21. MEASLES(Rubeolla,First Disease)
Causative Agent Measles Virus(Paramyxovirus)
Host Common in Chidren and Nonimmune
Mode of Spread Droplet Infection
Incubation Period 10 Days
Rash Macular‐popular rash that may become
confluent; begins on face(at the hairline), neck
and shoulders and spreads centrifugally and
inferiorly; fades in 4 to 6 days
CLINICAL FEATURES High grade fever with cough, coryza,
conjunctivitis,malaise,irritability
Koplik spots (buccal mucosa)appears 2 days
prior to rash
Dr N Anand
ANAND
24. RUBELLA(German Measles,Third Disease)
Causative Agent Rubella virus ( ssRNA, togavirus family)
Host Young adults,nonimmune persons
Mode of Spread Droplet Infection
Incubation Period 18 Days
Rash Pink macules and papules develop on forehead
spread to extremities, fades by third day
Forchheimer's sign (20% of cases)‐ small, red
papules on the area of the soft palate
Dr N Anand
ANAND
28. ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM (Fifth disease)
Causative Agent Human Parvovirus B19
Spreads by Respiratory Secretions
Host and Environment Children 3 to 12 years of age
Occurs in Winter and Spring
Rash Classic Bright‐red facial rash(“slapped
cheek“) and progresses to lacy reticular rash;
may wax and wane for 6 to 8 weeks
Clinical Features Mild Fever
Arthritis in Adults
Rash after fever resolves
Diagnosis Serology –B19V IgM Antibodies Detection
Treatment Supportive
Dr N Anand
ANAND
30. ROSEOLA (Exanthem Subitum,Sixth Disease)
Causative Agent Human Herpes Virus 6
Host and Environment Children under 3 years
Rash Diffuse Macculopapular eruptions over trunk
and neck resolves within 2 days
Clinical Features High Fever lasting 3‐4 days
Rash after fever resolves
Febrile Seizures may occur
Diagnosis Clinical findings
Serology
Treatment Supportive
Dr N Anand
ANAND
31. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Causative Agent Epstein‐Barr virus
Host and Environment Young Adults (transmitted by intimate contact with bodily secretions)
Rash Diffuse Maculopapular Eruption (5%) mainly due to ampicillin
Urticaria ,Palatal petechiae
Clinical Features Mostly Asymptomatic
Fatigue and Malaise
Fever, Pharyngitis, Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Atypical lymphocytosis,
Hepatosplenomegaly
Diagnosis Peripheral Blood Lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes (>20 %)
Elevated Liver Enzymes
Heterophile antibody tests –Positive monospot Tests/Positive Paul Bunnell tests
Treatment No Specific Treatment
Steroids are indicated for severe complications
Dr N Anand
ANAND
35. PRIMARY HIV INFECTION
Host Individuals recently infected with HIV
Clinical Features Fever
Persistent Generalized lymphadenopathy
Skin Rash
Phayngitis
Myalgia and Arthralgia
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Neurological symptoms‐GBS,Peripheral Neuropathy
Rash 1‐2 Days of acute illness
Nonspecific diffuse macules and papules commonly
Urticarial or vesicular oral or genital ulcers may occur
Desquamtion of palms and soles
Diagnosis p24 antigen detection
HIV RNA detection
Dr N Anand
ANAND
37. EPIDEMIC TYPHUS
Causative Agent Ricketssia prowazekii
Host and Environment Regions Affected by War and Disaster
Vector Human Body Louse
Incubation Period 1‐2 weeks
Clinical Features Severe headache
Sustained high fever
Prominent Cough
Maculopapular Rash
Photophobia
Myalgias
Confusion and Coma
10‐40% Mortality if Untreated
Dr N Anand
ANAND
38. Rash Maculopapular rash appears in axillae,spreading to
trunk and later to extremeties
Spares Face,Palms,Soles
Macules to Confluent eruptions with petechiae
Complications Skin Necrosis and Gangrene
Interstitial Pneumonia
Diagnosis Serology
Detection of R.Prowazekii in a louse on a patient
Cross Adsorption Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test
Treament Doxycycline 100 mg BD continues 2‐3 days after
