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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3295
IoT BASED AUTOMATED PESTICIDE SPRAYER FOR DWARF PLANTS
Vishnu.A
a
, Abthul Rahman.S
b
, Supriya.E
c
, Gokul.S
d
, Hariprasanth.RK
e
a
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SNS College of Technology,Coimbatore-35, India
bcde
Student, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore-35, India
--------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
A Fundamental goal is to plan a computerized pesticide sprayer by utilizing ESP based remote correspondence framework which
diminishes the manual splashing process for the ranchers. Farming plays a prevalent part in our everyday life. The regular
techniques were individual conveying a sprayer and physically impelling a switch to create and siphon the pesticide through a
cylinder or a portable vehicle conveying an inbuilt blower and sprayer unit. One more significant downside in human work
frameworks is that the administrator is presented with hurtful synthetics while splashing which is very inconvenient to the
administrator's wellbeing. Ranchers deal with numerous issues in the splashing of pesticides to crops via conveying weighty
tanks on their shoulders. They ought to shower pesticides to the yields in all seasons independent of the weather pattern and
furthermore expects basically rest of 3-4 days in the wake of splashing the pesticide. Pesticide openness has been connected to
the improvement of Parkinson's sickness, asthma, consideration shortage, and hyperactivity problem (ADHD), including
leukemia (blood disease) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymph malignant growth). To lessen pesticides in agrarian creation
brought about by direct contact with the human body injury, and work on the effectiveness of rural splashing activities, this
undertaking proposes the plan of savvy Wi-Fi remote controlled showering pesticides robots. Other than lessening the expense of
showering, there is saving money on fuel also. The ranchers can do the showering activity without human impedance in this
manner safeguarding them from harmful synthetic compounds.
Key words: ESP, Pesticide, Hurtful synthetics, Wi-Fi, Robots
1. INTRODUCTION
The utilization of pesticides in rural ranches is
predominantly to kill the bugs and keep away from the
damaging sicknesses of plants.
Presently a dayโ€™s plants are get impacted by different
kinds of sicknesses that consequences for the creation
rate and creation quality. The pesticides assumes primary
part to give security and increment creation rate and
quality.
The utilization of pesticides in rural creation is an insect
spray, disinfection, vermin or weed-killing medications
for the counteraction, annihilation, or control risks in
farming, ranger service, infection, bugs, grass, and other
destructive living beings and intentional guideline of
plant development of synthetics. The pesticides are
splashed on the rural ranch or the plants which are
impacted. The splashing is finished by utilizing a hand
siphon by a rancher physically. Conventional manual
pesticide splashing activities are brimming with direct
openness to the pesticide fluid workplace and incredible
damage to the human body. Shower robot can disengage
the medication in direct contact with the human body in
pesticide splashing interaction and it is extremely hurtful
to the man whose body is in touch with that pesticides,
but since of the limitations of huge farming robots
sensitive and complex nature of the gig protests, the
intricacy of the working climate and the activity target
value disposition and advancement issues, for example,
slow. It is finished by utilizing work vehicles and drums of
pesticides and it is neutered all over the ranch. It is such a
lot of sluggish and complex cycle. The remote control is an
extraordinary arrangement for such kinds of cycles.
Remote control shower robots can track down a forward
leap on these.
Remote control applications, all things considered, show
up to an ever-increasing extent, particularly in
horticulture. Industry assumes a crucial part. In the
remote framework, the Wi-Fi-based and Bluetooth-based
robot is as of now grown yet they cover a brief distance of
activity. It splashes pesticides by utilizing showers. Its
tallness likewise changed as our necessity. We work the
splashing robot by utilizing the remote. The sprayer is
additionally constrained by that remote. The remote has
four keys to the work robot, one key to begin and stop the
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3296
splash and another key to change stature. The robot
comprises two separate batteries, one is for the remote
and the other is for the robot. It has a level pointer,
assuming the degree of pesticide inside that tank will go
beneath that demonstrated level then there is a bell alert
for illuminating us that the pesticide inside that tank is
finished and fill it once more.
There are various field activities that can be executed via
independent vehicles, giving a bigger number of
advantages than traditional machines. The necessity of
inclusion and splash drop size relies on the versatility and
size of the vermin. The method of activity of pesticide, its
relative harmfulness, and other physicochemical
properties, help to choose the taking care of
precautionary measures, fomentation necessity, and so
forth. Further, the total information on the gear is
important to foster wanted expertise of activity, to choose
and to gauge the number and sort of hardware expected
to treat the yield in the least time, and to enhance the
utilization of the gear.
All pesticides are noxious substances and they can hurt
every living thing. Hence their utilization should be
exceptionally reasonable. The application procedures in a
perfect world ought to be target arranged so the well-
being of the non-targets and this climate is guaranteed. In
this way, appropriate choice of use hardware,
information on bother conduct and capable dispersal
strategies are indispensable. The total information on the
bothering issue is essential to characterize the objective
i.e., the area of the vermin on foliage, under the leaves, at
the root zone, and so on.
This sort of robot has a splendid future since it is
extremely valuable in agribusiness and decreases
responsibility.
โ€ข It sets aside time and cash by decreasing how
much pesticide fluid that should be splashed.
โ€ข It will help ranchers in working in any season and
for any reason.
โ€ข It would decrease the gamble of different
breathing and actual issues for ranchers.
โ€ข It tends to be worked to snatch and investigate
information of the cultivating field and to independently
do pre-characterized undertakings.
โ€ข Extra utilization of inexhaustible assets, for
example, wind energy, will likewise assist with
diminishing the requirement for additional batteries.
โ€ข Use of the voice-controlled route for automated
developments can be utilized.
