In our experiments, commercially available shredded plastics were procured and washed before pyrolysis. Pyrolysis it is one of the most favorable and effective disposing methods, the process is an environmentally friendly and efficient way to eliminate the effect of plastic. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of solid wastes at high temperatures (250- 325℃) in the absence of air (and oxygen). The main process given below: 1. Identification of waste plastics. (PE/PP/PS/LDPE/HDPE) 2. Crash and cut the plastic for the pyrolysis process 3. Condensation of the gas to obtain raw fuel. 4. Collect the sample and perform tests to identify the kinds of fuel produced.

1. SouthernTechnicalUniversity
EngineeringTechnicalCollege
DepartmentofFuel and Energy
FinalYear Project / Group No.:
Fuel from WastePlasticby Pyrolysis
By
Ali KadhimMarwad Ali Jumah Thamer
Omar Montaser Abdul-Baqi MuslimKareem Raheem
Supervision
M.Sc. Bahiya Jabbar
2018/2019

2. ii
Abstract
Waste plastic disposal and excessive use of fossil fuels have caused
environmentalconcernsin theworld. Bothplastics and petroleum-derived
fuels are hydrocarbons that contain the elements of carbon and hydrogen.
The difference between them is that plasticmolecules havelonger carbon
chains than thosein LPG, petrol, and dieselfuels. Therefore, it is possible
to convert wasteplasticinto fuels.
The main objectives of this study were to understand and optimize the
processes of plastic pyrolysis for maximizing the diesel range products,
and to design a continuous pyrolysisapparatusas a semi-scalecommercial
plant.
Pyrolysis ofpolyethylene(PE), polypropylene(PP), and polystyrene(PS)
has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally in a lab-scale
pyrolysisreactor. Thekey factorshavebeen investigatedand identified.
Pyrolysis ofpolyethylene(PE), polypropylene(PP), and polystyrene(PS)
has been investigated both theoretically andexperimentally in a lab-scale.
The key factors have been investigated and identified. The cracking
temperaturefor PE, PP and PS in the pyrolysisis at range(324-188 ºC).
The high reaction temperature and heating rate can significantly promote
the productionof light hydrocarbons. Longresidencetime also favors the
yield of thelight hydrocarbon products. Theeffects ofother factors likethe
typeofreactor, catalyst, pressure,and reflux rate.
The PP pyrolysis products have the value of API 61.5>31.1 and this value is
slightly light by API gravity classification
In thepyrolysis productofHDPE, havethevalueofAPI(47, 49)>31.1and
this valueis slightly light by API gravity classification

3. iii
Acknowledgements
Withoutthesupport, assistance, and motivationprovided by thosearound
me, this studywould havenever been accomplished.
In particular, Iwouldliketo thankmy supervisorM.Sc. Bahiya forhis help
and guidance during the period of research. M.Sc. Bahiya provided
significant comments and financial support on defining the topic and
proceeding with the research. His assistance in editing was very greatly
appreciated. His enthusiastic nature always encourages me. I have gained
much about thisstudyfrom his rigorousattitude
I need to thank M.Sc. Akeel M. Ali for his valuable advice. I would also
like to acknowledge the technical staffs in the department, B.Sc. Jaffar
Abdurrahman for teachingmetheexperimentaltechniques andhow to use
the analysis devices. Their valuable suggestions, discussions, and endless
enthusiasmweremuch appreciated.

