psycholinguistics

1. Language Production

2. • Lira Nurjanah 122122011
• Winda Widia 122122019
• Susi Nurul Alifah 122122020
• Fika Fauziyah 122122036

3. Language production is the production of
spoken or written language. It describes all of
the stages between having a concept, and
translating that concept into linguistic form.

4. Stages of Laguage Production
1. Conceptualization
2. Formulation
3. Articulation
4. Self Monitoring

5. Conceptualization
According to David McNeil, conceptualized is
the very biginning of spoken utterance. There
are 2 concurrent and parallel modes of
thought:
1. Syntactic thinking
2. Imagistic thinking

6. • First dialogue
A : Where’s my briefcase?
B : There’s your briefcase!
Person B points the briefcase the same moment
he says There’s

7. • Second Dialogue
A : Where’s my coat and my briefcase?
B : There’s your briefcase!
Person B points thebriefcase the same moment
he says briefcase.

8. Formulation
Grammatical encoding
 Morphological encoding
 Phonetic encoding

9. Speech errors
• “ Speech errors allow to us to peek in on the
production process because we know what the speaker
intended to say, but the unintentional mistake freezes
the production process momentarily and catches the
linguistic mechanism in one instance of production”
(Scovel,2009,p.32)
• In formulation speech, we are often influenced by the
sound system of language.
For example, big and fat--- pig and fat;
fill the pool---fool the pill.

10. slips of the tongue or tongue-slips,
• The scientific study of speech errors,
commonly called slips of the tongue or
tongue-slips, can provide useful clues to the
processes of language production: they can
tell us where a speaker stops to think.

11. A spoonerism is an error in speech or deliberate
play on words in which corresponding
consonants, vowels or morphemes are
switched between two words in a phrase.
e.x: “The Lord is shoving leopard” instead of
“The Lord is a loving shepherd”.
- we’ll have the hags flung out we’’ll have
the flags hang out .
- is the bean dizzy ? Is the Dean busy ?

12. Examples of the eight types of errors
(1) Shift is one speech segment disappears from its appropriate place and
appears somewhere else.
: That’s so she’ll be ready incase she dicide to hits it. (decides to hit it).
(2) Exchanges are, in fact, double shifts, in which two linguistic units
exchange places.
: Fancy getting your model resnosed. (getting your nose remodeled).
(3) Anticipations occur when a later segment takes the place of an earlier
one. They are different from shifts in that the segment that intrudes on
another also remains in its correct place and thus is used twice.
: Bake my bike. (take my bike).
(4) Perseverations appear when a earlier segment replaces a later item.
: He pulled a pantrum. (tantrum).

13. (5) Additions add linguistic material.
I didn’t explain this clarefully enough. (carefully enough).
(6) Deletions leave something out.
I’ll just get up and mutter intelligibly. (unintelligibly)
(7) Substitutions occur when one segment is replaced by an intruder.
These are different from the previously described slips in that the
source of the intrusion may not be in the sentence.
At low speeds it’s too light. (heavy)
(8) Blends apparently occur when more than one word is being considered
and the two intended items “fuse” or blend into a single item.
That child is looking to be spaddled. (spankedpaddled).

14. Articulation
Articulation is the term used for all actions of
the organs of the vocal tract that effect
modifications of the signal generated by the
voice source.

15. Human vocal apparatus

16. According to Maddieson (1996), articulation
performance is classified by:
• The place of articulation
• The manner of articulation
• Nasality
• Degree of laterality

17. According to Laver (1994:131-152), there are
three general aspects of articulaion:
• Confirmational
• Topographical
• Transitional

18. Self Monitoring
• Production process sometime goes awry and
• speaker will verbally misstep, especially with
• irregular or more unusual form.
• Example:
(1) The last i knowed about it (i mean knew
about it), he had left Vancouver.
(2) She was so drank (i mean drunk), that we
decided to drive her home.

19. S.Pit Corder, a pioneer in the field of Second
Language Acquisition (SLA) classified these
slips of the tounge and the pen as mistakes.
Mistake are production problems, they are
troubles you have with your linguistic printer,
not with the original software.
Errors are comitted only by non-native
speakers (NNSs) according to Corder.

20. • There are three insights into the production
process:
1. It demonstrates that speakers are constantly
self-editing.
2. It suggests that speakers are intuitively
sensitive to what stage of production process
went awry, if indeed a mistake was made.
3. There is a distinction between performance
and competence.

21. • (3) I think it costs just about...uh...twenty-five
dollars.
• (4) They have to try to...uh...contact an
attorney.
Hostiations like those examplified in (3) and
(4) are not mistake-certainly not in the sense
that the term has been defined and illustrated
here.

22. • (5) I think it costs just...uh...about twenty-five
dollars.
• (6) They have...uh...to try to contact an attorney.
‘just about’ and ‘have to’ function as linguistic
units, so it is improbable that the speaker would
hesitate in the middle of either one, after having
already chosen to fill the linguistic slot of the
utterance with those phrases.

23. • The attested presence of a self-monitoring
stage presumes that people don’t just
communicate with others, they communicate
with themselves, they don’t just listen to
others, they listen to themselves.

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