โ€ข Present-day innovations, for example, AI and AI can
be coordinated into IoT-based shrewd farming
frameworks to work on their presentation.
โ€ข Artificial intelligence-based independent robots can
be planned explicitly for farming purposes.
โ€ข ML can be utilized in video investigation to notice
the states of harvests, for example, examining the state of
a leaf to check whether it has been gone after by nuisances
and afterward educating the framework to make the
fitting move.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Peng Jian-Sheng, introduced โ€œRobot System for
Spraying Pesticidesโ€. This paper gives an outline of the
present status of pesticides in horticultural creation is a
bug spray, sanitization, bug or weed killing medications for
the avoidance, annihilation, or control risks in
agribusiness, ranger service, illness, bugs, grass, and other
hurtful living beings and intentional guideline of plant
development of synthetic substances. A shrewd robot
framework splashing pesticides, to control the robot
through a remote option in contrast to manual finishing of
harvests shower test, decreasing direct openness to
pesticides and the human body, lessen pesticide mischief
to individuals, and further develop creation productivity.
In STC11F32XE microcontroller is the center regulator,
against obstruction capacity, and low costs. By great, can
be different landscape, various statures crops by
showering activity tests show that a specific defensive,
commonsense, versatile robot, better splash impact at the
right workplace, such Its minimal expense, simplicity of
taking care of and simple support and different qualities of
people with a wide market in farming creation.
Mitul Raval, Aniket Dhandhukia, Supath Mohile, and
et.al, introduced โ€œDevelopment Automation of Robot
with Spraying Mechanism for Agricultural
Applicationโ€. Pesticide showering instrument with the
assistance of current advanced mechanics innovation is
the fundamental reason for this task which would help the
rancher in his everyday splashing movement. This paper
means to audit the current turn of events and the future
extent of this Technology. The course of pesticide
showering includes a huge measure of human work along
these lines making more number of - people get inclined by
the illnesses. There could be no other option in contrast to
manual showering in Indian open homesteads. Overuse of
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3297
pesticides can cause corruption in soil. This happens
generally on the grounds that the rancher employs work
for the work and the work is incompetent. Up to this
point, the innovations utilized in ranches are obsolete and
the current cultivating needs a progressive method of
cultivating. This paper gave an outline of the present
status and patterns of Agricultural application. Be that as
it may, in the field of Engineering and Technology, this
venture centers on the high velocity and high exactness
underway. It is practisimpleicity of upkeep.
Ahmed Hassan, Hafiz Muhammad Abdullah, Umar
Farooq, Adil Shahzad, and et.al, introduced โ€œWirelessly
Controlled Robot-based Smart Irrigation system by
Exploiting Arduinoโ€. It has given a definite audit of the
current sunlight-based fueled brilliant water system
framework. The creators have presented a method in
which they did water systems through sun-powered
energy. The idea has been illustrated. They created energy
from PV boards for the water system process. Albeit, this
method utilizes environmentally friendly power yet it had
a few downsides, for example, its underlying expense was
excessively high and it utilized a ton of room. Another
strategy has been laid out for observing the dampness
level of soil in light of remote sensor organization. They
introduced the engineering of their undertaking and
executed choices through ongoing information. It had
additionally a few disadvantages, for example, high
upkeep costs and troublesome establishment.
Amruta Sulakhe, M.N. Karanjkar, and et.al, introduced
โ€œDesign and Operation of Agriculture Based Pesticide
Spraying Robotโ€. The investigation showed that the
robot can fundamentally finish crafted by programmed
control and meet splashing prerequisites in the nursery.
The control framework has great strength and
dependability. The remote camera bases following
perform well when the robot runs under 0.5m/s and
turturnsan more than 0.5 meters. The splashing part can
change position inside a specific reach as indicated by the
tallness of the target, and lessen spillage shower and
weighty splash however much as could be expected.
There are still a few weaknesses in the robot framework.
For instance, there is no area framework for the spout, a
few manual guidelines are additionally expected for the
controller when the robot works. The framework has not
naturally changing gadgets of the splash amount. In this
state of quick advancement of accuracy cultivating
innovation, we ought to put forth more attempts to
acknowledge variable programmed splash on the
objective.
Pvr Chaitanya, Dileep Kotte, A.Srinath, K.B. Kalyan and
et.al, introduced โ€œDevelopment of Smart Pesticide
Spraying Robotโ€ This paper studies ongoing specialized
research on Smart Pesticide Spraying Robot. It has incited
plant illnesses a colossal post-impact situation as is
conceivable. The quality and amount of horticultural items
diminish altogether. The early location of bugs is a
significant issue for planting. The first stage incorporates
the yield being cautiously and occasionally checked. The
impacted plants are then recognized and photos are
acquired for the impacted yield part utilizing scanners or
cameras. these items are pre-handled, used, and gathered.
Then these pictures are shipped off the processor as
information. Assuming the image is defiled, a programmed
sprayer of pesticides is utilized to shower.
Vijaykumar N Chalwa, Shilpa S Gundagi introduced โ€œ
Mechatronics Based Remote Controlled Agricultural
Robotโ€ In this paper, we dissect The robot for the
horticulture reason season an Agrobot is an idea for the
close to the presentation and cost of the item once
streamlined, will end up being work through in the
farming splashing tasks. It has been effective in fostering a
robot whose development is to the point of enduring the
difficulties of the field. This idea is introduced in a way
reasonable to the Indian market, it will distinctively help
in cutting down the 15% molality rate found in the Indian
formers related with the farming splashing.
