Ijmet 10 01_110

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 1070–1079, Article ID: IJMET_10_01_110
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
INFLUENCE OF SOLUTION HEAT
TREATMENT IN POLYMER MEDIA ON
PITTING CORROSION OF STAINLESS STEEL
ALLOY (316L) USING SBF SOLUTION
Kharia Salman Hassan*
Middle Technical University/ Institute of Technology/Iraq / Baghdad
Musaab K. Rasheed
Middle Technical University/ Institute of Technology/Iraq / Baghdad
Ahmed Ibrahim Razooqi
Middle Technical University/ Engineering Technical College – Baghdad
Corresponding Author’s E-mail: Almaden20002000 @yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Effect of Solution heat treatment on microstructure and "pitting corrosion "of the
austenitic stainless steel (316 L) is actualized.Agreeing to "ASTM (G71-31)" a figure
of samples for corrosion inspection were prepared with the dimensions of (15 * 15 *
3) mm then divided into sets and heated in electrical furnace at (1060C )for half
hour some of them were quenched in distilled water and the other quench by distil
water with (PVA)which added at different percentage(0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9%)gm/liter .
Microstructure of all specimens were examined also the corrosion conduct using
simulation body fluid. Results of microstructure examination show appearance of
many phases. The corrosion rate of all specimens which subjected to solution heat
treatment was higher comparing with the corrosion rate of base alloy. Solution heat
treatment in distil water and in distil water with high percentage of PVA (0.7, 0.9)
contributed in increases in corrosion rate but when decreases the percentage to (
0.3,0.5) the corrosion rate was decreased due to the increases in cooling rate .
Key words: solution heat treatment, austenite stainless steel, pitting corrosion
polymer media.
Cite this Article: Kharia Salman Hassan, Musaab K. Rasheed and Ahmed Ibrahim
Razooqi, Influence of Solution Heat Treatment in Polymer Media on Pitting Corrosion
of Stainless Steel Alloy (316L) Using SBF Solution, International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering and Technology 10(1), 2019, pp. 1070–1079.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=1

Influence of Solution Heat Treatment in Polymer Media on Pitting Corrosion of Stainless Steel
Alloy (316L) Using SBF Solution
1. INTRODUCTION
As known the Austenitic Stainless crystalline structure is face center cubic F.C.C. This type
of steel, in addition to iron may contain chromium and nickel, manganese and nitrogen.
Austenitic steels are not hardened by heat treatment and have no magnetic characteristic. 316
L Austenitic Stainless type is the most common type of Austenitic steel and is widely used in
industry for example, it is used in the manufacture of surgical instruments where chromium
ranges between 18-20% and the proportion of ni kel etween - The he t
tre tment of the Austeniti st inless steel used in this rese r h is summ rized s the
solution tre tment whi h in ludes he ting within the r nge - C nd then ools
rapidly. The treatment time and the cooling rate rely on numerous variables containing
chemical composition, volume size and mechanical characteristic which required [2, 3, 4].
The choice of quenching media effect by type of material and final properties for product, the
main properties of quenching media were A- high cooling rate at the range of diffusion
transformation and more than critical cooling rate to avoid the transformation of austenite to
perlite. B- Low cooling rate in the range of marten site transformations to avoid the
occurrence of stress and cracking. C - Low viscosity. D - High quality and thermal capacity.
The modern quenching media are polymeric media; it has been found that certain types of
soluble organic polymers improve water cooling properties. Because polymers have aqueous
solutions which provide faster cooling rates compared with oils during the range of martensite
transformations. These media are often used in applications that require water-cooled and
moderate cooling temperatures, allowing us to process certain and container defects on the
ends increase the stresses on the metal [5,6]. stainless steel was exposed to corrosion type of
Pitting because of react Acid chlorides by chromium element to made actual soluble
chromium chloride (CrCl3) so chromium was removed as of the thin layer giving alone the
operational metal. For instance the chromium is separated, the electrically encouraged the
chlorides for doing cavity into the metal surface, created a curved smooth barrier cavity. The
residual solution in the cavity is ferric chloride (FeCl3), which was in responsibility of the
corrosion which are many variables influence on its: chloride quantity, pH, and temperature
of the solution In general the possibility of pitting corrosion rises when temperature and
chloride quantity are greater and the pH is lesser[7].
Many researchers have studied the corrosion of stainless steel as: -
Ogunleye I. O., Adeyemi G. J [ 8]Studying the effect of the grape fruit juice added in
different percentage 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0% and 5.0% to acidic medium at normal
temperatures as HCL and H2SO4on on corrosion behavior of mild steel using weight loss
technique. The corrosion rate in HCL and H2SO4 were large The rises of grape juice
concentration in the two acidic media made in reductions the corrosion rate. When the adding
of juice at different focus to the HCL consecutively. Also in H2SO4 acidic solution, the
corrosion rate reduced with the addition of Grape fruit juice at different focus consecutively.
José Wilmar Calderón Hernánd:[ 9] Studied the influence of the solution heat treatment
at (1010 °C, 1040 °C, 1070 °C and 1100 °C ) on the pitting corrosion conduce for 17Cr-6Mn-
5Ni-1.5Cu austenitic stainless steel in 0.6 M NaCl,. The microstructure of based alloy appears
more quantity of Mn precipitates which dissolved after the SHT, producing Mn getting rich
localized in the austenite. Potentiodynamic tests showed that the pitting potential (Ep) was not
changed after SHT. Also it was saw that the Ep standards of the used steel after SHT were
reduced. This is due to heat treatment getting rich area due to the sediment of rich- Mn,
which encouraged special Cl- adsorption in these areas.
Dr.Walid Assem Hanna * [10] studied the effect of solution heat treatment on some
properties hardness , wear of Austenitic stainless steels (316 L). The method included three