4. iv
Reference
Abstract............................................................... ii
Acknowledgements............................................ iii
Reference............................................................iv
List of Symbols....................................................v
List of Abbreviations...........................................vi
1. Introduction......................................................1
1.1 Background................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objectives.................................................................................. 3
1.3 Uses of different types ofplastics................................................ 3
1.4 Properties of Plastics................................................................... 4
1.5 Environmental hazards due to mismanagement ofplastics waste .. 4
1.6 Side Effect ofplastics in nature................................................... 5
1.7 The project aims......................................................................... 6
1.8 The pyrolysis of Plastic Materials................................................ 6
1.9 Effect of raw material as plastics in production............................ 7
1.10 Physical and thermal properties of crude oil and its products ...... 8
2. Methodology..................................................11
2.1 Collection & Identification of waste plastic................................ 11
2.2 Device description.................................................................... 12
2.3 Subjecting the Waste Plastic for Pyrolysis Process..................... 18
2-4 Process steps and materials....................................................... 19
3. Results and Discussion ...................................21
4. Conclusion .....................................................25
References..........................................................26

5. v
List of Symbols
𝒎𝒎𝟎𝟎 The weight of empty pycnometer
𝒎𝒎𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 The weight of pycnometer with filled water
𝒎𝒎𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 The weight of pycnometer with filled PP
𝒎𝒎𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 The weight of pycnometer with filled HDPE
𝑻𝑻 The temperature of ambient
𝝆𝝆 Density
𝒌𝒌 The k value of viscometer
𝒕𝒕 Time of fluid descent
𝝊𝝊 Kinematic Viscosity
𝝁𝝁 Dynamic viscosity
𝑺𝑺. 𝑮𝑮 Specific gravity
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 American petroleum institute

6. vi
List of Abbreviations
PE Polyethylene
HDPE High density polyethylene
LDPE Low density polyethylene
PP Polypropylene
PS Polystyrene
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

7. 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Plasticis a high molecular weight materialthat wasinventedby Alexander
Parke'sin 1862.Plasticsarealsocalled polymers.Thetermpolymer means
a molecule made up by repetition of the simple unit. For example, the
structureof polypropylenecan be written in a form as shown in Figure 1-
1 or in Figure 1-2
Figure 1-1 Common expression of polypropylene molecular structure
Figure 1-2 A simplified expression of polypropylene molecular structure
The repeatingunit of the polymer is in the bracketswith a subscript,n, to
representthenumber oftheunit in this polymer molecule.

8. 2
Plasticis one of themost commonlyused materialsin daily life which can
be classified in many ways such as based on its chemical structure,
synthesisprocess,density,andother properties. In order to assistrecycling
of the waste plastic, Society of Plastic Industry (SPI) defined a resin
identification code system that divides plastics into the following seven
groupsbased on thechemical structureand applications:
1) PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
2) HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)
3) PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
4) LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene)
5) PP (Polypropylene)
6) PS (Polystyrene)
7) Other
The above seven types of plastics are marked on various plastic products
as follows:
Figure 1-3 Marks of the seven types of plastics on various plastic products.

9. 3
1.2 Objectives
The main objectives ofthis project are:
1) To raise the awareness in developing countries like Iraq about the
possibility of plastic waste recirculation as a source of liquid fuel,
this could be generated and marketed at cheaper rates compared to
that of the available diesel or oil in the market.
2) Contributing to the Economicgrowth ofthe country.
3) Find a new source of fuel oil rather than fossil fuel.
4) Plastic recovery decrease the air and waterpollution.
1.3 Uses of different types of plastics
Table 1-1 Uses of different types of plastics
Type of Plastics Uses
PET
Carbonated drinkbottles,plastics film
Supermarketbags, plastics bottle
HDPE
Milk jugs, detergent bottles, thicker
Plastics film, pipes
LDPE Floor tiles, shower curtains, cling film
PVC
Agriculture(fountain)pipe, guttering
Pipe, window frame, sheetsfor
buildingmaterial
PP
Bottle caps, drinking straws,Bumper, house
ware, fiber carpetingand rope.
PS
foam use for insulation ofroofs and
walls, disposalcups, plates,food
Container,CD and cassettebox.