Karthik Deshpande, Rajesh Anawal, and et.al
introduced โ€œPesticide Spraying Robot using Wireless
Camera and Internet of Things (IoT) Conceptsโ€. In the
field of farming, it is generally critical to expanding the
yield. Be that as it may, weeds and bugs lessens the yield
by harming the harvest. This can be diminished by
utilizing a few synthetics and are known as biocides or
pesticide. However, they are undependable for ranchers
while splashing. To decrease the dangers of pesticides on
human wellbeing, a robot is grown with the goal that it
can move independently. The Robot is controlled utilizing
an open-source Smartphone application known as BLYNK.
From the robot assembled, it is feasible to diminish the
wastage of pesticide by splashing at the impacted region
just and as the actual robot conveys the pesticide tank;
manual treatment of sprayer framework stays away from.
At the point when the pesticide stockpiling tank gets
unfilled, it is displayed in a cell phone application with a
LED marker.
Lokare Mahesh Sanjay, Shinde suryakant popat and
et.al introduced โ€œWireless robot system for spraying
pesticidesโ€. This paper presents the advancement cycle of
splashing pesticides, executed utilizing a PIC16F877 A
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3298
microcontroller. Reproduction for the framework's
circuits is finished with the guide of Proteus
programming. The equipment circuits, which are based
on printed circuit sheets (PCB), are communicated with
engine drivers and sensors.
Tao Liu, Bin Zhang, and Jixing Jia et.al introduced
โ€œElectromagnetic navigation system design of the
greenhouse spraying robotโ€. This paper insistently
portrays the underlying model, the robot control
framework plan, and the consequences of route
exploration. The investigation shows that this robot can
follow a transmission wire well which is set on the
ground for route and it gets a pleasant directing capacity
in any event, for short turns with the speed under 0.5
m/s. Albeit the usefulness of the model isn't exactly
productive, the robot meets the prerequisites of pesticide
showering in the nursery without human administrators.
3.EXISTING METHODOLOGY
Foot Sprayer
Famously applied for CPP application and is worked with the
foot. It has an arrangement of 1-2 long conveyance hoses,
fitted with one or the other spear or 2-6 spout blasts. Its
potential splash pressure is 17 to 21 kg/cm2 yield and with a
spear is 1 ha/day. It can shower a high volume splash and
covers a region.
Knapsack Sprayer
Stacked on the rear of laborers during activities, Tanks
might be of plastic or metal, Common Knapsack sprayers
are,
โ€ข Water driven: Manually worked, tank limit is 15 liters,
mechanical or water-powered unsettling, worked with a
hand switch to keep up with consistent strain, especially
utilized for spot treatment by little holding rancher and
hand treatment. Outfitted with a blast. It is great for cover
applications.
โ€ข Manual pneumatic: Does not need siphoning during
activity/splashing. The tank is compressed in the wake of
filling the fluid to the 2/third limit with an inherent hand
siphon.
Aerial Sprayer
Elevated Spraying can be a viable method for controlling
poisonous or obtrusive plant species, particularly in far-
off regions. The issues with aeronautical splashing
utilizing a regular blast framework are that the shower
inclusion isn't restricted to the objective species and the
splash can float outside the objective region.
Rocker Sprayer
The shaking sprayer has a siphon gathering, fixed on a
wooden stage with a working switch, a valve get together
with two ball valves, a tension chamber, attractions hose
with sifter and a conveyance hose with a shower spear. At
the point when the unclogger is pulled behind by pulling
the switch away from the siphon, the shower liquid from
the holder is sucked through the sifter and pushes the
baseball valve above, and enters the siphon. The
development of the lower ball valve is captured by the
upper valve seat. Whenever the switch is pushed towards
the siphon, the sucked liquid is compelled to enter the
tension chamber by opening the upper ball valve.
Tractor Mounted Sprayer
With shower tension of 1.4 to 2.8 kg cm2 and fitted with
multi-spout blast are extremely helpful in CPP application
for the huge holding of ranchers. Farm vehicle-mounted
sprayers fitted with blasts are utilized to shower street-
side vegetation. Blast Sprayer is generally reasonable for
uniform and successful showering over crops. This blast
sprayer accompanies top-not catches spout and imported
siphon for the long existence of the sprayer.
โ€ข High consistency of sprayers.
โ€ข High working effectiveness.
โ€ข Full use of farm vehicle
โ€ข Cost Efficiency
4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Pesticide splashing and compost dissipating are drawn-
out applications. Notwithstanding the way that pesticide
showering is currently required, This depends on the
improvement of a horticultural robot vehicle that explores
between crops utilizing an Android application in view of
the rancher's directions.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3299
Figure 4.1 Block Diagram
This Agrobot has cheaper parts, making it more
financially savvy. To move the robot in the field, the
rancher can utilize any Android PDA with this application.
Through an IoT application, ranchers have some control
over pesticide sprinkling gadgets. This minimal expense
mechanical vehicle would expand the effectiveness, and
security, and fulfill work need in horticultural.
We construct the android application to control this
splashing wanderer. Initially, we need to interface the
android application with the HC05 Bluetooth module to
control all equipment parts of the showering wanderer.
When we interface Bluetooth, we can undoubtedly
control this showering meanderer. In this bot, we
appended four brushless DC engines with an L293D
engine driver. The association of ESP, brushless DC
engine through brushless engine driver and got the
power supply from 12Vbattery.
The engine drivers can control the revolution of the
engine utilizing its stage associated with the entryway
driver MOSFET on its circuit. One more servo engine is
additionally utilized here to control the sprayer part of
this wanderer. A servomotor is a rotating or straight
actuator that has some control over rakish or direct
position, speed, and speed increase with accuracy.
The principal motivation behind these servo engines is to
move the sprayer as indicated by the client's prerequisite.
