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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1283 AN INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE AS PER SPI CODE TO BREAKDOWN THE PLASTIC Mrs. K.V. PRIYA1, R. GIRIJA2, K. SANDHIYA3, D. REKHA4 1Assistant professor Civil Engineering Department, Panimalar Engineering College, Poonamallee, Chennai-123, TamilNadu, India. 2,3,4Undergraduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, Panimalar Engineering College, Poonamallee, Chennai-123, TamilNadu, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT - The lethal product which acquires major portion in day to day activities of human beings is the petrochemical production commonly known as PLASTIC.A study reveals a data of approximate plastic consumption of India is about 18MT per year out of which 70% is discarded as waste undergoes many process. Disposal of plastic as solid waste in dumping yard creates environmental issues. The groundbreaking process of recycling plastic as per SPI code consists of breakdown and transformation of plastics into marble with varying 70% percentage of plastic and other constituents which makes the marble adoptable in the areas of less soil bearing capacity, parking lots. The upcoming modern techno-society to utilize the recycled plastic as outplay of concrete and cement techniques of civil works and it will proves to be more economical. Keywords: use of plastic as marble, soil bearing capacity, outplay of concrete and cement. 1. INTRODUCTION The developing patterns and consumption of a country has a major impact of the plastics. Though plastics plays a significant role in every industry due to their efficient and relaxable use, as these are conventional(petro based) are non- biodegradable. The advantageous aspects of usage of plastic have been reached the limits we cannot replace their possession in daily activities. The disposal of plastic has a straight option of dumping in yards as municipal solid waste combined with other wastes. In India about 6.3 BT plastics have been discarded as waste in which 13MT plastic waste are dumped in oceans. Something like 50% of plastics are single use products and almost it takes around 450-1000 years to decompose. Each and every plastics recycled and it depends on technological methods, economical and logistical factors. PET(PolyEthyleneTerephthalate) and HDPE(High-densitypolyethylene) are good examples of closed loop recycling and it occupies major of MSW which it can used as heavy component as marble in parking lots as aesthetic use. Here discarded PET and HDPE has been collected to be mixed in zinc oxide to make it heavy, aluminium oxide and magnesium carbonate of marble composition. 1.1 PLASTIC CONSUMPTION AND WASTE STATISTICS The inspiring innovation of versatile plastic makes life easier, better. They step in every manufacturing process such as Automobile industry -helmets, airbags , Instrument panel , dashboard. Electronics- Mobile Televisions Computers Wiring cables Toasters
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1284 Infrastructure-Roof and flooring insulation Reflective films LED bulbs Plastic foam spray Packaging- to keep the products fresh Hygienic medicine Textile- polyster Sports- Football skateboarding Mouth guards latex gloves fig-1 applications of plastic chart-1 percentage of usage plastic application Textile fibres packaging Automotive Agriculture Infrastructure Electronics 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percentage Plastic usage Share of Plastics India World
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1285 1.2 NEED FOR PLASTIC MARBLE Corrosion resistant Good insulation for cold, heat Economical and longer life Easy maintenance Easy processing Light weight Best alternative to concrete pavers 1.3 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS 1. PET/PETE (Polyethylene Terephthalate) The production of PET is by step by step polymerisation growth of ethylene glycol and terphthalic acid. The structure has repeating units of Benzene rings. 2. HDPE(High-density polyethylene) With the usage of Ziegler-Natta and mettallocene catalysts or activated chromium oxide at low temperatures and pressure HDPE is manufactured. The structure allows polymer chain to pack closely together due to lack of branches in it. When chemical structure of polyethylene becomes linear then it is HDPE. CH2 CH2 [ CH2 CH2 ] CH2 3. Magnesium carbonate Magnesite which is a common name for magnesium carbonate and is of white, yellowish , grayish-white or brown crystalline solid. Materials which are capable of withstanding high temperatures has magnesite. (MgCO3) 4. Aluminium oxide Aluminium oxide is ionic in nature as there is a presence of metal (ALUMINIUM) and non-metal(OXYGEN). These two components forms ionic bond by sharing the electron. The crystalline form of Al2O3 is Corundum and structure is in the form of trigonal-lattice.