10. 4
1.4 Properties of Plastics
1) They are less brittle than Glass, yet they can be made equally
transparentand smooth.
2) Theyare lightweightand atthesametime possess good strength and
rigidity.
3) They possess good toughness.
4) Their high dielectric strength makes them suitable for electric
insulation.
5) They resist corrosion and the action of chemicals.
6) The ease at which they can be mass – produced contributes greatly
to the popularityaswrappers and bags.
7) Possess the property of low moisture absorption.
8) They can be easily molded to desired shapes.
1.5 Environmental hazards due to
mismanagementof plastics waste
Plastics is not biodegradable material. It al most taks 300-500 years for
biodegrading ,therefore; environmental hazards due to improper manage
include thefollowingaspect:
1) Littered plastics spoils the beauty of the city and choke drains and
make importantpublicplaces dirty.
2) Garbagecontainingplastics, when burntmaycause air pollution by
emitting polluting gases.
3) Garbagemix with plastics gives problem in landfill operation.
4) Lack of recycling plant to posing an unhygienic problem to the
environment.

11. 5
1.6 Side Effect of plastics in nature
1) Durability and chemical structure greatly influences the
biodegradability of some organic compounds, therefore, an
increased numberoffunctionalgroups(groupsofatoms)attached to
the benzene ring in an organic molecule usually hinders microbial
attack.
2) Instead of biodegradation, plastics waste goes through photo-
degradation and turns into plastic dust which can enter in the food
chain and can cause complex health issues to earth habitants.
3) Plastics are produced from petroleum derivatives and are composed
primarily of hydrocarbons but also contain additives such as
antioxidants, colorants, and otherstabilizers.
4) When plastic products are used and discarded, the additives are
undesirablefrom an environmentalpointof view.
5) Burning of plastics give 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑿𝑿, 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑿𝑿, 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑿𝑿, particulate, dioxins,
furansand fumes which is increase’s air pollution and resultin acid
rain and contriuputein globalwarming.
6) Plastics in landfill area leaching toxins into ground water.
Figure 1-4 Plastic pollution in the world's oceans

12. 6
1.7 The project aims
Thereare two aims for theproject:
1- The aim of the project is to development and design of a process to
transform all sorts of plastic waste into crude oil and refined fuel
fractions. The ultimate goal is to be able to treat all sorts of plastic
waste into high quality fuel for transportation, vessel fleet and
energy production.
2- Recycle the degraded and dirty plastic fraction into valuable
productsand eliminate the environmentalimpactof plastic waste.
1.8 The pyrolysis of Plastic Materials
Pyrolysis is a thermal cracking reaction of the large molecular weight
polymercarbonchains under an oxygen-freeenvironmentand produces a
smallmolecular weight molecules.
Traditional treatments for post-consumed plastics were landfills or
incineration. However,landfillofthepost-consumed plastics haspotential
problems because of limited land resource and high durability of plastics.
The incomplete burn may generate poisonous substances and causes
serious health problems. Other methods like gasification and
bioconversion aremainly used for organicmaterials.
HDPE, LDPE, PP, and PS areallhydrocarbons. They consist ofentirelyof
carbon and hydrogen, which are similar to hydrocarbon fuels such as
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), petroland diesel.
Somecommercialplasticpyrolysis plantshavebeen in operation in which
all types of post-consumer plastics accepted need to be treated by using
hydrochloride scrubber which is mainly use for PVC cracking process
because of it chloride content because chloride is not desirable in the fuel

13. 7
products. In the tablebelow will show '' Typeof Plastics as raw materials
and its contents''.
Table 1-2. Typeof Plastics and its contents.
TypeofPlastics its contents
PE (HDPE, LDPE), PP, PS Hydrocarbons
PET Hydrocarbonswith oxygen
PVC Hydrocarbonswith chlorine
1.8.1 Solutions waste for plastic problem
Plastic waste is a big problem in our daily modern lifestyle, environment
solutions for this problem is urgent and efficient. Hence, there two main
solutionfor this problem:
a) Recycling plastic.
b) Energy conversion or degradation ofplastic.
1.9 Effect of raw material as plastics in
production
If PE, PS, PP with other plastics gives fuel gas pollution andcontaminated
to the reactor by making other unexpected compounds. In contamination
to reactor resulting liquid may contain alcohol, waxy hydrocarbons, and
inorganicsubstance. Typeofplastics andtheir product in table2 is below.
Table 1-3. Effectof plastics in production.
TypeofPlastics Product
PE (HDPE, LDPE), PP, PS liquid fuels