We involved these servo engines as shoulder parts to as
needs be move the sprayer. ESP board gets orders from
the android application and works likewise. In this
framework we utilized a 6V siphon, the siphon is
associated with ESP and goes through a buck convertor
and hand-off module which assists with the controlling
high voltage siphon. A transfer is a switch that is managed
electrically by an electromagnet. A low voltage, for
example, 5 volts from a microcontroller, actuates the
electromagnet, which pulls a contact to represent the
moment of truth in a high voltage circuit.
Here, we utilized a 12V battery that is high, so to change
that high voltage DC over to low voltage DC we utilized a
buck converter here. From the contribution to the result, a
Buck converter ventures down a DC voltage. The activity
is not set in stone by the MOSFET's conduction express:
The present moving through the inductor rises, and the
diode is switched off. As energy is moved from the
inductor to the capacitor, the inductor current declines. In
the wanderer, we have likewise added temperature and
stickiness sensors to foresee climate before showering.
A variety of sensors identifies the shade of the material.
This sensor for the most part identifies tone in the RBG
scale. This sensor can arrange the variety as red, blue, or
green. These sensors are likewise outfitted with channels
to dismiss the undesirable IR light and UV light. The center
of this module is the ESP32 chip, which is versatile and
versatile. Two CPU centers can be separately controlled.
The fixed development of the S-series battery permits
inconvenience-free, safe activity in any position. There is a
compelling reason need to add electrolytes since gases
produced during charging are recombined in a
remarkable "Oxygen Cycle". The S-Series is a chief, general
obligation fixed lead-corrosive battery utilizing retentive
glass matt (AGM) innovation to suspend electrolytes in an
airtight.
5. FLOW LOGIC
Here, we used a 12V battery that is high, so to convert that
high voltage DC to low voltage DC we used a buck
converter here. From the input to the output, a Buck
converter steps down a DC voltage. The operation of the
circuit is determined by the MOSFET's conduction state:
The current flowing through the inductor rises, and the
diode is turned off. As energy is transferred from the
inductor to the capacitor, the inductor current decreases..
A color sensor detects the color of the material. This
sensor usually detects color on the RBG scale. This sensor
can categorize the color as red, blue, or green. These
sensors are also equipped with filters to reject the
unwanted IR light and UV light. The core of this module is
the ESP32 chip, which is scalable and adaptive. Two CPU
cores can be individually controlled. The clock frequency
is adjustable from 80 MHz to 240 MHz and supports RTOS.
It is a general-purpose Wi-Fi+BT+BLE MCU module.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3300
ESP-01 Wi-Fi module is developed by Ai-Thinker Team.
Core processor ESP8266 is smaller in sizes of the module
encapsulates tensilica L106 integrates industry-leading
ultra-low power 32 Bit MCU Micro. ESP8266 is high
integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power
constrained mobile platform designers. It provides
unsurpassed ability to embed Wi-Fi capabilities within
other systems, with the lowest cost, and minimal space
requirement.
Figure 5.1 Flow Chart
6. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN
Figure 6.1 2D Design
Figure 6.2 Front View
Figure 6.3 Side View
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3301
Figure 6.4 Top View
Figure 6.5 Isometric View
7. FABRICATION
Figure 7.1 Fabricated Prototype
Figure 7.2 Fabricated Prototype
8. CONCLUSION
In this task, we have carried out a pesticide showering
robot. A robot for use in horticulture An Agrobot is an idea
for working on the item's presentation and cost, which,
once advanced, would demonstrate to be helpful in rural
showering activities. Ranchers' jobs are diminished, as are
medical problems. Effectively developed a robot that can
go on harsh surfaces as well as convey an adequate heap
of the blower and other gear. Effective in making a robot
with a sufficient design to oppose the field's difficulties.
Certainly, when this thought is introduced in a way that is
suitable for the Indian market, it will without doubt
support bringing down the 15% molality rate found in
Indian formers related with horticultural splashing
activities. Projects like this move individuals to seek after
farming as a full-time or part-time occupation. This is
basic in created nations, especially India, where farming is
the financial spine.
9. REFERENCES
[1] Peng Jian-sheng., โ€œAn Intelligent Robot System for
Spraying Pesticidesโ€, The Open Electrical &
Electronic Engineering Journal, 2014, 8, 435-444.