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1286 (Al2O3) 5. Zinc oxide The organic compound (ZnO) which is insoluble in water, yellow-gray granular solid without odour finds a place in various products as additives. The natural occurence as the mineral Zincite, it is synthetically produced as zinc oxide. Zn O (ZnO) 2. PLASTIC MARBLE METHODOLOGY 2.1 EXTRUSION OUTLINE The technology of plastic manufacturing contains most vigorous process and it is characterized by new raw material different requirement continuous process. The different types of materials undergoes extrusion process are Polyethylene Polypropylene Nylon(polyamides) Polstyrene Polycarbonate Acetal Arcyclic Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene(ABS) The need for extrusion as plastic contains wide range of synthetic or semi synthetic organic compounds and it is malleable which can be remolded into solid objects. Chemical properties of thermoplastics does not undergo any changes while heating so that it can be recycled and remolded easily. Original form plastics can be molded to various shape, size according to specific requirements. Extrusion is defined as high volume manufacturing process. The required plastic materials are fed into hopper to shred along with the additional materials which is then melted by applying required amount of heat. It is then followed by molding and compaction manually. 2.2 MODEL OF MACHINE fig-3 3-D model of machine
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1287 1. Components of machine • Hopper fig-4 hopper • Belt conveyor fig-5 conveyor belt • Heater fig-6 heater • Die • Manual compact 2. Manual moulding The mould has its own importance, which gives the required shapes of the product. It is the important process where resinous polymeric compound is converted into useful finished article. fig-7 mould and compaction
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1288 3. Dimensions of mold Thickness-65mm(2.5") Width-150mm(6") Length-75mm(3") 2.3 MIX RATIO Chemicals Plastic Zinc oxide Aluminium oxide Magnesium carbonate Block 1 70% 20% 10% - Block 2 60% 30% - 10% Block 3 60% 20% 10% 10% 3. PROCESS INVOLVED fig-8 process involved 3.1 Flow chart Collection of plastic from Municipalities as there is a ban in TamilNadu. Segregation process is done by hand-picking of required one. Shredding process through the hopper. Melting of materials at 250°c by coil heater. Collection of plastic waste Seggregation of required plastic Shredding process Addition of raw materials Melting of plastics in considerable temperatures Manual moulding and compaction
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1289 3.2 MATERIALS USED WITH THEIR PROPERTIES 1. PET: Polyethylene Terephthalate, the most common thermoplastic polymer resin, colourless, semi-crystalline. Table-1: Properties of PET/PETE SL.NO PARTICULARS VALUE 1 Melting point 260°c 2 Thermal co-efficient of expansion(×10-6 k-1) 20-80 3 Density 1.38 g/cm3 4 Tensile strength 80MPa 5 Water absorption-over 24 hrs 0.1% 2. HDPE: It is known for its large strength-to-density ratio and stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength. Table-2: Properties of HDPE SL.NO PARTICULARS VALUE 1 Melting point 120-180°c 2 Water absorption 0.11% 3 Density 0.93 g/cm3 4 Tensile strength 20.3 MPa 3. ZINC OXIDE Table-3: Properties of zinc oxide SL.NO PARTICULARS VALUE 1 Molar mass 81.408 g/mol 2 Melting point 1975°c 3 Density 5.606 g/cm3 4 Boiling point 2360°c 5 Solubility in water 0.16 mg/100ml 4. ALUMINIUM OXIDE Table-4: Properties of Aluminium oxide SL.NO PARTICULARS VALUE 1 Molar mass 101.960 g/mol 2 Melting point 2072°c 3 Density 3.987 g/cm3 4 Boiling point 2977°c 5 Solubility in water insoluble 5. MAGNESIUM CARBONATE Table-5: Properties of Magnesium carbonate SL.NO PARTICULARS VALUE 1 Molar mass 84.3139g/mol 2 Melting point 350°c 3 Density 2.958 g/cm3 4 Solubility in water 0.00603 g/100ml