14. 8
PET Terephthalicacid and benzoicacid
PVC HCL gas and carbonouscompound
(UNEP, 2009)
1.10 Physicaland thermal properties of crude oil
and its products
1.10.1 Density
Density is defined as mass per unitvolumeofa fluid. Density is a state
function and for a purecompound depends on both temperatureand
pressureandis shown by ρ. Liquid densities decreaseas temperature
increases but theeffect of pressureon liquid densities at moderate
pressuresis usually negligible.
1.10.2 Specific Gravity
Liquid density for hydrocarbonsis usually reported in terms ofspecific
gravity (SG)or relativedensitydefined as:
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑇𝑇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑇𝑇
Since the standardconditionsadoptedby thepetroleumindustryare60°F
(15.5°C)and 1 atm specificgravities ofliquid hydrocarbonsarenormally
reportedat theseconditions. Water densityat 60°F is 0.999 or almost1
g/cm3, thus,
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (60°𝐹𝐹 60°𝐹𝐹) =⁄
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 60°𝐹𝐹 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔/𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
0.999 𝑔𝑔/𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3

15. 9
The definition ofspecific gravity for gases is somewhatdifferent. The
specific gravity ofa gas is proportionalto theratio ofmolecular weight of
(28.97)gas (Mg) to themolecular weight of air
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑔𝑔 =
𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑔
28.97
1.10.3 API Gravity
The American Petroleum Institute(API) defined the APIgravity (degrees
API) to quantifythequalityofpetroleumproductsand crudeoils. The
API gravity is defined as:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 =
141.5
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 60°𝐹𝐹)
− 131.5
CrudeOils API = 10 – 50, crude oils can generally be classified
accordingto APIas shown:
1.10.4 Flash point
Flash point TF, for a hydrocarbonor a fuel is theminimum temperatureat
which vaporpressureof thehydrocarbonis sufficient to producethe
vapor needed for spontaneous ignitionofthe hydrocarbonwith theair
with thepresenceof an externalsource, i.e., sparkor flame. From this

16. 10
definition, it is clear that hydrocarbonswith higher vaporpressures
(lighter compounds)havelower flash points. Generallyflash point
increases with an increasein boiling point. Flashpointis an important
parameter for safetyconsiderations, especially duringstorageand
transportation ofvolatilepetroleum products(i.e., LPG, light naphtha,
gasoline)in a high-temperatureenvironment.
The flash pointcan be estimatedusingthefollowingequation:
𝑇𝑇𝐹𝐹 = 15.48+ 0.070704𝑇𝑇10
WhereT10 is normalboilingpointfor petroleum fractions at 10 vol%
distillationtemperature. Bothtemperatures (T10and flash point(TF)in
Kelvin).

17. 11
2. Methodology
In our experiments, commercially available shredded plastics were
procured and washed before pyrolysis. Pyrolysis it is one of the most
favorable and effective disposing methods, the process is an
environmentally friendly and efficient way to eliminate the effect of
plastic. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of solid wastes at high
temperatures (250- 325℃) in the absence of air (and oxygen). The main
processgiven below:
1. Identificationof waste plastics.(PE/PP/PS/LDPE/HDPE)
2. Crash and cut the plastic for the pyrolysis process
3. Condensation of the gas to obtain raw fuel.
4. Collect the sample and perform tests to identify the kinds of fuel
produced.
2.1 Collection & Identificationof waste plastic
 The collection of waste plastic is quite an easy task as compared
to other wastes, the plastic wastes are abundantand can be
obtained in large quantities fromthe households, roadsides,
hospitals, hotels etc.
 Plastics are usually termed as following:
• Polypropylene(PP)
• High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
• Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
• Polystyrene(PS)
 Usually, they are manufactured in the formof plastic bags, saline
bottles, plastic tools, chairs and other components which we
usually come across in our day to day life

