Ijciet 10 01_071

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 777–786, Article ID: IJCIET_10_01_071
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
EVALUATION OF AGROTECHNICAL
EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOHUMUS OBTAINED
DURING THE PROCESSING OF DEFECATE
AND BEET PULP
M.A. Zhulina*
, N.N. Stultseva
National Research Mordovia State University
68, Bolshevitskaya st., Saransk, 430005, Russia
*Corresponding Author: stanisl.kovsh@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
A method for processing the waste of sugar production - defecate and beet pulp -
into highly effective biohumus fertilizer was proposed in the Article. The defecate, dry
pulp and spent litter straw were mixed at a ratio of 2:1:1 by volume, and periodically
moisturized to a moisture level of 70%. After that, representatives of the derived
subspecies of earthworms Eisenia foetida were added into the substrate, according to
the standards 10-12 pcs. on 1 l of mix. Laboratory analysis of the physico-chemical
properties of the defecate, beet pulp and biohumus found that the organic fertilizer
obtained according to the proposed scheme has a close to neutral acidity, and the
ratio of humic acids to fulvic acids is close to optimal. The remaining agrochemical
indicators also make it possible to consider the resulting biohumus to comply with all
the necessary norms of this type of fertilizer. To evaluate the agrotechnical
effectiveness of biohumus, an experimental method was proposed and tested on an
experimental site with sod-podzolic soil. The soil section and agrochemical
characteristics of investigated soil profile were given in the article. Control soil
without any fertilizer, pork manure, rotted chicken dung, peat and biohumus are
offered as investigated soils. As a result of the experiment on the evaluation of
agrotechnical effectiveness of biohumus obtained, it was found that the maximum
growth of humus content of sod-podzolic soil was achieved with the introduction of
biohumus - 30.6%, while the coefficient of humification was 0.21. The bioeffectiveness
assessment experiment established that biohumus prepared on the basis of defecate,
beet pulp and litter straw has a positive effect on Domodedovsky potato varieties. The
number of tubers and their weight increased, and the yield increased by 30-40%
relative to the control plot without fertilizer.

Evaluation of Agrotechnical Effectiveness of Biohumus Obtained During the Processing of
Defecate and Beet Pulp
Key words: biohumus, defecate, beet pulp, fertilizer, bioefficiency, agrotechnical
efficiency, vermitechnology, recultivation, soil
Cite this Article: M.A. Zhulina, N.N. Stultseva, Evaluation of Agrotechnical
Effectiveness of Biohumus Obtained During the Processing of Defecate and Beet
Pulp, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 10(1),
2019, pp. 777–786.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
The most voluminous waste of sugar beet production is sugar-free chips, or beet pulp.
Experience in the production of sugar from sugar beet shows that the average yield of fresh
pulp is approximately 83% by weight of sugar beet. However, in most sugar mills, almost
immediately fresh pulp is subjected to either secondary squeezing, which raises the proportion
of dry matter to 15%, or ensiling. The result is a pressed beet pulp and sour pulp. Basic
indicators of the chemical composition of various types of pulp are presented in table 1.
Table 1 Pulp chemical composition (% w/w)
Indicators Fresh pulp Pressed pulp Sour pulp
Dry matter 6.0-9.0 14.0-20.0 11.0-15.0
Water 91.0-94.0 80.0-86.0 85.0-89.0
Crude protein 1.2-1.5 1.7-1.9 1.3-2.6
Crude fiber 3.5-4.5 5.0-7.0 2.8-4.2
Nitrogen-free extractives 4.3-6.0 8.5-10.0 2.7-5.8
Ash 0.6-1.0 1.1-1.4 0.7-1.8
Fat 0.4-0.7 0.6-0.9 0.7-1.0
Number of feed units in 100 kg of pulp 6-9 15-20 9-11
However, in its pure form, without any impurities, it is technically extremely difficult to
get fresh pulp, as with the existing technologies of sugar beet processing, particles of earth,
tops, and, most importantly, softened mass of rocks, which are used for grinding sugar beet,
always fall into the pulp. As a result of this processing technology, a second type of sugar
production waste, the defecate, is formed. Beet pulp, as a waste - a secondary resource, have a
number of areas for further use. First of all - as a feed additive for cattle and a resource for the
production of alcohol. Therefore, the problem of pulp recycling is not so acute. A
fundamentally different situation characterizes the defecate utilization. Today, it is usually
stored, like chicken droppings, in dumps. The sizes of such dumps can reach 300-400 m in
length, 25-30 m in width and 15-20 m in height. The agrochemical properties of the defecate
do not allow it to be used effectively as an organic fertilizer without additional processing,
which significantly reduces the interest of agricultural enterprises to use it. At the same time,
such waste dumps occupy significant areas of land, impair the properties of atmospheric air
and groundwater in the adjacent area, significantly reduce the aesthetic appeal of the
landscape and its tourist and recreational potential. Many works of foreign [1-5] and Russian
scientists [6-10] are devoted to the issues of processing sugar production waste. However,
under the conditions of the Romodanovsky sugar factory - the largest sugar producer in the
Volga macroregion of the Russian Federation - due to various reasons, the most common
technologies for defecate processing did not show significant efficiency. Various effective
technological solutions based on the use of vermitechnology [11, 12] have been developed for
defecate processing on the basis of Mordovia State University in collaboration with scientists
from St. Petersburg Mining University. The result of the use of vermitechnology in the

