This document discusses different types of speech errors known as slips of the tongue. It describes common errors like spoonerisms where initial consonants are transposed, malapropisms involving similar sounding words, anticipations where a word's initial sound is replaced, and blends where two words fuse into one. Research suggests speech is pre-planned at an unconscious level and errors arise from how linguistic knowledge is stored and retrieved in the brain when we speak. Common causes of errors include fatigue, alcohol, or nervousness disrupting ideal speech delivery.

2. SPEECH ERRORS
SLIP OF TONGUE
Execution of Speech Plans &
Speech Errors
Common Speech Errors
Selection Errors
Assemblage Errors
Other Constituent
Boundaries
Before the first Content
Word within a Constituent
Grammatical
Junctures
Transposition/
Spoonerism
Anticipations Repetitions
Semantic Errors
Malapropism
Blends

3.  In Psycholinguistics Slips of Tongue are
generally considered as Speech errors.
 Slips of the tongue have been the object of
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS research since 1960s.
One of the most imprortant contributors is
VICTORIA FROMKIN.
 She contended that we switch initials
consonants of words with a single clause.

4. Commonest Silent Pauses Typical Repeats
the // house the // the house
the // big house the // the big house
in // houses in // in houses
in // big house in // in big house
in the // big house in the // in the big house
SPEECH ERRORS
Execution of Speech Plans
& Speech Errors

5. Common Speech Errors
SPEECH ERRORS
Grammatical
Junctures
Boomer in Clark and Clark, in Fauziati, (2013: 89)
has found that speakers most likely to pause after
the first word. The first word in most of them is a
function word: an article, a preposition, a
conjunction, or a pronoun.
Other Constituent
Boundaries
Within sentences, these boundaries are the
appropriate place to stop to plan details of the
next major constituent – precisely what noun
phrase, prepositional phrase, verb phrase, or
adverbial phrase is to fit next into the sentence
skeleton.

6. Before the first
Content Word within a
Constituent
SPEECH ERRORS
Common Speech Errors
Silent Pause
Filled Pause
Repeats
False Start
(Unretraced)
False (Retraced)
Corrections
InjectionsStutters

7. Name of Speech Errors Example
Silent Pause Turn on the / heater switch
Filled Pause Turn on, uh, if the heater switch
Repeats Turn on the heater / the heater switch
False Start (Unretraced) Turn on the stove / heater switch
False (Retraced) Turn on the stove / the heater switch
Corrections Turn on Turn on the stove switch – I mean the
heater switch
Injections Turn on, oh, the heater switch
Stutters Turn on the h-h-h- heater switch
Slip of Tongue Turn on the sweeter hitch

8. In Psycholinguistics tongue slips are one kind of
speech errors which are regarded mostly as errors
of articulation.
Serendre Shutter in 2004 stated that:
It is a complicated mental processing which is
happening entirely below the level of
consciousness, so we're not aware of doing
anything except when we hear ourselves saying
something funny, and its all happening at such
lighting speed that we're not aware of any time
these steps are taking.

9. William A. Spooner (1844-1930), a famous lecturer at
Oxford University to whom many slips of the
tongue have been attributed. For this reason, slips
of the tongue are sometimes called Spoonerisms.
SPOONERISMS: is the transposition of initial
consonants in a pair of words.
Examples:
(1) Intended: You have wasted the whole term
Said: You have tasted the whole worm
(2) Intended: The dear old Queen
Said: The queer old dean

10.  This suggests that there is pre-planning of
an utterance: speakers have a „mental
image” of an utterance before they even
start producing it.
 Victoria Fromkin Said that:
“Slips of the tongue are often the result of a
sound being carried over from one word to the
next”
 Although the slips are mostly treated as errors of
articulation, it has been suggested that they may
result from ‘slips of the brain’ as it tries to organize
linguistic messages.

11.  Tongue slips can be classified into two
categories : the major category and the
secondary category.
 Smith (2003:1) identifies three levels of
tongue slips, they are as follows:

12. WORD ERRORS
Interchanges of Words
MORPHEME ERRORS
Interchanges of Morphemes
SOUND ERRORS
Interchanges of Sounds

13.  However, these three levels can be taken
various forms that can be summarized as
follows:
 SPOONERISMS:
They involve the interchanging of initial
consonants of two words
 MALAPROPISM:
Are caused by the confusion of two similar
sounds

14.  ANTICIPATION:
This kind of error occurs as the initial
consonant of the first word is replaced by the
initial consonant of the latter word.
 REPETITION:
In repetition errors a speaker repeats one or
more words in a row.
 BLEND:
This error of tongue slips refers to a fusion of
two words into one.

15. 1. SPOONERISMS:
Distinctive Features. Phonetic segment is
divided into distinctive features (like voicing,
nasality, and stridency).
 Terry and Julia (Derry and Chulia)
 Clear blue sky (Glear plue sky)
Phonetic Segments. They are frequently
interchanged in slip of tongue.
 With this ring I thee wed – with this wing I thee
red.
 David, feed the pooch – David food the peach.
Syllable. The next unit of articulatory program is
syllables.
o Animal – aminal

16. 2. MALAPROPISM:
 Mussolini pudding ( semolina pudding)
 The naughty story car park (multi – story car park).
 “You keep newborn chicks warm in an incinerator”
(an incubator).
 “You go under a runaway bridge” (a railway bridge).
3. ANTICIPATION:
 Take my bike – bake my bike
 The west German chancellor – the worst German
chancellor
 An important point – an appointment point

17. 4. REPETITION:
 Turn on the heater / the heater switch
 Isn’t it cold? More like a Sunday in February
 It is not too bad – more like a February in March
 I’d say “It’s not too bad – more like a Sunday in March”
5. BLEND:
 Please exland that (explain and expand)
 Not in the sleast (slightest and least)
Other examples taken from Fromkin (in Clark and Clark, in
Fauziati, 2013: 95), are as follows:
 Slicker (slick and Slippery)
 Spaddle (spank and paddle)
 Shimmy (stomach and tummy)
 Shromkin (she and Fromkin)

18. Yule believes that when brain and tongue deny
to work in accordance slips of tongue occur.
Since our whole linguistics knowledge is stored
in our mind he calls it the ‘SLIPS OF BRAIN’
He suggests:
that our “word-storage” system is organized
on the basis of some phonological
information and that some words in the store
are more easily retrieved than others.

19.  The most common speech errors which
disrupt ideal delivery are pausing and
hesitation, repeats, and stutters.
 Tongue slip is one type of speech errors
which often occurs when speakers are
fatigue, a bit drunk, or nervous. It is the
result of problems in controlling the speech
production process.