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1290 4. RESULT AND OBSERVATION 4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BLOCK-1 Table-6 Block 1 compressive results BLOCK-2 Table-7 Block 2 compressive results BLOCK-3 Table-8 Block 2 compressive results 4.2 THERMAL RESISTANT RESULT This test is to know the heat resistance. Table-9 Thermal resistance results SL.NO PLASTIC (kg) ZINC OXIDE (kg) MAGNESIUM CARBONATE(kg) ALUMINIUM OXIDE(kg) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(N/mm2) 1 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 15.78 2 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 16.11 3 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 16.06 Average 15.98 SL.NO PLASTIC (kg) ZINC OXIDE (kg) ALUMINIUM OXIDE(kg) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(N/mm2) 1 2 0.75 0.5 11.23 2 2 0.75 0.5 12.05 3 2 0.75 0.5 11.58 Average 11.62 SL.NO PLASTIC (kg) ZINC OXIDE (kg) MAGNESIUM CARBONATE(kg) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(N/mm2) 1 1.5 0.8 0.5 12.84 2 1.5 0.8 0.5 13.37 3 1.5 0.8 0.5 11.99 Average 12.73 BLOCKS TEMPERATURE(°c) REMARKS BLOCK-1 75 No change 150 No change 225 Starts melting BLOCK-2 75 No change 150 Slight change 225 Starts melting BLOCK-3 75 No change 150 No change 225 Starts melting
9.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1291 4.3 COMPARATIVE RESULT BETWEEN CONCRETE PAVERS AND PLASTIC MARBLE chart-2 comparative results 5. CONCLUSIONS The experimental study has concluded that Plastic marble can be more economical and alternative replacement of concrete pavers as well as a great solution to dispose the plastic waste. As the plastic marble does not attain the compressive strength as of concrete pavers it can be better replacement in areas of low soil bearing capacity , as aesthetic use in parking lots , flooring for rehabilitation of landfill as parks, cycling tracks. This is adoptable to all weather condition as it withstand high melting point. The above process is one of the best initiative along with the plastic roads to reduce the dumping of plastic waste in oceans and landfills to preserve animals and soil stability. It also paves a way to store energy while melting the plastics. 6. REFERENCES Reuse of Plastic Waste in Paver Blocks B. Shanmugavalli*1Assistant Professor,K.Gowtham2, P. Jeba Nalwin2,B. Eswara Moorthy2 UG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Virudhunagar. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). Feb 2017 3rd National conference on Sustainable Infrastructure with plastics, Knowledge paper on Plastic industry for infrastructure. feb 2017 conducted bt FICCI. Technological Challenges in Plastic Recycling. Can technological innnovation tackle the problem of plastic waste? Athanasios Valavanidis Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Campus Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece Challenges and opportunities plastic waste management in India. The energy and resources Institute(TERI), NewDelhi. Overview of Plastic waste management. Central Pollution Control Board, NewDelhi. June2013 Making marbles from bottles: plastic waste's second life in Kenya. Submitted by Justine white; Co-authors: Lisanne heemskerk, Marjolijn wilmink. Science direct journal. 0 50 100 150 200 250 CONCRETE PAVERS PLASTIC MARBLE
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1292 Use of Fly ash and Plastic in Paver Block 1Sarang Shashikant Pawar, 2Shubhankar Anant Bujone 1,2 student Dept. of project construction management (MBA), MIT College of Management, Pune, Maharashtra, India. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). Nov 2017 Plastic recycling project. Monrovia, Liberia ,West Africa. Dec 2014 Plastic solid waste utilization technologies: A Review Arun Kumar Awasthi, Murugesh Shivashankar and Suman Majumder Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. ICSET 2017. Recycled Plastic and Coconut Fibre used in Concrete Paver Block M. Achitra1, R. Ambika Rajasree2, R. Vijayalakshmi Pandit3, V.Saranya4 UG Scholar1, 2, 3, Assistant Professor4 Department of Civil Engineering Sethu Institute of Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India. IJESC 2018 Solid Waste Management in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu A. Royal Edward Williams and S. Kumar. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016.; UTILIZATION OF PLASTIC BAGS IN PAVEMENT BLOCKS Mohan D.M.S1, Vignesh.J2, Iyyappan.P3, C.Suresh4*. 1,2,3 Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. Rangarajan ,Dr. Sakunthala Assitant professor Vel Tech Multi Tech Engineering College, Avadi, Chennai, Corresponding Author. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 2018. Optimization of Plastic Extrusion Process: Geo Raju1 , Mohan Lal Sharma2 , Makkhan Lal Meena3 Volume 4, Number 6 (2014), pp. 583-588.
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