M.A. Zhulina, N.N. Stultseva
processing of any type of organic waste is in obtaining a highly effective fertilizer biohumus
[13-16].
2. TECHNOLOGY OF BIOHUMUS PRODUCTION
Subspecies of ringed worm Eisenia foetida, specially derived by scientists of Mordovia State
University [17] and adapted to organic substrate, were used as a vermiculture – a population
of compost earthworms together with accompanying microorganisms, lower fungi, protozoa,
insects and some vertebrates in a particular organic substrate – for the processing of defecate
and pulp residues. A very important point in vermicomposting is the maintenance of optimal
parameters (table 2) [18]:
Table 2 Optimal vermicomposting parameters
№ Indicator Value
1 Air temperature + 18-20ºС
2 Substrate temperature + 28-30ºС
3 Air moisture 50-55 %
4 Substrate moisture 60-70 %
5 Substrate pH 7.3-7.6
6 N:C ratio 30:1
7 Term before adding the worms 7-10 days
Under laboratory conditions, the basic physicochemical properties of the defecate selected
in the dumps of Romodanovosakhar LLC were analyzed (Table 3).
Table 3 Main physicochemical properties of the defecate
№ Indicator Value
1 Amount of calcium carbonate and magnesium
carbonate in terms of СаСО , %
75
2 Water content, % 25
3 Total N content, % 0.5
4 Total K content, % 0.4
5 Total P content, % 0.6
6 Organic matter content, % 35
The method for biohumus production from defecate and beet pulp is as follows:
Stage 1. Preparation of the initial composting substrate. The defecate, dry pulp and spent litter
straw are mixed in a ratio of 2:1:1 by volume to obtain an acceptable pH value. Litter straw is
an effective additional component of any vermicompost, since on the one hand, it fills them
with an organic component with a neutral chemical reaction, and on the other hand, it has a
mulch effect, loosens the vermicompost, which improves air exchange and speeds up the
vermitechnological process. The main physico-chemical characteristics of the litter straw
sample, prepared for use in biohumus production are presented in table 4.
Table 4 Litter straw physicochemical properties
Indicator Value
Moisture content, % (not more) 7.47
Acidity 6.05
Ash content, % 3.58
Mass fraction of macronutrients for standard humidity, %, (not less):
Total N
Total P
0.45
0.27
3