Kharia Salman Hassan, Musaab K. Rasheed and Ahmed Ibrahim Razooqi
different processes: quenching and cooling with different media. Poly venol Alcohol (PVA)
in different percentage, distilled water, motor oil and sunflower oil. Tempering at 650C° and
air cooling , The results showed that solution heat treatment in general lead to improved
properties, especially after the two processes of quenching and tempering . In most cases
quenching in distil water and polymer give s better results than sunflower oils.
A.K.AL-Bikri, Kadhim F. Al-Sultani[11] manipulation the corrosion conduct of
“ usteniti st inless steel” in v ried per ent ges of formi id (20,40 and 60% v. /v.) using
“weight loss nd potenti l st ti pol riz tion” methods the orrosion r te of usteniti
stainless steel in different percentages of formic acid and temperature were calculated .the
authors observed that the corrosion rate of austenitic stainless steel rise with temperature rise
as well as in different percentages of acid.
The aims of this paper is to study the effect of solution heat treatment and quenching by
distil water and distil water with different percentage of polyphenols alcohol then tempering
on pitting corrosion of usteniti st inless steel using simulation body fluid
2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
2.1. Metal select
The Austenitic stainless steel typeAISI (316L) was used and its chemical analysis is shown in
Table (1) where the chemical analysis was carried out at the General Comp any for Heavy
Engineering Equipment in Bagdad.
Table 1 The chemical analyses of used metal AIS 316L.
Element %wt. Fe C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni Al Co Cu s Ti V W
Actual Value 65 0.03 0.8 2 17 2.5 12 - - - 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.001
Standard Value - 0.03 0.75 2 16-18.5 2-3 10-14 - - 0.1 - - -
2.2. Specimens Preparation
A number of samples were manufactured from choice metal according to ASTM G71-31 and
the sample dimensions were (15 * 15 * 2) mm)
2.3. Grouping of Specimens
After the completion of the manufacturing of corrosion specimens, the samples were
classified into groups and as shown in Table (2)
Table 2 Cl ssifi tion of Corrosion Spe imen’s
Condition of workSymbol
As receivedA
Quench alone in distill waterB
Quench in distill water with( 0.3)%PVAC
Quench in distill water with( 0.5)%PVAD
Quench in distill water with( 0.7)%PVAE
Quench in distill water with( 0.9)%PVAF
2.4. Solution Heat Treatment
Solution Heat treatment was carried out on the sample groups shown in Table (2) including
heating the specimens in electrical furnace to 1060 C° for half hour then quenched by tow
media the first was polyphenols alcohol PVA was dissolved by different weight

(0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9) % gm / liter in distilled water the second was distil water without any
addition and then pre heating was done for tempering process at 650C° for half hour and
cooled by air.
2.5. Microstructure Investigation
All heat treatment and base metal samples were equipped in a sequences of stages included
of, grinding using emery paper from Sic having the different of grain size (220,320,500,1000
&1200), Brush up was carry out by specialize cloth with (Al2O3) of size ( μm then cleaned
with water and alcohol and dry), Etching was completed by solution contains of (49
CuSO4ml + 20ml HCl + 20ml distilled water). The specimens are examined by Nikon ME-
600 optical microscope supplier with a NIKON camer, D XM-1200F as exposed in Fig. (1A,
B)
(B) (C )
Figure 1A Microstructure of all specimens after quenching process and base metal.