18. 12
2.2 Devicedescription
1- DistillationApparatus
a- PYREX roundbottom flasks 1000ml
Figure 2-1 Round bottom flasks 1000ml
Specification:
Capacity: 1000mL
Material: Borosilicate glass
Flask Style:Boiling
Flask Shape:Flat Bottom
NeckStyle:short
Top Style:24/29 GroundGlassMouth
Height: 160mm
OuterDimension:108mm
LowerWorking Temp:-230°C
UpperExtreme Temp:450°C
UpperWorking Temp:230°C
Max.Thermal Shock:160°C

19. 13
b- PYREX roundbottom flasks 500ml
Figure 2-1 Round bottom flasks 500ml
Specification:
Capacity: 500mL
Material: Borosilicate glass
Flask Style:Boiling
Flask Shape:Flat Bottom
NeckStyle:Long
Top Style:24/29 GroundGlassMouth
Height: 180mm
OuterDimension:108mm
LowerWorking Temp:-230°C
UpperExtreme Temp:450°C
UpperWorking Temp:230°C
Max.Thermal Shock:160°C

20. 14
c- Condenser
Figure 2-2 Jacketed reflux Condenser
Specification:
Types:Coil Condenser
Material: Borosilicate Glass
GlassThickness:2 to 5 mm
JacketLength:250mm
Features:
 Graham condenseris designed for use in distillation applications.
 Constructed of borosilicate glass, this condenser hasa coiled inner
tube to provide additionalsurface area for highly efficient cooling.
 Both upperand lower joints are 24/29.

21. 15
d- Distillation Adapter, Connecting
Figure 2-3 Distillation Adapter, Connecting 75 degrees
AdapterType:75° BentDistillation Adapters
Material: Borosilicate Glass
Joints:24/29
Diameter:17 mm
e- Distillation Adapter, Vacuumtake-off adapter
Figure 2-4 Distillation Adapter, Vacuum take-off adapter bent short stem

22. 16
Specification:
AdapterType:Connecting,WithAngle Socket
Material: Borosilicate Glass
Joints:24/29
Diameter:17 mm
2. HeatingMental
Figure 2-5 AIBOTE Heating Mantle 10000ml
Specification:
Capacity: 10000ml forround bottomflask
Heating Temperature Range:Ambientto400 degree
Temperature ControlPID.InnerandOuterTemperature sensor
Temperature Range:Ambientto380
Temperature Display:+/- 1 degree
Permissible AmbientTemperature:AmbientTemperature to40 degree
Voltage:110v - 240v
Power:2100 W
Temperature Accuracy:±1 degree
Stirring FlaskCapacity: 10000ml
Packing Dimension:480 × 320 × 200 mm
Shipping Weight:8. 5 kg
Shell material: Superfine metal

23. 17
3- Water Filter
Figure 2-6 Filter RS-702
Specification:
Ratedpower:18 W
Frequency:50 Hz
Voltage:220/240 v
Diameter:16 mm
Size:60 * 50 * 195 mm
The maximumhead:0.8 m
Maximumflow:1500 L/H
Features:
Low can be superimposedfiltercartridgesdesign
Low replacementpumpinflatable (mustbe close to the surface installation)
Low high performance centrifugalpumps
Low multi-functionaldesign
Low energyconsumptionislow
Low is suitable forall kinds of aquatic animals
Low high pore filtering material
Low convenientcleaning

24. 18
4- PlasticTubes
Figure 2-7 PVC Clear Vinyl Tube
2.3 Subjecting the Waste Plastic for Pyrolysis
Process
Figure 2-8 block diagram of the pyrolysis process
The pyrolysis is a simple process in which the organic matter is subjected
to a higher temperature about 250ºC to 325ºC in order to promote
thermal cracking of the organic matter so as to obtain the end products
in the formof liquid, char, and gas in absence of oxygen.