Total K 0.55
Mass fraction of nutrients, %:
nitrate N
amine N
mobile P, mg/100g of dry matter
mobile K, mg/100g of dry matter
1.0
0
7.2
228
Mass fraction of microelements, mg/kg of dry matter:
Cu
Zn
Mn
Fe
1.25
35
93
40
Stage 2. Stirring and periodic artificial moistening of the substrate to a moisture level of 70%.
The optimal stage period is 7-10 days.
Stage 3. Adding the derived subspecies of earthworms Eisenia Foetida to the composted
substrate, according to the standards 10-12 pcs. on 1 l of mix. Periodic artificial moistening of
the substrate to a moisture level of 60-65% is also necessary. Depending on the volume of the
processed substrate and the compliance of the actual conditions of vermicultivation to the
required level, the period of complete processing of the compost varies from 1.5 to 3 months.
The scatter of terms is determined by a set of conditions: substrate and air temperature and
humidity, the height of the room where vermicultivation is conducted, relative to the ground
level (the optimal level is at -30 to -40 cm relative to the ground level), livestock age,
substrate pH and friability. It is also noted that the smaller the ridge (but not less than 30 cm
high, 1.2 m wide and 2.5 m long) for worms’ settlement, the faster worms process, so as the
more air is available. The result of the substrate processing is determined visually - the entire
ridge acquires the final dark brown color, loose structure, and, most importantly, worms run
away from it in search of a new substrate, they do not chew once again the biohumus. The
biohumus obtained according to the proposed scheme has the following physicochemical
characteristics (Table 5).
Table 5 Biohumus physicochemical properties
Indicator Value
Ash, % 41.2
Dry matter, % 58.8
рН 7.1
Total N, % 1.13
Phosphorus, Р2О5, % 1.20
Potassium, К2О, % 1.18
Nitrate N, N-NО3
-
, mg/100 g 8.6
Ammonium nitrogen, N-NН4
+
, % 0.07
Humic acids:fulvic acids ratio 3.61
Helminth eggs, pcs. Not found
As can be seen from table 5, the resulting biohumus has close to neutral acidity, and the
ratio of humic acids to fulvic acids is close to optimal [18]. The remaining agrochemical
indicators also make it possible to consider the resulting biohumus to comply with all the
necessary norms of this type of fertilizer.

3. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE
AGROTECHNICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOHUMUS
Direct studies were conducted on an experimental site in the Elnikovsky district of the
Republic of Mordovia. In accordance with the updated soil maps, this area is characterized by
the spread of sod-podzolic soils (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 Section of sod-podzolic soil on an experimental site in the Elnikovsky district of the
Republic of Mordovia
A detailed morphological description of the soil section laid on the test site is represented
in Table 6:
Table 6 Morphological description of the soil section laid on the test site
смA
27
270
max
 The arable horizon of gray color, sandy, loose, moist, penetrated by the roots of
cultivated plants, fragile lumpy structure, the presence of plowed podzolic
spots, stones up to 15 cm in diameter, the transition is sharp in color.
The eluvial horizon, sandy, whitish-fawn color, unstructured, compacted, ocher
spots are noticeable, the transition is gradual in color.
The transition to illuvial, sandy, compacted, whitish, with strong ironing in the
form of ocher spots and ferrous manganese nodules, the transition is noticeable
in color.
The illuvial horizon, non-uniform in granulometric composition, from sandy to
light loamy, red-brown, slightly moistened, dense, in places there are bluish
glean spots. Stones with a diameter of up to 25 cm, the transition is gradual in
color.
Transitional to the parent rock, light loamy wet, cloddy-lumpy. Dense, there
are bluish streaks, boils from HCl from 106 cm, the transition in color is
gradual.
С 128-130 см and below Maternal breed, red-brown carbonate moraine, lumpy, dense, ground water
with a depth of 130 cm.
Fine sand (particles of 0.25-0.05 mm) is dominated in the soil profile, the amount of clay
fraction in the humus layer reaches only 4%, and decreases in horizons A2 and A2B, after
which it dramatically increases, down the profile from horizon B. This arrangement of grain-
size particles gives evidence of the development of the podzolic-forming process. Indicators
of agrochemical characteristics are typical for sod-podzolic soil type (table 7), where S is the
number of exchangeable cations, (Hhyd) is the number of hydrogen and aluminum cations
ready for exchange, V is the degree of soil saturation with bases.
смA
23
5027
2