[2] Shedbaletamannarafique, Lokare Mahesh
Sanjay, Bhosaleajay Sunil, Shinde Suryakant Popat.,
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3302
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IoT BASED AUTOMATED PESTICIDE SPRAYER FOR DWARF PLANTS

  • 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3295 IoT BASED AUTOMATED PESTICIDE SPRAYER FOR DWARF PLANTS Vishnu.A a , Abthul Rahman.S b , Supriya.E c , Gokul.S d , Hariprasanth.RK e a Assistant Professor, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SNS College of Technology,Coimbatore-35, India bcde Student, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore-35, India --------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract A Fundamental goal is to plan a computerized pesticide sprayer by utilizing ESP based remote correspondence framework which diminishes the manual splashing process for the ranchers. Farming plays a prevalent part in our everyday life. The regular techniques were individual conveying a sprayer and physically impelling a switch to create and siphon the pesticide through a cylinder or a portable vehicle conveying an inbuilt blower and sprayer unit. One more significant downside in human work frameworks is that the administrator is presented with hurtful synthetics while splashing which is very inconvenient to the administrator's wellbeing. Ranchers deal with numerous issues in the splashing of pesticides to crops via conveying weighty tanks on their shoulders. They ought to shower pesticides to the yields in all seasons independent of the weather pattern and furthermore expects basically rest of 3-4 days in the wake of splashing the pesticide. Pesticide openness has been connected to the improvement of Parkinson's sickness, asthma, consideration shortage, and hyperactivity problem (ADHD), including leukemia (blood disease) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymph malignant growth). To lessen pesticides in agrarian creation brought about by direct contact with the human body injury, and work on the effectiveness of rural splashing activities, this undertaking proposes the plan of savvy Wi-Fi remote controlled showering pesticides robots. Other than lessening the expense of showering, there is saving money on fuel also. The ranchers can do the showering activity without human impedance in this manner safeguarding them from harmful synthetic compounds. Key words: ESP, Pesticide, Hurtful synthetics, Wi-Fi, Robots 1. INTRODUCTION The utilization of pesticides in rural ranches is predominantly to kill the bugs and keep away from the damaging sicknesses of plants. Presently a dayโ€™s plants are get impacted by different kinds of sicknesses that consequences for the creation rate and creation quality. The pesticides assumes primary part to give security and increment creation rate and quality. The utilization of pesticides in rural creation is an insect spray, disinfection, vermin or weed-killing medications for the counteraction, annihilation, or control risks in farming, ranger service, infection, bugs, grass, and other destructive living beings and intentional guideline of plant development of synthetics. The pesticides are splashed on the rural ranch or the plants which are impacted. The splashing is finished by utilizing a hand siphon by a rancher physically. Conventional manual pesticide splashing activities are brimming with direct openness to the pesticide fluid workplace and incredible damage to the human body. Shower robot can disengage the medication in direct contact with the human body in pesticide splashing interaction and it is extremely hurtful to the man whose body is in touch with that pesticides, but since of the limitations of huge farming robots sensitive and complex nature of the gig protests, the intricacy of the working climate and the activity target value disposition and advancement issues, for example, slow. It is finished by utilizing work vehicles and drums of pesticides and it is neutered all over the ranch. It is such a lot of sluggish and complex cycle. The remote control is an extraordinary arrangement for such kinds of cycles. Remote control shower robots can track down a forward leap on these. Remote control applications, all things considered, show up to an ever-increasing extent, particularly in horticulture. Industry assumes a crucial part. In the remote framework, the Wi-Fi-based and Bluetooth-based robot is as of now grown yet they cover a brief distance of activity. It splashes pesticides by utilizing showers. Its tallness likewise changed as our necessity. We work the splashing robot by utilizing the remote. The sprayer is additionally constrained by that remote. The remote has four keys to the work robot, one key to begin and stop the
  • 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3296 splash and another key to change stature. The robot comprises two separate batteries, one is for the remote and the other is for the robot. It has a level pointer, assuming the degree of pesticide inside that tank will go beneath that demonstrated level then there is a bell alert for illuminating us that the pesticide inside that tank is finished and fill it once more. There are various field activities that can be executed via independent vehicles, giving a bigger number of advantages than traditional machines. The necessity of inclusion and splash drop size relies on the versatility and size of the vermin. The method of activity of pesticide, its relative harmfulness, and other physicochemical properties, help to choose the taking care of precautionary measures, fomentation necessity, and so forth. Further, the total information on the gear is important to foster wanted expertise of activity, to choose and to gauge the number and sort of hardware expected to treat the yield in the least time, and to enhance the utilization of the gear. All pesticides are noxious substances and they can hurt every living thing. Hence their utilization should be exceptionally reasonable. The application procedures in a perfect world ought to be target arranged so the well- being of the non-targets and this climate is guaranteed. In this way, appropriate choice of use hardware, information on bother conduct and capable dispersal strategies are indispensable. The total information on the bothering issue is essential to characterize the objective i.e., the area of the vermin on foliage, under the leaves, at the root zone, and so on. This sort of robot has a splendid future since it is extremely valuable in agribusiness and decreases responsibility. โ€ข It sets aside time and cash by decreasing how much pesticide fluid that should be splashed. โ€ข It will help ranchers in working in any season and for any reason. โ€ข It would decrease the gamble of different breathing and actual issues for ranchers. โ€ข It tends to be worked to snatch and investigate information of the cultivating field and to independently do pre-characterized undertakings. โ€ข Extra utilization of inexhaustible assets, for example, wind energy, will likewise assist with diminishing the requirement for additional batteries. โ€ข Use of the voice-controlled route for automated developments can be utilized. โ€ข Present-day innovations, for example, AI and AI can be coordinated into IoT-based shrewd farming frameworks to work on their presentation. โ€ข Artificial intelligence-based independent robots can be planned explicitly for farming purposes. โ€ข ML can be utilized in video investigation to notice the states of harvests, for example, examining the state of a leaf to check whether it has been gone after by nuisances and afterward educating the framework to make the fitting move. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY Peng Jian-Sheng, introduced โ€œRobot System for Spraying Pesticidesโ€. This paper gives an outline of the present status of pesticides in horticultural creation is a bug spray, sanitization, bug or weed killing medications for the avoidance, annihilation, or control risks in agribusiness, ranger service, illness, bugs, grass, and other hurtful living beings and intentional guideline of plant development of synthetic substances. A shrewd robot framework splashing pesticides, to control the robot through a remote option in contrast to manual finishing of harvests shower test, decreasing direct openness to pesticides and the human body, lessen pesticide mischief to individuals, and further develop creation productivity. In STC11F32XE microcontroller is the center regulator, against obstruction capacity, and low costs. By great, can be different landscape, various statures crops by showering activity tests show that a specific defensive, commonsense, versatile robot, better splash impact at the right workplace, such Its minimal expense, simplicity of taking care of and simple support and different qualities of people with a wide market in farming creation. Mitul Raval, Aniket Dhandhukia, Supath Mohile, and et.al, introduced โ€œDevelopment Automation of Robot with Spraying Mechanism for Agricultural Applicationโ€. Pesticide showering instrument with the assistance of current advanced mechanics innovation is the fundamental reason for this task which would help the rancher in his everyday splashing movement. This paper means to audit the current turn of events and the future extent of this Technology. The course of pesticide showering includes a huge measure of human work along these lines making more number of - people get inclined by the illnesses. There could be no other option in contrast to manual showering in Indian open homesteads. Overuse of
  • 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3297 pesticides can cause corruption in soil. This happens generally on the grounds that the rancher employs work for the work and the work is incompetent. Up to this point, the innovations utilized in ranches are obsolete and the current cultivating needs a progressive method of cultivating. This paper gave an outline of the present status and patterns of Agricultural application. Be that as it may, in the field of Engineering and Technology, this venture centers on the high velocity and high exactness underway. It is practisimpleicity of upkeep. Ahmed Hassan, Hafiz Muhammad Abdullah, Umar Farooq, Adil Shahzad, and et.al, introduced โ€œWirelessly Controlled Robot-based Smart Irrigation system by Exploiting Arduinoโ€. It has given a definite audit of the current sunlight-based fueled brilliant water system framework. The creators have presented a method in which they did water systems through sun-powered energy. The idea has been illustrated. They created energy from PV boards for the water system process. Albeit, this method utilizes environmentally friendly power yet it had a few downsides, for example, its underlying expense was excessively high and it utilized a ton of room. Another strategy has been laid out for observing the dampness level of soil in light of remote sensor organization. They introduced the engineering of their undertaking and executed choices through ongoing information. It had additionally a few disadvantages, for example, high upkeep costs and troublesome establishment. Amruta Sulakhe, M.N. Karanjkar, and et.al, introduced โ€œDesign and Operation of Agriculture Based Pesticide Spraying Robotโ€. The investigation showed that the robot can fundamentally finish crafted by programmed control and meet splashing prerequisites in the nursery. The control framework has great strength and dependability. The remote camera bases following perform well when the robot runs under 0.5m/s and turturnsan more than 0.5 meters. The splashing part can change position inside a specific reach as indicated by the tallness of the target, and lessen spillage shower and weighty splash however much as could be expected. There are still a few weaknesses in the robot framework. For instance, there is no area framework for the spout, a few manual guidelines are additionally expected for the controller when the robot works. The framework has not naturally changing gadgets of the splash amount. In this state of quick advancement of accuracy cultivating innovation, we ought to put forth more attempts to acknowledge variable programmed splash on the objective. Pvr Chaitanya, Dileep Kotte, A.Srinath, K.B. Kalyan and et.al, introduced โ€œDevelopment of Smart Pesticide Spraying Robotโ€ This paper studies ongoing specialized research on Smart Pesticide Spraying Robot. It has incited plant illnesses a colossal post-impact situation as is conceivable. The quality and amount of horticultural items diminish altogether. The early location of bugs is a significant issue for planting. The first stage incorporates the yield being cautiously and occasionally checked. The impacted plants are then recognized and photos are acquired for the impacted yield part utilizing scanners or cameras. these items are pre-handled, used, and gathered. Then these pictures are shipped off the processor as information. Assuming the image is defiled, a programmed sprayer of pesticides is utilized to shower. Vijaykumar N Chalwa, Shilpa S Gundagi introduced โ€œ Mechatronics Based Remote Controlled Agricultural Robotโ€ In this paper, we dissect The robot for the horticulture reason season an Agrobot is an idea for the close to the presentation and cost of the item once streamlined, will end up being work through in the farming splashing tasks. It has been effective in fostering a robot whose development is to the point of enduring the difficulties of the field. This idea is introduced in a way reasonable to the Indian market, it will distinctively help in cutting down the 15% molality rate found in the Indian formers related with the farming splashing. Karthik Deshpande, Rajesh Anawal, and et.al introduced โ€œPesticide Spraying Robot using Wireless Camera and Internet of Things (IoT) Conceptsโ€. In the field of farming, it is generally critical to expanding the yield. Be that as it may, weeds and bugs lessens the yield by harming the harvest. This can be diminished by utilizing a few synthetics and are known as biocides or pesticide. However, they are undependable for ranchers while splashing. To decrease the dangers of pesticides on human wellbeing, a robot is grown with the goal that it can move independently. The Robot is controlled utilizing an open-source Smartphone application known as BLYNK. From the robot assembled, it is feasible to diminish the wastage of pesticide by splashing at the impacted region just and as the actual robot conveys the pesticide tank; manual treatment of sprayer framework stays away from. At the point when the pesticide stockpiling tank gets unfilled, it is displayed in a cell phone application with a LED marker. Lokare Mahesh Sanjay, Shinde suryakant popat and et.al introduced โ€œWireless robot system for spraying pesticidesโ€. This paper presents the advancement cycle of splashing pesticides, executed utilizing a PIC16F877 A
