18 COLUMN C3 36 33 32 35 36 31 34 19 GOOD LAYER 19 COLUMN D1 36 36 35 31 32 33 34 19 GOOD LAYER 20 COLUMN D2 20 21 25 26 28 30 24 14.3 FAIR 21 COLUMN D3 44 42 40 38 38 38 40 23.9 GOOD LAYER 22 COLUMN D4 25 19 18 22 17 20 19 0 POOR 23 COLUMN E1 44 40 43 42 41 40 42 28.7 HARD LAYER 24 COLUMN E2 26 25 24 28 25 20 24 14.3 FAIR 25 COLUMN E3 37 36 32 36 36 35 35 19.2 GOOD LAYER 26 COLUMN E4 25 22 29 28 27 24 26 14.7 FAIR 27 COLUMN E5 25 12 20 20 23 19 20 0 POOR 28 COLUMN E6 33 35 38 36 32 35 35 19.2 GOOD LAYER CA COLUMN E7 28 27 19 25 23 20 19 0 POOR 30 COLUMN E8 31 34 36 33 35 36 34 19 GOOD LAYER 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1864
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: 31 COLUMN E9 20 20 20 21 18 17 20 0 POOR 32 COLUMN E10 28 27 23 36 28 25 27 14.9 FAIR 33 COLUMN E11 36 33 32 35 36 31 34 19 GOOD LAYER 34 COLUMN E12 30 34 33 31 36 30 28 15.1 FAIR NOTE:-Test results are location specific. Rebound hammer test use only for relative strength evaluation not for absolute strength. Table 2 Criteria for quality of concrete by rebound number Average Rebound Number Quality of Concrete > 40 Very Good Hard layer 30 to 40 Good layer 20 to 30 Fair < 20 Poor Concrete 0 Delaminated 7.2ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST RESULT NOTE:- Test Results Are Location Specific Following remarks are applicable for ‘direct method’ as per IS 13311 (part2) 1992 1. Velocity below 3.0 km/sec indicates ‘DOUBTFUL’ quality concrete. 2. Velocity between 3.0 to 3.5 km/sec indicates ‘MEDIUM’ quality concrete. 3. Velocity between 3.5 to 4.5 km/sec indicates ‘GOOD’ quality concrete. 4. Velocity above 4.5 km/sec indicates ‘EXCELLENT’ quality concrete Table 3 Ultrasonic pulse velocity result SITE ADDRESS:- Sahnip park, Nr.Divya Shoes, Adajan REPORT NO:- 1 RESULT OF ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST GROUND FLOOR SR NO. MEMBER LOCATION IDENTIFICATION METHOD APPLY DISTANCE (mm) TRANSIT TIME (µsec) U.P.V (Km/Sec) CONCRETE QUALITY GRADING 1 COLUMN A1 Direct 584.2 393 1.5 Doubtful 2 COLUMN A2 Direct 508 190 2.7 Doubtful 3 COLUMN A3 Direct 762 576 1.3 Doubtful 4 COLUMN A4 Direct 393.7 225.8 1.7 Doubtful 5 COLUMN A5 Direct 482.6 300 1.6 Doubtful 6 COLUMN A6 Semi-Direct 419.1 120.4 3.5 Good 7 COLUMN A7 Indirect 406.4 198 2.1 Doubtful 8 COLUMN A8 Direct 482.6 220 2.2 Doubtful 9 COLUMN A9 Direct 584.2 190 3.1 Satisfactory 10 COLUMN A10 Direct 431.8 98 4.4 Excellent 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1865
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: 11 COLUMN B1 Direct 482.6 280 1.8 Doubtful 12 COLUMN B2 Direct 482.6 290 1.7 Doubtful 13 COLUMN B3 Direct 482.6 270 2.8 Doubtful 14 COLUMN B4 Direct 482.6 210 2.3 Doubtful 15 COLUMN B5 Direct 558.8 174.6 3.2 Satisfactory 16 COLUMN B6 Indirect 482.6 156.6 3.1 Satisfactory 17 COLUMN B7 Direct 490.2 381 1.3 Doubtful 18 COLUMN B8 Direct 482.6 275.3 1.8 Doubtful 19 COLUMN B9 Direct 482.6 280 1.8 Doubtful 20 COLUMN C1 Direct 482.6 262.1 1.9 Doubtful 21 COLUMN C2 Direct 558.8 408.3 1.4 Doubtful 22 COLUMN C3 Direct 558.8 250.6 2.2 Doubtful 23 COLUMN C4 Direct 558.8 120 4.6 Excellent 24 COLUMN C5 Direct 558.8 570 0.9 Doubtful 25 COLUMN C6 Direct 482.6 250.9 1.9 Doubtful 26 COLUMN D1 Direct 482.6 243 1.9 Doubtful 27 COLUMN D2 Direct 482.6 280 1.7 Doubtful 28 COLUMN D3 Direct 457.2 260 1.8 Doubtful 29 COLUMN D4 Semi Direct 482.6 230 2.1 Doubtful 30 COLUMN D5 Direct 548.2 360 1.5 Doubtful 31 COLUMN D6 Direct 482.6 130 3.7 Good 32 COLUMN D7 Indirect 482.6 400 1.2 Doubtful 33 COLUMN D8 Direct 482.6 310 1.6 Doubtful 34 COLUMN D9 Direct 482.6 155 3.1 Satisfactory 35 COLUMN E1 Direct 419.1 145 2.9 Doubtful 36 COLUMN E2 Direct 584.2 157.9 3.8 Good 37 COLUMN E3 Direct 482.6 372 1.3 Doubtful 38 COLUMN E4 Semi Direct 393.7 115 3.4 Satisfactory 39 COLUMN E5 Semi Direct 406.4 279 1.5 Doubtful 40 COLUMN E6 Direct 635 500 1.3 Doubtful 41 COLUMN E7 Indirect 419.1 389 1.07 Doubtful 42 COLUMN E8 Semi Direct 406.4 200 2 Doubtful 43 COLUMN E9 Semi Direct 393.7 240 1.6 Doubtful 44 COLUMN E10 Direct 495.3 190 2.6 Doubtful 45 COLUMN E11 Semi Direct 571.5 140 4.1 Excellent 46 COLUMN E12 Direct 419.1 350.2 1.19 Doubtful 47 BEAM A1+B2 Direct 419.5 160 1.6 Doubtful 48 BEAM D3+C3 Semi Direct 420.6 190 2.2 Doubtful 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1866