смBA
18
6850
2

смB
35
10368
1

смBC
125
128103

Table 7 Agrochemical characteristics of investigated soil profile
Horizon and depth, cm Humus, % рН Mg-eq per 100 g of soil V, % Mg per 100 g of soil
S Нhyd Р2О5, К2О
Апах 0-30 2.48 6.8 16.03 0.53 96.8 22.08 16.20
А2 35-45 0.18 6.2 0.30 0.53 36.1 17.35 5.64
А2В 55-65 0.24 6.0 0.51 0.53 49.0 10.44 2.47
В1 80-90 - 6.0 12.85 0.72 94.7 15.58 6.03
The upper soil horizon is characterized by a relatively good supply of humus (2.48%),
close to a neutral reaction, a high degree of saturation with bases and mobile phosphorus, an
increased amount of exchangeable potassium. All these properties of the soil acquired are not
so much as a result of the natural course of the soil-forming process, but rather as a result of
the land cultivation.
Scheme of the experiment to improve the fertility of sod-podzolic soil
The experience scheme included variants:
1st
sample – control, without fertilizers;
2nd
sample – pork manure;
3rd
sample – rotted chicken manure;
4th
sample – freshly prepared biohumus based on defecation, pulp and bedding straw;
5th
sample – peat in pure form.
The application rate of the studied fertilizers was based on 6 kg / m2
. The area of one plot
was exactly 100 m2
(20 m*5 m), which made it possible to apply a manure spreader and a
seeder SZ-3.6 for fertilizer application. Fertilizers were applied on April 22nd
, 2018; planting
was carried out with a tractor plow to a depth of 20-25 cm. It was proposed to cultivate
Domodedovsky potato varieties in the experiment. Agrotechnics, in general, complied with
the generally accepted for farming conditions in the Republic of Mordovia.
4. RESULTS
Being not the same in terms of the content and composition of organic matter, the fertilizers
studied had a different effect on the amount of humus in the soil. The initial amount of humus
carbon C in the control was 2.48%. 0.02% of humus carbon was mineralized during the field
experiment in control, where fertilizers were not added (Figure 2). There was an increase in
the humus content in the soil, after application of investigated fertilizers, although the
absolute increase was not the same.
Figure 2. Dynamics of humus carbon C content in the arable layer of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, %
by weight of dry soil

The minimum increase in carbon content in humus after application was observed in the
soil with pig manure (by 14.5% of the control value). The greatest jump in soil humus reached
when applying the studied biohumus - 30.6% of the control.
To identify the comparative effect of investigated fertilizers on the humus regime of the
soil, their coefficient of humification (Kh) for the one year of decomposition was calculated
(Fig. 3):
Kh = (Cf-C0) / C0,
where Cf – soil (with fertilizer) carbon content at the end of the year;
Co – soil carbon content (without fertilizer) at the begin of the year.
Figure 3. Coefficient of humification of investigated organic fertilizers in the projected soil layer
The highest increase in humus was obtained from the introduction of freshly prepared
biohumus on the basis of defecation, pulp and litter straw. Pig manure has the minimum value
of Kh (0.1), then, in ascending order, go peat, droppings and biohumus (0.21). The increased
value of Kh of organic matter of biohumus is not associated with the processes of intensive
decomposition of it and subsequent humification, but is the result of simply adding to the soil
the finished humic substances contained in biohumus. A natural indicator of the bioefficiency
of any fertilizer should be a yield analysis, as evidenced by numerous studies [19-29]. In
accordance with this provision, in September 2018, the yield of Domodedovsky potato
varieties was analyzed (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. Influence of various types of organic fertilizers on the yield parameters of Domodedovsky
potato varieties

Figure 4 shows that biohumus prepared on the basis of defecate, beet pulp and litter straw,
had a positive effect on Domodedovsky potato varieties. Thus, the number of tubers and their
weight increased, and the yield increased by 30-40% (from 18 kg/ridge in control to 25-28
kg/ridge). Another interesting direction in the use of biohumus can be its use as a key
component of artificial soils used for the remediation of spent man-made arrays, such as
shihans, dumps, tailing pits [30-34, 37, 38], as well as the component of agarous fertilizer [35,
36], as evidenced by the experience of scientists from St. Petersburg Mining University, St.
Petersburg State University of Aviation Instrumentation, as well as the Technical University
of Zvolen. However, such options, in many respects, are determined by economic and
environmental expediency, as well as the logistical convenience of transporting masses of
prepared biohumus to the recultivated territories.
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. A method for processing waste from sugar production - defecate and pulp - into highly
effective biohumus fertilizer is proposed. To do this, a mixture of defecate and dry pulp is
mixed with spent litter straw at a ratio of 2: 1: 1 by volume, and periodically moistened to a
moisture level of 70%, and then the derived subspecies of earthworms Eisenia foetida were
added according to the standards 10-12 pcs. on 1 l of mix.
2. It has been established that the resulting biohumus has close to neutral acidity, and the ratio
of humic acids to fulvic acids is close to optimal.
3. As a result of conducted experiment to assess the agrotechnical efficiency of the obtained
biohumus, the growth of the humus content of the sod-podzolic soil was established with the
introduction of biohumus by 30.6%, while the coefficient of humification was 0.21.
4. The bioeffectiveness assessment experiment established that biohumus prepared on the
basis of defecate, beet pulp and litter straw, has a positive effect on Domodedovsky potato
varieties. The number of tubers and their weight increased, and the yield increased by 30-40%
relative to the control plot without fertilizer.
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Ijciet 10 01_071