Figure 1B microstructure of all specimens after quenching and tempering process.
3. CORROSION TEST
Number of samples for corrosion test were prepared with measurements (15x15x3mm)
according to ASTM (G 71- ” spe ifi tions” from the used met l
The equipped sample of unprotected area (1 x 1 cm2) was fixed in the holder and fixed the
reference electrode for space a bout (1 mm) from the face of the examined. sample.
Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical cyclic method was applied for corrosion
examination by a Wenking Mlab multi channels potent dynamic and SCI-Mlab corrosion
measuring system from Bank Electronics-Intelligent control GmbH, Germany 2007 and Fig.
(2) Show its. The evaluations of potential cell current through a short, slow scavenge were
starting (-1000 to + 1000 mV comparative with (OCP). survey rate describes the quickness of
the potenti l s venge in mV/se nd it’s in use mV/ se The extent of urrent density
opposite the voltage curve is almost linear. In this test, samples were used as working
electrode (WE), The reference electrode used in this work was calomel electrode(SCE) and
uxili ry ele trode w s m de of “pl tinum” The prep red s mples for orrosion ex min tion
were immersed in simulation body fluid (SBF) .The chemical analyses was shown in table (
3) with PH of (7) to conclude corrosion factors, like corrosion potential (E pit) and corrosion
current ( I pit ) at each time .

These factors were applied to compute the corrosion rate agreeing to Tafel equation as
shown in equation (1) [ Annual Book of ASTM ,2004] [12 ],
C.R (m.p.y) = 0.13 * Icorr * eq wt / ρ (1)
Where :
m.p.y= mille-inches per year
Icorr=corrosion current mA
E.W=equivalent weight of the corroding species,
ρ= density of the orroding spe ies g/ m3
).
the obtained result was listed in Table (4) and Fig. (3). Optical microscope was used to
take photomicrographs for all specimens after corrosion test as shown in Fig. (4).
Table 3 Chemical contains of (SBF) solution
Weight gmElement
7.996NaCl
0.350NaHCO3
0.224KCL
0.228K2HPO4.H2O
0.305MgCl2.H2O
0.368CaCl2.2H2O
0.0719Na2SO4
6.05Tris
Figure 2 The electrochemical corrosion unit used

Table 4 The Cyclic Polarization corrosion results foall specimens.
Reverse
potential (-
rev/mV)
Forward
potential(-
Efor/mV)
Corrosion rate
m.p.y
E pit mvI pit µASpecimens Symbol
-260-3800.30-2930.694A
-480-5600.710-388.3I.65B
-329-3990.537-356.91.22C
-259-3290.528-295.51.20D
-250-3190.766-286.11.74E
-289-3580.911-326.32.07F
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Current Density ( )
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Potential(mV)
A
1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2
Current Density ( )
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Potential(mV)
B

Figure 3 Cyclic Polarization for all corrosion specimens tested in simulation body fluid.