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: 7.3STRUCTURAL MEMBERS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FOLLOWING CATEGORIES BASED ON THEIR CONDITIONS Table 4 Categories of structural member based on their condition Category of members Condition Location Identification A Structural members with initial good condition and negligible effect A10, C4, E11 B Columns showing loss of strength due to aging and flood A9, A6, B5, B6, D6, D9,E2, E4 C Structural members showing loss of strength due to leakage in drainage system A3, A4, B3, B5, D2, E1, E3 D Columns supporting Sunk slabs A5, A8, E5, E8, E9 ,E11, E12, D8, C5, B2 7.4ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST ANALYSIS Table 5 Analysis of UPV test 3.63 1.58 2 1.81 0 1 2 3 4 Category A Category B Category C Category D AVERAGEVELOCITY (km/sec) CATEGORYIES OF COLUMN 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1867
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: 7.5REBOUND HAMMER TEST ANALYSIS Table 6 Analysis of rebound test 7.6RESULT DISCUSSION Following observations were made from the test results. Category D members have low strength compare to category A members, as pulse velocity obtained from UPV test is 10-15% lower for category D members. Bottom portion(up to 1m from ground) of category B members are weaker than top potion of the columns, as pulse velocity obtained from UPV test is 50-55% lower for bottom portion. Moreover, bottom portion(up to 1m from ground level) of category B members has pulse velocity 45-50% lower than category A members and this indicates flood damage. Category C members have low strength compare to category A members, as compressive strength obtained from Rebound Hammer test is 30% lower than average. 7.7CONCLUSION OF ANALYSIS Following conclusions are drawn based on the present project work. Comparative compressive strength of category A members is noted 45-50% higher than category B members. For category B columns compressive strength of bottom portion(up to 1m from ground level) is noted 20-25% lower than top portion(above 1m from ground level) of respective columns. Comparative compressive strength of category A members is noted 5-10% higher than category D members. As per testing results slabs and beams are found in good condition. These results obtained from tests will helps in performing Push over analysis which is essential for further repair and rehabilitation of the building. 28.7 11.26 20.2 18.5 0 10 20 30 40 Category A Category B Category C Category D COMPRESSIVESTRENGTH (Nmm2) CATEGORIES OF COLUMN 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1868
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: 7.8COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VS UPV Table 7 COMPRESSION STRENGTH VS UPV 8.STRUCTURAL LAYOUT Figure 2 Deterioration Of Concrete In Slab, Beam, Column 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(MPa) U.P.V (Km/Sec) 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1869
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: Figure 3 Structural Layout 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1870
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: 9.GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS 9.1PROJECT DETAIL Purpose of the building: Residential Shape of the building: Regular (rectangular) No. of stories: (G+7) Type of wall: Brick wall Height of stories: 3m. (Similar stories) 9.2MATERIAL PROPERTIIES To carry out the analysis in ETABS, the properties of the materials such as concrete and steel should be defined. Similarly, various loads acting in the structure should be defined such as live load and super dead loads. Grade of concrete: M20 Grade of steel: Fe 415 Live loads: 5 kN/m2 SDL (floor finish): 1.5kN/m2 SDL (wall loads inner and outer respectively): 12kN/m2 Steel Percentage: 2.5% (Assumption) Figure 4 ETABS Analysis 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1871
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: Figure 5 Model for Building Repair Treatment 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1872