25. 19
2-4 Process steps and materials
2.4.1. Materials
The waste mixture of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene was
used as a raw materialor use each one individually. Thepolymer mixture
pieces havea maximum particlesizeof 5-6 mm. Themelting temperatures
of (HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS) mixture, as determined by CLAW
Environmental, were135°C, 115°C, 165°C,and 90°C, respectively.
2.4.2 Experimental Setup
All experiments of waste polyolefin mixture (RW) were carried out in a
rotary flask 1000 mL volume which was equipped with a temperature
measurement system. Different amounts of plastic waste mixed were
placed into a flask. Theplasticselected specifically PP. HDPE and PS are
fed to the rotary flask. The reaction system was closed at atmospheric
pressure and then the heater was switched on. Then the water filter is
switched on in the first after this the heating mantle. This heater supplies
enough heat to melt theplasticfed into theflask. Continuousmeltingleads
to the formation of liquid melted plastic. The pyrolysis was carried out
from 250oC to the maximum of 350°C for around (60-100) min. Further
heatingofthe melted plasticleads to theformation ofgaseousfumes. The
obtained vaporized products from flask were collected through a
distillation adapter that afterward being let out to a condenser in order to
condense the condensable products. The water filter is poured the water
around the condenser. Enough time is provided to let the gas accumulate
in the condenser. The water around the condenser cools the fumes in it.
Glass condenserswereconnected tightly totheflask tocoolthecondensing
vapors.And then get the products

26. 20
Figure 2-8 Final Product of the process
Figure 2-9 Product from mixing plastic at different temperture

27. 21
3. Results and Discussion
Table 3-1 Properties and condition for all experimental
Where
• Degree in (°C): Degree of Heating mantle
• Wight in (g): Wight of the waste plastic piece
• F.D. in (min): first drop in the rotary flask
• Time in (S): Time of Experimental
Type Plastic Compounds
Polypropylene
Degree 288 Wight 200 FD 20 time 60
Polypropylene
Degree 288 Wight 25 FD 52 time 52
High density polyethylene
Degree 288 Wight 90 FD 23 time 55
High density polyethylene
Degree 288 Wight 110 FD 15 time 35
Low density polyethylene
Degree 288 Wight 21 FD 28 time 65
Polystyrene
Degree 288 Wight 14 FD 25 time 30
Mixed
Degree 252 Wight 20 FD 34 time 70
Mixed
Degree 288 Wight 20 FD 25 time 60
Mixed
Degree 324 Wight 20 FD 21 time 50

28. 22
Threesampleweretaken for calculations:
For 1st experiment
The wight of empty pycnometer (𝑚𝑚0)= 23.18 g
The wight of pycnometerwith filled water (𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) = 73.0795g
The wight of pycnometerwith filled HDPE (𝑚𝑚𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 59.416g
The temperatureofambient (T)= 21 °C
Density
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝑚𝑚0
𝑉𝑉
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
73.0795 − 23.18
50
∗ 1000 = 997.99 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚3⁄
𝜌𝜌𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 − 𝑚𝑚0
𝑉𝑉
𝜌𝜌𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
59.416− 23.18
50
∗ 1000 = 724.72 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚3⁄
𝑆𝑆. 𝐺𝐺 =
𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑆𝑆. 𝐺𝐺 =
724.72
997.99
= 0.7262
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
141.5
𝑆𝑆. 𝐺𝐺
− 131.5
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
141.5
0.7262
− 131.5 = 63.35 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 70°𝐹𝐹 = 61.48 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 60°𝐹𝐹
Flash Point
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹ℎ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 31.7°𝐶𝐶
Cloud point
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 15°𝐶𝐶
This value was calculated by
engineeringunits.com