  • 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3298 microcontroller. Reproduction for the framework's circuits is finished with the guide of Proteus programming. The equipment circuits, which are based on printed circuit sheets (PCB), are communicated with engine drivers and sensors. Tao Liu, Bin Zhang, and Jixing Jia et.al introduced โ€œElectromagnetic navigation system design of the greenhouse spraying robotโ€. This paper insistently portrays the underlying model, the robot control framework plan, and the consequences of route exploration. The investigation shows that this robot can follow a transmission wire well which is set on the ground for route and it gets a pleasant directing capacity in any event, for short turns with the speed under 0.5 m/s. Albeit the usefulness of the model isn't exactly productive, the robot meets the prerequisites of pesticide showering in the nursery without human administrators. 3.EXISTING METHODOLOGY Foot Sprayer Famously applied for CPP application and is worked with the foot. It has an arrangement of 1-2 long conveyance hoses, fitted with one or the other spear or 2-6 spout blasts. Its potential splash pressure is 17 to 21 kg/cm2 yield and with a spear is 1 ha/day. It can shower a high volume splash and covers a region. Knapsack Sprayer Stacked on the rear of laborers during activities, Tanks might be of plastic or metal, Common Knapsack sprayers are, โ€ข Water driven: Manually worked, tank limit is 15 liters, mechanical or water-powered unsettling, worked with a hand switch to keep up with consistent strain, especially utilized for spot treatment by little holding rancher and hand treatment. Outfitted with a blast. It is great for cover applications. โ€ข Manual pneumatic: Does not need siphoning during activity/splashing. The tank is compressed in the wake of filling the fluid to the 2/third limit with an inherent hand siphon. Aerial Sprayer Elevated Spraying can be a viable method for controlling poisonous or obtrusive plant species, particularly in far- off regions. The issues with aeronautical splashing utilizing a regular blast framework are that the shower inclusion isn't restricted to the objective species and the splash can float outside the objective region. Rocker Sprayer The shaking sprayer has a siphon gathering, fixed on a wooden stage with a working switch, a valve get together with two ball valves, a tension chamber, attractions hose with sifter and a conveyance hose with a shower spear. At the point when the unclogger is pulled behind by pulling the switch away from the siphon, the shower liquid from the holder is sucked through the sifter and pushes the baseball valve above, and enters the siphon. The development of the lower ball valve is captured by the upper valve seat. Whenever the switch is pushed towards the siphon, the sucked liquid is compelled to enter the tension chamber by opening the upper ball valve. Tractor Mounted Sprayer With shower tension of 1.4 to 2.8 kg cm2 and fitted with multi-spout blast are extremely helpful in CPP application for the huge holding of ranchers. Farm vehicle-mounted sprayers fitted with blasts are utilized to shower street- side vegetation. Blast Sprayer is generally reasonable for uniform and successful showering over crops. This blast sprayer accompanies top-not catches spout and imported siphon for the long existence of the sprayer. โ€ข High consistency of sprayers. โ€ข High working effectiveness. โ€ข Full use of farm vehicle โ€ข Cost Efficiency 4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY Pesticide splashing and compost dissipating are drawn- out applications. Notwithstanding the way that pesticide showering is currently required, This depends on the improvement of a horticultural robot vehicle that explores between crops utilizing an Android application in view of the rancher's directions.
  • 5. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3299 Figure 4.1 Block Diagram This Agrobot has cheaper parts, making it more financially savvy. To move the robot in the field, the rancher can utilize any Android PDA with this application. Through an IoT application, ranchers have some control over pesticide sprinkling gadgets. This minimal expense mechanical vehicle would expand the effectiveness, and security, and fulfill work need in horticultural. We construct the android application to control this splashing wanderer. Initially, we need to interface the android application with the HC05 Bluetooth module to control all equipment parts of the showering wanderer. When we interface Bluetooth, we can undoubtedly control this showering meanderer. In this bot, we appended four brushless DC engines with an L293D engine driver. The association of ESP, brushless DC engine through brushless engine driver and got the power supply from 12Vbattery. The engine drivers can control the revolution of the engine utilizing its stage associated with the entryway driver MOSFET on its circuit. One more servo engine is additionally utilized here to control the sprayer part of this wanderer. A servomotor is a rotating or straight actuator that has some control over rakish or direct position, speed, and speed increase with accuracy. The principal motivation behind these servo engines is to move the sprayer as indicated by the client's prerequisite. We involved these servo engines as shoulder parts to as needs be move the sprayer. ESP board gets orders from the android application and works likewise. In this framework we utilized a 6V siphon, the siphon is associated with ESP and goes through a buck convertor and hand-off module which assists with the controlling high voltage siphon. A transfer is a switch that is managed electrically by an electromagnet. A low voltage, for example, 5 volts from a microcontroller, actuates the electromagnet, which pulls a contact to represent the moment of truth in a high voltage circuit. Here, we utilized a 12V battery that is high, so to change that high voltage DC over to low voltage DC we utilized a buck converter here. From the contribution to the result, a Buck converter ventures down a DC voltage. The activity is not set in stone by the MOSFET's conduction express: The present moving through the inductor rises, and the diode is switched off. As energy is moved from the inductor to the capacitor, the inductor current declines. In the wanderer, we have likewise added temperature and stickiness sensors to foresee climate before showering. A variety of sensors identifies the shade of the material. This sensor for the most part identifies tone in the RBG scale. This sensor can arrange the variety as red, blue, or green. These sensors are likewise outfitted with channels to dismiss the undesirable IR light and UV light. The center of this module is the ESP32 chip, which is versatile and versatile. Two CPU centers can be separately controlled. The fixed development of the S-series battery permits inconvenience-free, safe activity in any position. There is a compelling reason need to add electrolytes since gases produced during charging are recombined in a remarkable "Oxygen Cycle". The S-Series is a chief, general obligation fixed lead-corrosive battery utilizing retentive glass matt (AGM) innovation to suspend electrolytes in an airtight. 5. FLOW LOGIC Here, we used a 12V battery that is high, so to convert that high voltage DC to low voltage DC we used a buck converter here. From the input to the output, a Buck converter steps down a DC voltage. The operation of the circuit is determined by the MOSFET's conduction state: The current flowing through the inductor rises, and the diode is turned off. As energy is transferred from the inductor to the capacitor, the inductor current decreases.. A color sensor detects the color of the material. This sensor usually detects color on the RBG scale. This sensor can categorize the color as red, blue, or green. These sensors are also equipped with filters to reject the unwanted IR light and UV light. The core of this module is the ESP32 chip, which is scalable and adaptive. Two CPU cores can be individually controlled. The clock frequency is adjustable from 80 MHz to 240 MHz and supports RTOS. It is a general-purpose Wi-Fi+BT+BLE MCU module.
