vernacular architecture of north east india

1. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NORTH-EAST INDIA
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2. The Northeast region can be physio-graphically categorised into the Eastern Himalaya, the Brahmaputra and the
Patkai, the Barak valley plains. Predominantly humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers, severe
monsoons, and mild winters. Indiansub-continent's last remaining rain forests, which support diverse flora and fauna
and several crop species. The region's high rain fall, averaging around 10,000 millimetres (390in) and above, creates
problems of ecosystem, high seismic activity ,and floods. The region is covered by the mighty Brahmaputra-Barak
river systems and their tributaries. Geographically, apart from the Brahmaputra, Barak and Imphal valleys and some
flat lands in between the hills of Meghalaya and Tripura, the remaining two-thirds of the area is hilly terrain
interspersed with valleys and plains; the altitude varies from almost sea-level to over 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) above
MSL
#source: wikipedia.org
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NORTH-EAST INDIA

3. Arunachal Pradesh, bio-geographically is situated
in the Eastern Himalayan province, the richest
biogeographical province of the Himalayan zone.
The entire territory forms a complex hill system
with varying elevations ranging from 50m in the
foot-hills and gradually ascending to about 7000m,
traversed throughout by a number of rivers and
rivulets. There are places of worship and
piligrimage such as Parasuramkund and 400 years
old Tawang Monastery, or the sites of
archeological excavations like Malinithan and
Itanagar,
Area: 83,743 km²
Founded: 20 February 1987
Population: 1.255 million (2012)
Capitals: Guwahati (Judiciary), Itanagar
ARUNACHAL PRADESH

4. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
“The houses of the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh represent the traditional style of constructing the dwellings from the locally
available materials and the size of the houses depends on the family patterns of the tribes. Since the living
conditions are very tough in this area, the houses of the tribes are constructed to meet the challenge of nature.” - Posted on
July 31, 2012 byZephyretta
The Adi tribe –
Adi, meaning “hill man” or “man of hill”, is a large tribe inhabiting the unspoiled
valleys of the Brahmaputra River during its course in South Tibet. The Adis show a
remarkable sense of artistry and proficiency in weaving. Kebang, meaning ‘village
council’, is the important political institution of the tribe, and works on a highly
developed system of democracy. The Adis too have dormitory systems for young males
and females. The religion of the Adi is centered on Donyi-Polo, the Sun- Moon god,
who is regarded as the eye of the world. The Adi are also noteworthy for their bridges,
cane suspension bridges are quite a showcase of native ingenuity.
Houses of the Adi tribe –
• size of the house depends on the family
• traditional houses are constructed with bamboos, woods, canes, leaves
• house raised well above the grounds with the help of stilts.
• on theses stilts are tied wooden beams and thus the level floor is made
• roof is made by dry paddy straws, dry Tokow leaves or thatch grass
• No nail is used in their construction
• construct their houses either on the plain-level ground or on the sloping ground.
• Adi house has no windows and there are two doors, one in the front for male
members and the other at the back for women

5. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Space between the floor and the
ground is used for keeping domestic
animals like cows, the pigs and
collection of dry fire-woods
Houses of the Adi tribe
• The Nyishi tribe-
• Nyishi is the single largest tribe of the state.
• Basically belong to Paleo-Mongoloid stock and speak
the Tibeto-Burmese group of language.
• Nyishis evolved a joint family system, generally no individual
owns properties – both movable and immovable.
• Nyishis are expert in handicrafts i.e. weaving, cane & bamboo
works, pottery, blacksmith, wood carving and carpentry etc.
• Nyishis maintain a high degree of self-sufficiency in so far as
food is concerned
• Additional requirements such as cloth, utensil, salt etc. are
obtained through barter trade-evolved since and immemorial,
among themselves and from their neighbours.

6. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Houses of Nyishi Tribe
• The indigenous house is constructed with Wooden & Bamboo using
(Thatch, Chinese Palm leaves, Cane leaves and Jungle Banana Leaves)
as roofing materials whichever is locally available.
• The entire Joints are bind with cane ropes
• The Houses floor level is raised 2.50 Mtr from the ground level and
ceiling level is 2.50 Mtr from the floor level.
• The plan consists of rear verandah, Common room with fire place, bed
room, Guest room, Front Verandah &side verandah.
• The kithcen cum fire place “emmi” -the base is constructed with four
bamboo support and on the surface of the room. Four 1 foot wooden
blocks on a banana leaf and then soil is applied upto the height of the
blocks, thus the stove can be laid for kitchenpurpose.
• Typical wooden house-These type of houses are mostly rectangular in shapes
with mostly three or four rooms. The plans and sizes vary as per requirements
with linear planning, rooms opening into one another.
• Typical layout of a house consists of sora Ghar, Huwa Ghar and Randhani Ghar.
• The Sora Ghar or the drawing room is a public space for gathering, or meeting
relatives or visitors. This room also houses the 'Dhenki' or the pounding
machine. This room has a common central fireplace called 'Jui Hali', over
which hanging platforms are kept for storing household items.
• The Huwa Ghar or the bedroom is a partitioned space depending on the number
of married sons and family members.
• The last room is the Randhoni Ghar or the kitchen space, which serves as the
dining area for the family.

7. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Advantages
The Nyishi typology is very flexible and light structure thus
resistant to earthquake because of its light weight construction.
Also If damaged in case of devastating earthquake there will be less
casualty or zero casualty because it will not collapse like rigidly
built brick walling and heavy and rigid building.
Disadvantages
The longitivity of this type of house is 10 to 12 Years by replacing
roofing materials after every 3 to 5 years. The wooden foundation
used gets rut due to bacterial action and there is danger of structure
collapsing. During very heavy rainfall the roof starts leaking because
of which the local people have sorted out the modified type of
house construction
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF ASSAM
Assam is a state in northeastern India known for its
wildlife, archeological sites and tea plantations. Assam
comprises the Brahmaputra Valley and the Barak Valley
along with the Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao districts
with an area of 30,285 sqmi
Assam is known for Assam tea and Assam silk
The first oil well in Asia was drilled here.
The state has conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros
from near extinction
Area: 78,438 km²
Capital: Dispur
Population: 30.94 million (2012)
Official river: Brahmaputra River

8. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF ASSAM
The Vernacular style of Assam mainly consists of three important significances- Hip (or Gable) Roof , Use of Bamboos as major building
materials and Higher Plinth level.
Construction Process-
Walls are of timber frame work, inside those panels ikra (A
weed, called Ikra, which grows wildly in river plains and
adjoining lakes across the state of Assam, is extensively used
in the walls and roof of the house) used to fill. These ikras are
cut in size of the panel and laid vertically. The horizontal
members usually bamboo. After putting the ikra it is left to dry
for few days. Then it is plastered in both side with mud mortar.
3 layers of plaster are done alternatively after dying of each
coat. Finished coat is of liquid mix of mud and cow dung. The
building are maximum of two storeys. Building is symmetrical
on both side. 1st floor is connected with a timber stair case.
Open spaces in front (chotal) and back side (bari) of the house
Other types of traditional houses –
Mud house
Mud is a mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt and clay. The typical plan dimensions of these buildings are: lengths between 5 and
10 meters, and widths between 3 and 5meters. The building has 1 to 2 storey(s). The typical span of the roofing/flooring system is 3-4 meters.
Roughly, the ratio of the length and width of the house can be expressed as 3:2 or 2:1 The typical storey height in such buildings is 1.6-2.5
meters.
Chang house
This house on raised stilts is an age old structure originating in the Himalayan ranges. In North Eastern India the tribes living on houses on stilts
mainly live in hills amongst thick vegetation, forest and by the banks of rivers. Traditionally people of the Mishing community of Assam live in
houses on stilts; these houses and the flight of 5-7 stairs leading to these houses have religious and social beliefs and practices attached to it. The
house on stilts is a big hall with a central kitchen for a large joint family.
Bamboo house
In bamboo housing system, for main structural member bamboo is used. The brick wall is used for modelling. And itis rigidly connected with
plinth as well as with bamboo. In this system the wall is made of bamboo strips and it is plastered with mud. The houses are detailed out to
combat the heavy monsoons. The roof of the house is built local grass and can last up to 10 years before it is replaced again. The stilted part of
the house is for protection against gentle floods.

9. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NAGALAND
One of India's most colourful states is Nagaland, located on the eastern margin of
the Himalayan range in Northeast India. Nagaland is home to a range of colourful
tribes, such as Angamies,Tangsas, Chakesangs, and so on.
Nagas are hill dwellers and their settlements are highly inaccessible as they are
located on hill slopes or the highest possible points along a hill slope.
SETTLEMENT TYPE-
• Settlement pattern is largely a result of the custom of head hunting, formerly
prevalent throughout the Naga cultural realm.
• Climate was yet another factor which influenced Naga settlement
pattern.
• Abundant springs are infrequent above 1500 m and water tends to be scare.
SEMATRIBE –
• Almost all Sema villages existed in the hilly regions in Nagaland.
• The Sema village is usually built either on the summit of a hill or on the shoulder of a spur
• Down, near the valley of the river Dayang, where the climate is hot, a summit is usually chosen, but in the higher and colder regions, a shoulder
below the ridge of a range of hills is a common site for a village.
• All the houses within the same village had the same style.
• This was to ensure that one would immediately be able to identify which tribe a particular village belonged to from a safe distance.
• The Semas were head hunters. Captured enemy trespassers would be beheaded and their heads hung up.
• LIFESTYLE -Life revolved around agriculture. The majority of each day would be spent in the fields.

10. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NAGALAND
The primary construction material.s were:
TIMBER – for structural elements, like the posts
BAMBOO – for walls and other structural elements
THATCH – as the roofing material.
• The interior of the Sema house was ordinarily divided into four parts –
• The Akishekhoh or front room where the rice pounding tables were kept.
• The Abidelabo a narrow room between the Akishekhoh and the Amiphokiboh (hearth room) where the unmarried girls of the household sleep.
• The AkuzuAbo where the head of the family (father) and his wife sleeps.
• The AzhiBo the liquor room where rice beer is stored in bamboo jugs.

11. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NAGALAND
THE AKISHEKHOH
This is where they keep the rice pounding tables. The Akishekhoh is an apse like
addition to the front of the house, semicircular in plan with the eaves brought down to
within 3 or 4 feet from the ground. Animals dogs, pigs, chicken are also kept here.
The unmarried boys of the household sleep in here.
THE ABIDELABO
This is where the unmarried girls of the household sleep.Firewood for the
fireplace (Amiphokiboh) is also stored in this room.
THE AKÜZÜ ABO –
The head of the family the father and his wife or wives sleep here. Inside the Aküzü
abo is the Amiphokiboh (hearth room). The father’s bed is nearest to the fireplace and
the wife’s bed has a separate, smaller fireplace near herbed.
THE AMIPHOKIBOH ‘Ami’ fire, ‘Pho’ smoke,‘kiboh’ cover
At the four corners of the fireplace, are four bamboo posts which support a
bamboo shelf. This serves the double purpose of preventing sparks to reach the
roof and an excellent place to dry meat or keep utensils. In common houses,
guests may be entertained here as well. Near the fireplace, a large window, almost
the size of a door is made the trash door.
THE AZHI BO Azhi’liquor,‘Bo’ place or room
This room is located right at the back of the house. Rice beer is stored in liquor
vats in this room. At the back of the house is a backdoor which usually leads to a
small kitchen garden.
ORNAMENTATION
• The two bamboos forming the gable were prolonged beyond the roof to form horns called the tenhaku ki (snail horns).
• These were sometimes decorated with bamboo tassels and imitations of birds.
• The Semas did not decorate their houses like other tribes or at least not as much.
• They usually adorned their houses with the heads of game or Mithun heads which the owner slaughtered. Sometimes, in the chief’s house,
human heads were also hung as trophies.

12. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NAGALAND
REQUIREMENT vs RESPONSE
• These dwellings, located mainly in the hilly regions came
under the Cold and cloudy climatic category.
• The people then, relied mainly on their physical abilityto
resist the cold.
• The houses did protect them from the cold winds that
blew but did little to retain heat within the house.
• Openings were kept to a minimum to retain as much heat
within the house as possible.
• The fireplace was situated in the living quarters which
helped in raising comfort levels within these spaces.
• The scale of the private spaces was also smaller which
meant that a smaller heat source was required to heat the
room.
• The sloped roofs worked beautifully in keeping the interiors dry
• The steep slope of the roof ensured that no water could seep in
through the gaps between the thatch and enter the
house.
• The openness of the people did not require such a
high degree of privacy.
• As a result the overall design of the house was kept simple,
yet completely functional.
• It’s function not just extending to it’s activity space relation
but it’s social and climatic context

13. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF MEGHALAYA
Meghalaya is a state in northeast India. The name means "the abode of
clouds" in Sanskrit. The population of Meghalaya as of 2016 is
estimated to be 3,211,474. Meghalaya covers an area of approximately
22,430 square kilometers. The state is the wettest region of India,
recording an average of 12,000 mm (470 in) of rain a year. About 70%
of the state is forested. The Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion
encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the
lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests are notable
for their biodiversity of mammals, birds, and plants.
GEOGRAPHY
Meghalaya is one of the Seven Sister States of northeast India. The state of Meghalaya is mountainous, with stretches of valley and highland
plateaus, and it is geologically rich. It consists mainly of Archean rock formations. These rock formations contain rich deposits of valuable
minerals like coal, limestone, uranium and sillimanite.
Meghalaya has many rivers. Most of these are rainfed and seasonal. The important rivers in the Garo Hills region are Daring, Sanda, Bandra,
Bhogai, Dareng, Simsang, Nitai and the Bhupai. In the central and eastern sections of the plateau, the important rivers are Khri, Digaru, Umiam,
Kynshi (Jadukata), Mawpa, Umiam or Barapani, Umngot and Myntdu. In the southern Khasi Hills region, these rivers have created deep gorges
and several beautiful waterfalls.
CLIMATE
With average annual rainfall as high as 12,000 mm (470 in) in some areas,
Meghalaya is the wettest place on earth. The western part of the plateau,
comprising the Garo Hills region with lower elevations, experiences high
temperatures for most of the year. The Shillong area, with the highest
elevations, experiences generally low temperatures. The maximum temperature
in this region rarely goes beyond 28 °C (82 °F), B whereas sub-zero winter
temperatures are common.

14. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF MEGHALAYA
• The buildings are mainly made up of cane,bamboo,reed ,wood
and mud.
• Mostly houses are build on stilts and the lower space is used as
storage and for poultry.
• Sometimes separate poutry units are also
made.
• The roofs are sloped for the extreme rainfall in this region.
Garo village hosts a dance festival where girls
dance around boys whom they wish to marry. All the
houses are ordered around the courtyard where the
dance is performed, adjoining which is a communal
house and the young boys dormitory is protected by
flower enclousure
Not only they built functional structures from
bamboo, mainly for living and storage, but they also
do it beautifully. Garo traditional tribal architecture
is a magnicent example of vernacular architecture
Meghalaya is famous for its living root bridges, a
kind of suspension bridge made over rivers using
intertwined roots of Ficus elastica trees planted on
opposite banks of the river or hill slopes. These
bridges can be seen around Cherrapunji and
Nongtalang (War-Jaintia). A double-decker bridge
exists in Nongriat village

15. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF TRIPURA
Tripura is a landlocked state in North East India.
Architectural characteristics
Architectural typologies have developed in the North East as
factors of tradition , climate and functionality . The materials
used are locally available materials like bamboo, cane , cane
leaves, mud, and lime. Of late, bricks. stone chips, rock
slabs, surkhi etc. are also being used. Sloping roofs are a
common architectural feature in all the architectural
typologies because of high rainfall in the North East .
Construction of this type of house generally takes place in the
dry season / winters. The whole community participates in
the construction of this type of house.
• These houses are generally rectangular in shape and are similar to bamboo
Kutchha houses with linear planning and rooms opening into each other.
• The structure above is formed by horizontal members tied across the bamboo
posts with jute ropes and using dowel and tenon joints.
• The stilt height is typically 1.50 to 2.00 meters from the ground level.
• The stilted houses are typically designed to keep out the effects of heavy
monsoon.
• The floor and walls inlays are mostly bamboo weaves, which allows the water of
floods and heavy rains to pass rather than getting stored.
• The roofs of the houses are made by fixing bamboo trusses over the posts, over
which local grass is laid.
• The roof height from the weaved floor is approximately 3.50 meters.
• A bamboo loft is fixed below the roof inside for secure storage of goods in case
of floods.
• Bamboo being a bad conductor of heat keeps the interiors cool and adequate
ventilation through the permeable floors and wall keeps the moisture content
inside the houses low.
Tripura is a state in Northeast India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi) and is bordered by Bangladesh
to the north, south, and west, and the Indian states of Assam and Mizoram to the east. In 2011 the state had 3,671,032 residents, constituting
0.3% of the country's population.

16. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF TRIPURA
Three types of house constructed in Tripura
• The riang house
• The mud house
• Combination of mud and bamboo materials
• Riang tribals of Tripura build their houses with bamboo used as the primary material
for construction. In some cases, even the thatched roof is made of bamboo leaves.
• These houses are typical hill dwellings, constructed on bamboo slits to create a large
horizontal platform, the floor of the house.
• Bamboo posts are arranged on a square grid and inclined whole bamboo members
strengthen these.
• The plan of the Riang house is normally a long rectangle, with a covered verandah in
front and an open verandah at the back. A large enclosed room is located between
these verandahs. A single roof covers the front verandah
• A single log, which is notched, forms the short ladder at the front of the house.
The architecture of Tripura relates to the socio-economic setup, the cultural identities and a good climatic responsiveness. A good number of
climate responsive design features are revealed during the study of the housing forms including temperature control, enhancing natural
ventilation, protection from natural calamities such as flood , earthquakes etc. Certain features that lack in the traditional housing are
mostly: fire proneness and termite infestation due to usage of non treated bamboo and wood Lack of damp proofing and use of non
stabilized soil for construction.
MUD HOUSE
MUD AND BAMBOO
USED IN HOUSE
DETAILS OF RIANG
HOUSE

17. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF MANIPUR
CULTURE
The Meitis are the dominant tribe in Manipur but the State is also home to Nagas,
Kukis and Rongmeis. Hill tribes and tribes living in the plains usually follow the
general pattern of house architecture prevalent in the North East. Tribes that have
settled, such as the Rongmeis, build houses according to their status.
Architectural characteristic
A common man’s house is made using bamboo, cane, wood and thatch. A house
may have a verandah as a gathering place, sleeping quarters, a kitchen fireplace
and outhouses for livestock.
Houses are usually rectangular in shape with the front part of the house comprising
of the living room being larger than the other sections.
Wooden planks are used as beds in the sleeping room which incorporates their
vastu.
The bed in the bedroom is usually on the northern side. The fireplace is in the
south-east corner. The kitchen, however, has a fireplace right in the center of the
room above which are racks to hang meat and fish that dry over the fire.
Sometimes the kitchen also doubles as a sleeping quarter. A storehouse outside the
house is used to store grains, usually built on a platform above the ground level.
MEITEI YUMJAO
This is a perfect dwelling unit of an ideal Meitei family,
The complete straw reinforced mud thick wall up to the roof height, embedding the
main load bearing post bamboos with Pungjei in different heights as reinforcement
steel grass rod.
The distribution of entire house into different kas–Phamel ka, lukhumka,
,leimarelka, piba Ka, ningolka, chakhumka, sanamahi laipham, Grain storage space
and Mangolka .
It shows specific separate space for specific functions. This reflects the respect,
privacy and identity given to each member of the family and their personal spaces.
This is the origin of our sincerity, honesty, character and culture.

18. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF MIZORAM
CLIMATE
Mizoram has a mild climate, being relatively cool in summer 20 to 29 °with winter temperatures ranging from 7 to 22 °C .The region is influenced
by monsoon. The climate pattern is moist tropical to moist sub-tropical, with average state rainfall 254 centimetres (100 in) per annum.
CULTURE
• The Mizos are usually settled which means they have a well organized community and houses that reflect this lifestyle.
• Hill tribes usually build houses on top of hills with the house of the tribal chief at the center.
• The bachelor’s quarter known as Zawlbuk is located close the chief’s house and serves as the center of activity since the youth work, learn
and are trained at these centers.
Architectural characteristic of Zawlbuk house
• They use wood and bamboo to build tribal houses
on sloping land.
• The houses have wooden supports and bamboo
matting is affixed to the frames and to the floor.
• The rood may be made of split bamboo covered
by thick thatch, leaves or straw. Some houses may
be built on stilts with a small ladder for access.
Houses are rectangular in shape and the interior is
partitioned into rooms using bamboo screens or
mats, with separate sections for married and
unmarried members of the family. A raised
fireplace is at one corner next to the front door. INTERIOR OF ZAWLBUK HOUSE