Figure 4 Photograph of Corrosion shape after examination.
4. DISCUSSION
Fig.(1A) show the microstrucher of all heat treatment specimens and base metals which
contain in base metal spceimen (A) the phase of austenite and chromium carbide. Specimens
(B)which represented the quenched process in distil water and due to the high cooling rate of
the medium that contributed to the formation of the upper bainit phase with a residual amount
of austenite .
Qunching in the polymer medium containing 0.3 g / L) of polyphenol alcohol
(PVA)shown in specimens (C) made on the formationof hard chromium carbide and shows
the extraction of the carbon atoms from on the grain boundary of the Auestnite and by
increasing the concentration of polyphenols alcohol to (0.5) g / l in the sample ((D) lead to
increased the extraction of carbon atom at the grain limits of the austenite and when the
density of the polyphenols alchol increased to 0.7,0.9 g / L the samples (E,F) give the
dendritic microstreture of bainit .The microscopic structure after qunching and tempering
shown in Fig.(1B) shows that the structure of the upper bainit and the amount of residual
austenite were the governing phases . This change in microstruture effected on corrosion
conduct of auestnit stainless steel 316L in simulation body fluid.
.Cyclic polarization dimensions were implemented on all that is related with the failure of
Protecting layer .The potential of breakdown (Ebr) was expressed on the rise of the anodic
current when the potential was carry out. The potential, at which the hysteresis ring is finished
at opposite polarity scavenge, is recognized as the re passivation potential. Collapse potential
is a symbol of placeof corrosion but the ability of pitting is known the variance among the
collapse potential and the re passivation one. The defense potential epitomizes the potential at
the node of hysteresis curve by negative field. Under this potential the dissemination of the
pitting corrosion will not happen. If the variance among breakdown and the passivation
potential is rise, the accidental in the presence of pitting is larger and its dissemination in
depth is more strong. In otherwords, the hysteresis ring rises as the susceptibleness of alloy to
corrosion rises.
The cyclic polarization heat treatment indicated in Fig. (3) in simulation body fluid.shows
that the reverse scavenges give the in height current density area. The kind of cyclic
polarization curve is famous to be fewer react to place of corrosion. The potentials for the
forward and reverse scavenge are more negative than that of base metal , in addition to pitting
potentials (Epit) evaluate which are more negative than pitting potential of as received
sample. The data of forward and reverse scavenge are registered in the Table (4). Usually, the

data of corrosion test indicate that the heat treatment by different media cause to rise the
aptitude of the alloys to rust compared with the base metal Fig. (4)
5. CONCLUSIONS
1-Solusion heat treatment contributed in increases corrosion rate in all media.
2-Qunching in distil water have high corrosion rat comparing with the base metal in
simulation body fluid
3-increasing the polyphenol alcohol amount to distil water for 0.9 gm /L contributed in
increases the corrosion rate
REFERENCES
[1] E. Haruman1
,Y.Sun2
. ” ow Temper ture Fluidized Bed Nitriding of Austeniti St inless
Steel” Solid State Phenomena Vol. 118 (2006) pp 125-130
[2] Askar Triwiyanto1, Patthi Husain1 "Low Temperature Thermochemical Treatments of
Austenitic Stainless Steel Without Impairing Its Corrosion Resistance
www.intechopen.compp 318-337
[3] G. S. Frankel " Pitting Corrosion of Metals A Review of the Critical Factors " Journal of
the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 145, No. 6, 1998, pp. 2186-2198
[4] Grtomir Donik, Aleksandra Kocijan "Comparison of the corrosion behavior of austenitic
stainless steel in seawater and in a 3.5 % NaCl solution" Materials and technology Vol.48
No.(6)(2014) pp. 937–942
[5] V. Toshkov “On low temper ture ion nitriding of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316”
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering volume 25 issue 1
November 2007pp318-337
[6] N A Hilder “ polymer Quen h nt - Review” He t tre tment of met ls vol No
1986. Pp.15-26
[7] S R Collins P C Willi ms nd S V M rx “Low-Temperature arburization of Austenitic
St inless Steels” ASM H nd ook Volume 4D He t Tre ting of Irons nd Steels 4
ASM International All rights reserved sminternational.orgpp 451-460
[8] Ogunleye I O Adeyemi G J nd Oyegoke A O V ” Effect of grape fruit juice on the
orrosion eh viour of mild steel in idi medium” meri n journ l of s ientifi nd
industrial research.Vo2No.4. 2011 pp611.615
[9] José Wilm r C lderón Hernández “Effect of solution heat treatment on the pitting
orrosion eh vior of high Mn usteniti st inless steel in hloride solution”
Metallurgical e materials 68(1)2015, pp091-096,.
[10] W lid Assem H nn * Dr lith qis ss “study of the effe t of quen hing polemer media
on certain properties of stainless steel stainless steel (316l) Journal of Engineering and
Technology, Volume 27, Issue 10 2009,pp1-8
[11] A.K.AL-Bikri, Kadhim F. Al-Sultani, and Sara K.Naife Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic
Stainless Steel In Formic Acid, 3rd International Conference on Mechanical, Automobile
and Robotics Engineering Feb. 11-12, 2014 Singaporepp13-16
[12] Annual Book of ASTMSTANDARDS, Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion
Rates and Related Information, G102-89,Vol. 03.02, 2004.
[13] F. Cajner1* ”Influence of nit riding on corrosion resistance of martensitic X17CrNi16-2
st inless steel” M t -wiss. u. Werkstofftech, 46, No. 1,2015,Pp69-77

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