29. 23
For 2ed experiment
Density
The weight of empty pycnometer (𝑚𝑚0) = 23.18 g
The weight of pycnometer withfilled water (𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) = 70.58 g
The weight of pycnometer withfilled HDPE (𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ) = 59.45 g
The temperatureofambient (T)= 36 °C
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝑚𝑚0
𝑉𝑉
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
70.58− 23.18
50
∗ 1000 = 948 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚3⁄
𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻1 =
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 − 𝑚𝑚0
𝑉𝑉
𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻1 =
59.45 − 23.18
50
∗ 1000 = 725.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚3⁄
𝑆𝑆. 𝐺𝐺 =
𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑆𝑆. 𝐺𝐺 =
725.4
948
= 0.7652
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
141.5
𝑆𝑆. 𝐺𝐺
− 131.5
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
141.5
0.7652
− 131.5 = 53.42 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 97°𝐹𝐹 = 49.4 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 60°𝐹𝐹
Viscosity
The density ofproduct (𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻1)= 725.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚3⁄
The k valueof viscometer (𝑘𝑘) = 0.15
Time of fluid descent (𝑡𝑡) = 513 s
𝜐𝜐 = 𝐾𝐾 ∙ 𝑡𝑡
𝜐𝜐 = 0.15∗ 513 = 76.95 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠𝑠⁄
𝜇𝜇 = 𝜌𝜌 ∙ 𝜐𝜐
𝜇𝜇 = 725.4∗ 76.95 = 55819.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑠⁄ = 5.582 ∗ 104
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑠⁄
This value was calculated by
engineeringunits.com

30. 24
For 3rd experiment
Density
The weight of empty pycnometer (𝑚𝑚0) = 23.18 g
The weight of pycnometer withfilled water (𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) = 70.58 g
The weight of pycnometer withfilled HDPE (𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ) = 60.27 g
The temperatureofambient (T)= 36 °C
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝑚𝑚0
𝑉𝑉
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
70.58− 23.18
50
∗ 1000 = 948 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚3⁄
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 − 𝑚𝑚0
𝑉𝑉
𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻2 =
60.27 − 23.18
50
∗ 1000 = 741.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚3⁄
𝑆𝑆. 𝐺𝐺 =
𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑆𝑆. 𝐺𝐺 =
741.6
948
= 0.7823
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
141.5
𝑆𝑆. 𝐺𝐺
− 131.5
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
141.5
0.7823
− 131.5 = 49.38 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 97°𝐹𝐹 = 47.12 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 60°𝐹𝐹
Viscosity
The density ofproduct (𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻2)= 741.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚3⁄
The k valueof viscometer (𝑘𝑘) = 0.15
Time of fluid descent (𝑡𝑡) = 376 s
𝜐𝜐 = 𝐾𝐾 ∙ 𝑡𝑡
𝜐𝜐 = 0.15∗ 376 = 56.4 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠𝑠⁄
𝜇𝜇 = 𝜌𝜌 ∙ 𝜐𝜐
𝜇𝜇 = 741.6∗ 56.4 = 41826.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑠⁄ = 4.183 ∗ 104
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑠⁄
This value was calculated by
engineeringunits.com

31. 25
4. Conclusion
Pyrolysis is oneofthemostwastemanagementefficient methodsfor waste
plastics), it saves more time, efforts and money than conventional
recycling.
Pyrolysis is not only waste management process it’s although an
unconventionalsourceofenergy.
Pyrolysis seems to bethe only way we can keep the irreplaceableindustry
of plasticaliveby refreshingthefeedstock withwasteplasticwhich means
renewablefeedstock independentoftheoil availability worldwide.
Practically Pyrolysistechnology is very efficient becauseoutputenergy is
way more than used energy in the process by nine times or more which
makeit also feasible as a sourceofenergy.
Using pyrolysis technology in the (SWM) could reduce CO2 emission by
80% comparingwith ordinary methods likelandfills or burningwaste.
The complexity of the system can be improved with more stages of
preparation. And modifications to accept several kind of biomass like
wood and a good percentageof housewastes.
-In Iraq, wearein need of technologies likethis one, especially,with much
existingwastein my country andthefuel is not sustainable

32. 26
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