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: 9.3RESULT DISCUSSION Based on the analysis of the multi-storied building, the following conclusions are made: This analysis was performed just for informational purpose. Steel data was not available, so an around 2.5% steel of total cross section of the column was considered for analysis. The analysis did not show any structural failure. 10. REHABILITATION METHODOLOGY 10.1 TREATMENT A: INJECTION GROUTING Clean all surface with a wire brush. Clean all corroded steel bar with mild nitric acid. Apply zinc primer on a steel bar. Fill up the big cavity with grouting chemical. Put injection grouting plastic tube in the cavity or any crack. Apply high dose polymer treatment using SBR. The low viscous polymer to be injected in all crack from the above fitted plastic tube with high pressure. Do proper curing. 10.2 TREATMENT B: JACKETING Support surrounding structure with steel support. Clean all corroded steel bar with mild nitric acid. Apply zinc primer on a steel bar. Fill up the big cavity with grouting chemical. Apply 12mm “L” bar as shear connectors in zigzag pattern on column faces. Apply high dose SBR plaster with white sand and create a rough surface for proper bonding of outer new jacketing. Create new pad foundation of size (1.89 m x 1.89 m) 600mm thick with M:25 concrete, with two-layer mesh of 12mm @ 75mm c/c. (Top & bottom mesh) with a proper cover, at ground level. Erect new jacketing steel from pad foundation. Put extra steel of 4 nos. of 20mm tor TMT bars and 6 nos. of 12mm tor TMT vertical bars with 10mm ring @ 75mm c/c providing hook of 10 times the diameter of bar at an angle of 135 degree surrounding old column as jacketing steel. Do jacketing of minimum 75mm thick around old column with a minimum of M25 grade concrete. Treatment must be carried out up to the top of parking floor. Do proper curing. 10.3 TREATMENT C: MICRO CONCRETING Clean all surface with a wire brush. Put injection grouting plastic tube in the cavity or any crack. Apply high dose polymer treatment using S.B.R. The low viscous polymer to be injected in all crack from the above fitted plastic tube with high pressure. Apply 12mm “L” bar as shear connectors in zigzag pattern on column faces, at 2’ (600mm) c/c. Put extra steel TMT Tor steel by welding if required with rings. Apply minimum 3 (75 mm) micro concrete on the old column. Do proper curing 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1873
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net © 2020, IRJET Impact Factor value: 10.4 TREATMENT The following table shows the appropriate treatment: Table 8 TREATMENT ON STRUCTURAL ELEMEN 11. CONCLUSION Following conclusions are drawn based on the present project work. The early deterioration of concrete structure is also due to poor maintenance practices. The water supply and drainage system should be kept intact so that there is no leakage/ seepage on the walls which acts as an enemy to the structural integrity of the buildings. The repair/ rehabilitation of damaged structure should be carried out urgently to avoid further deterioration with time so that the life of the structure and the occupants are not jeopardized. Structural rehabilitation is more challenging than new concrete construction. It requires special considerations for evaluation of damage, selection of suitable material, technical specifications, and techniques for repair and quality control of material and workmanship. Therefore sufficient time and cost allocations should be made for durable rehabilitation work. References [1] Guney Ozcebe, Ugur Ersoy, Tugrul Tankut, Ugurhan Akyuz, Emrah Erduran (2004), Rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete structures using CFRP fabrics. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 1387-1395 [2] J. Bhattacharjee (2016), Repair, rehabilitation and retrofitting of RCC for sustainable development with case studies. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol. 3, Issue 2, 33-47 [3] Pawan Kumar Aggarwal1, Sanjay Sharma, Sanjeev Naval (2013), Experimental study of core diameter varying H/D ratio on concrete core strength. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 2 Issue 3, 344-349 [4] IS 13311-1 (1992): Method of Non-destructive testing of concrete, Part 1: Ultrasonic pulse velocity [5] IS 13311-2 (1992): Method of non-destructive testing of concrete-methods of test, Part 2: Rebound hammer . [6] Handbook of Repair and Rehabilitation of RCC Buildings. [7] ASTM C42: Standard Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete Treatment Column Members Beam Other A A1,A2,A9,B1,B2,C3,C4,D9,E1,E5,E10 SB1, SB3 B A5,A6,B3,B6,D5,B8,B9,C1,C2,D3,D6,E7 SB5 C A4,B4,B5,E3,C6,D1,E4,E6 BALCONY- 5,6,8 7.34 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1874
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