  • 6. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3300 ESP-01 Wi-Fi module is developed by Ai-Thinker Team. Core processor ESP8266 is smaller in sizes of the module encapsulates tensilica L106 integrates industry-leading ultra-low power 32 Bit MCU Micro. ESP8266 is high integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained mobile platform designers. It provides unsurpassed ability to embed Wi-Fi capabilities within other systems, with the lowest cost, and minimal space requirement. Figure 5.1 Flow Chart 6. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN Figure 6.1 2D Design Figure 6.2 Front View Figure 6.3 Side View
  • 7. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3301 Figure 6.4 Top View Figure 6.5 Isometric View 7. FABRICATION Figure 7.1 Fabricated Prototype Figure 7.2 Fabricated Prototype 8. CONCLUSION In this task, we have carried out a pesticide showering robot. A robot for use in horticulture An Agrobot is an idea for working on the item's presentation and cost, which, once advanced, would demonstrate to be helpful in rural showering activities. Ranchers' jobs are diminished, as are medical problems. Effectively developed a robot that can go on harsh surfaces as well as convey an adequate heap of the blower and other gear. Effective in making a robot with a sufficient design to oppose the field's difficulties. Certainly, when this thought is introduced in a way that is suitable for the Indian market, it will without doubt support bringing down the 15% molality rate found in Indian formers related with horticultural splashing activities. Projects like this move individuals to seek after farming as a full-time or part-time occupation. This is basic in created nations, especially India, where farming is the financial spine. 9. REFERENCES [1] Peng Jian-sheng., โ€œAn Intelligent Robot System for Spraying Pesticidesโ€, The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 2014, 8, 435-444. [2] Shedbaletamannarafique, Lokare Mahesh Sanjay, Bhosaleajay Sunil, Shinde Suryakant Popat., โ€œWireless robot system for spraying pesticides โ€, 2017 IJRTI , Volume 2, Issue 3 ISSN: 2456-3315. [3] Mitul Raval, Aniket Dhandhukia, Supath Mohile.,
  • 8. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ยฉ 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3302 [10] [11] [12] [13] J. Xue, L. Zhang, and T. E. Grift, โ€•Variable field-of-view machine vision based row guidance of an agricultural robot,โ€– Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 84, pp. 85โ€“91, Jun. 2012. [14] Haule, Joseph, and Kisangiri Michael. "Deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in automated irrigation management and scheduling systems: a review." InProceedings of the 2nd Pan African International Conference on Science, Computing and Telecommunications(PACT2014),pp. 86-91, Arusha, 2014. [15] Z. Lei, H. Zhang, and W. Hou, โ€œWiFi-based wireless monitoring and control system design and implementationโ€ Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 81-83, 2011. [16] J. Peng, Q. He, and Q. Wei, โ€œDesign of smart things robot systemโ€, Information Technology Journal, vol.12, no.24, pp. 8514-8520,2013. โ€œDevelopment and Automation of Robot with Spraying Mechanism for Agricultural Applicationsโ€, International Journal for Research in Emerging Science and Technology, vol-2, issue-8, aug-2015. [5] Amruta Sulakhe, M.N. Karanjkar., โ€œDesign and Operation of Agriculture Based Pesticide Spraying Robotโ€, IJECT Vol. 6, Issue 4, Oct - Dec 2015. [4] Ahmed Hassan, Hafiz Muhammad Abdullah, Umar Farooq, Adil Shahzad, Rao Muhammad Asif, Faisal Haider, Ateeq Ur Rehman ., โ€œA Wirelessly Controlled Robot-based Smart Irrigation System by Exploiting Arduino ,Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC)Volume2, Issue 1,January2021 ISSN: 2715-5072 DOI:10.18196/jrc.2148. [6] Pvr Chaitanya, Dileep Kotte, A. Srinath, K. B. Kalyan., โ€œDevelopment of Smart Pesticide Spraying Robotโ€, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-5, January 2020. [7] Yang, Yanjiang, Haibin Cai, Zhuo Wei, Haibing Lu, and Kim- Kwang Raymond Choo, "Towards lightweight anonymous entity authentication for IoT applications." In Australasian conference on information security and privacy, pp. 265- 280. Springer, Cham, 2016. [8] Vijaykumar N Chalwa , Shilpa S Gundagi ., โ€œMechatronics Based Remote Controlled Agricultural Robotโ€, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research Volume 2, No.7, July 2014. [9] Kartik Deshapande , Rajesh Anawal ., โ€œPesticide Spraying Robot using Wireless Camera and Internet of Things (IoT) Concept โ€, IJRECE VOL. 6 ISSUE 2 APR.-JUNE 2018. Sammons P J, Furukawa T, Bulgin A.,"Autonomous Pesticide Spraying Robot for Use in A Greenhouse [A]", Australian Conference on Robotics and Automation, Sydney Australian 2008. Potts, J. Sukittanon.,"Exploting bluetooth on android mobile mobile devices for home security application", Proceedings of southeastcan, 15-18 March 2012, orlando, florida,USA. Pavan.C, Dr. B. Sivakumar,"Wi-Fi Robot Video Surviellance Monitoring System", International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol. 3, Issue 8, August 2012.