19. STUDY OF ARCHITECTURE OF A VILLAGE IN MEGHALAYA
• Mawlynnong is a village in the East Khasi Hills district of
the Meghalaya state, India.
• Mawlynnong is located along the India-Bangladesh border
• As of June 2015 it had 500 residents.
• As of 2014, there are about 95 households in Mawlynnong.
• The literacy rate is 100%
• Agriculture is the chief occupation of the local population,
with betel nut being the main crop
• The people residing in the community are Khasi people.
• Mawlynnong is known for its cleanliness.
• The waste is collected in the dustbins made of bamboo,
directed to a pit and then used as manure.
• A community initiative mandates that all residents should
participate in cleaning up the village.
• Smoking and use of polythene is banned while rainwater
harvesting is encouraged.
• Mawlynnong has toilets in every house built under Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan.
• The village has also installed around 30 solar street lights.
These street lights have been put at the initiative of
Community & Rural Development,
Mawlynnong is a village in the East Khasi Hills district of the Meghalaya state, India. It is famous for its cleanliness and natural attraction.
Mawlynnong was awarded the prestigious tag of 'Cleanest Village in Asia' in 2003 by Discover India Magazine.

20. STUDY OF ARCHITECTURE OF A VILLAGE IN MEGHALAYA
• All villagers in Mawlynnong and a majority of the population of in Meghalaya is Christian
• A commendable feature of Mawlynnong is that it maintains a perfect balance between heritage
and modern amenities.
• The villagers have not sacrificed tradition to suit the demands of tourism
• It can be seen as the perfect example of ecotourism.
The villagers of another village in Meghalaya named Dawki have built a 80 feet tall skywalk made of bamboo which gives a
panoramic view of the village. On a clear day, the India-Bangladesh border can be seen from the Skywalk. Living root bridge, made by the
villagers from of the roots of rubber trees. The roots are still growing making the bridge more stronger with time. This living root bridge is
considered as one of the most important man made architecture with nature by nature.

21. STUDY OF ARCHITECTURE OF A VILLAGE IN ASSAM
Hajo is an ancient pilgrimage village for three religions: Hindus, Buddhists, and Muslims. It lies on the banks of the Brahmaputra River, 24 km
from the city of Guwahati in the Kamrup district of Assam, India. The area is dotted with a number of ancient temples as well as other sacred
artifacts. The Hayagriva Madhava Mandir is the most famous temple of Hajo. Lesser known temples of Hajo like that of Ganesha was constructed
during the reign of Ahom King Pramatta Singha in 1744 AD. The Kedareswara Temple, a Shiva temple, has inscription on the temple showing that
it is of Rajeswar Singha period. Hajo is ruled by Moon Merchant.
Not only bamboo and timber are used for construction in the North eastern India, ancient temples and palaces are made up of stones.
• Kedar temple in the village, the temple walls are made up of stone with mud mortar. Mud is also used to plaster the walls
• Hayagriva Madhava Mandir are made up of stone.

22. STUDY OF ARCHITECTURE OF A VILLAGE IN ASSAM
The wall of this house in the village has two different parts with an R.C.C. foundation. The bottommost being a half heighted 3” brick wall
above which is made up of ikra wall plastered with mud mortar.
As thatch is not available easily and aluminium sheets are more durable, so people have adopted to this alternative.
In this typical house of the village :
Occupants: A family of 4.
The boundary was not very prominent on the outer side of the property
It is an introverted layout from the road.
Foundation is brick stepped foundation. Half brick wall. Upper half of
wall is bamboo strips plastered with mud and painted with lime.
The upper part of the shorter walls had bamboo strips jaali, called Jelenga,
which is for ventilation.
Kitchen lies apart from the house as per the tradition to keep the
house safe from fire . Toilets are also seperated from the house

23. VERNECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NORTH EAST INDIA
CONCLUSION
The architecture of North East India relates to the socio-economic setup, the cultural identities and a good climatic responsiveness.
A good number of climate responsive design features are revealed during the study of the housing forms including temperature control,
enhancing natural ventilation, protection from natural calamities such as flood, earthquakes etc.
However certain features that lack in the traditional housing are mostly: fire proneness and termite infestation due to usage of non treated
bamboo and wood; lack of damp proofing and use of non stabilized soil for construction too pose problems like dampness of walls and
washouts during rainfall.
References –
• http://www.archinomy.com/casestudies/675/the-sema-naga-traditional-dwelling
• Housing Report:Assam type House.World Housing encyclopedia.
• Housing Report:Traditional Naga type House.World Housing encyclopedia.
• Bioclimatismand Vernacular Architecture of North-East India.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India
• Robinson,William.(1841),2011.A Descriptive Account of Assam.Guwahati : Bhabaniprint & Publication.
• http://guyshachar.com/en/2016/garohillstraditionaltribalarchitecturemeghalayaindia/