defervescence
Dr N Anand
ANAND
39. ENDEMIC TYPHUS(Murine)
Causative Agent Rickettsia typhi
Host and Environment Exposure to Cat or Rat Fleas contaminated Feces
Vector Rat Fleas
Incubaton Period 8‐16 days
Clinical Features Headache
Myalgia
Arthralgia
Nausea and Vomiting
Maculopapular Rashes(13 %) sparing Palms and Soles
Pulmonary manifestations‐Interstitial pneumonia,Pulmonary Edema,Pleural
Effusion
Diagnosis Serology
Treatment Doxycycline 100mg bd
Ciprofloxacin
Dr N Anand
ANAND
40. SCRUB TYPHUS
Causative Agent Orientia tsutsugamushi
Host and Environment Heavy Scrub Vegetation
During Wet Seasons
Vector Trombiculid Mites
Incubaton Period 6‐21 days
Clinical Features Fever
Rash
Headache
Myalgia
Regional lymphadenopathy
Cough
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Dr N Anand
ANAND
43. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
Causative Agent Ricketssia rickettsii
Host and Environment Young adults with tick exposure
Vector Tick
Incubaton Period 2‐14 days
Rash Rash evolving from pink macules to red papules and
finally to petechiae(spotted)
Rash beginning on wrists and ankles and
Spreading centripetally
Involvement of palms and soles late in disease
Dr N Anand
ANAND
45. DENGUE FEVER
Cause Dengue Virus
Vector Female Aedes mosquitoes
Clinical Features Febrile Phase Sudden Onset Fever
Vomiting and Diarrhea
Myalgia
Gum Bleeding and Epistaxis
Maculopapular Rash
Critical Phase Hypotension and Shock
Pleural Effusion andAscitis
Bleeding‐GI
Organ Impairment
Metabolic Acidosis
Recovery Phase Pruritis
Bradycardia
Dr N Anand
ANAND
46. Rash Diffuse flushing
Maculopapular rash begins on trunk and spreads to extremities
and face;
Petechiae on extremities
Pruritus during recovery
Severe Dengue 1. Plasma Leakage that may lead to shock
2. Severe Bleeding
3. Severe Organ Impairment
Diagnosis Virus detection‐RTPCR
NS 1 antigen detection
Serology
Treatment Supportive
Adequate Hydration
Blood Transfusion
Management of Complications
Dr N Anand
ANAND
48. TYPHOID FEVER
Causative Agent Salmonella typhi
Mode of Transmission Ingestion of Contaminated food or Water
Incubation Period 10‐14 days
Clinical Features Prolonged High Fever up to 4weeks
Relative Bradycardia
Rash appears on first week
Arthralgia and Myalgia
GI symptoms‐Anorexia,Constipation,Diarrhoea
Splenomegaly
Hepatitis
Rash Rose Spots seen on chest and abdomen in 1st week
Small pale red Macules blanchable
Lasts 2‐3 Days
Dr N Anand
ANAND
49. Complications GI Bleeding and perforation
Meningitis,GBS,Peripheral Neuritis,Delirium
Circulatory Collapse,DIC
Chronic Carrier
Osteomyelitis,Endocarditis,Pyelonephritis,Glomerulonephritis
Hepatic and Splenic Abscess
Diagnosis Leucopenia
Raised Liver Enzymes
Blood Cultures
Widal Test
Typhi Dot IgM
PCR
Treatment Supportive Care
Antibiotics‐Ceftriaxone,Azithromycin,Cefixime
Dr N Anand
ANAND
51. LEPTOSPIROSIS
Cause Leptospira interrogans
Incubation Period 7‐14 Days
Host Exposure to water contaminated with animal urine
Clinical Features First Phase
(3‐10) Days
High grade fever
Severe Headache
Myalgias
Abdominal pain
Conjunctival suffusion
Maculopapular rash
Second Phase Meningitis
Iridocyclitis
Severe Leptospirosis
(Weil’s Syndrome)
Intense jaundice
Renal failure
Hypotension
Hemorrhage ‐ Pulmonary,GI,ICH,Pericardium,Conjunctival
Purpuric Rash
Dr N Anand
ANAND
54. Bacterial Endocarditis
Cause Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Host Prosthetic Heart Valve
Abnormal Heart Valve
Intravenous Drug Users
Clinical Features Vague Symptoms
High Grade or Low Grade Fever
Splenomegaly
CVS‐ Appearance of new murmur
Change in character of an existing murmur
Worsening of cardiac failure
Dr N Anand
ANAND
55. Rash
Janeway Lesions Painless Erythematous macules usually on palms and soles
Osler Nodes Tender pink nodules on finger or toe pads
Petechial Rash on Skin and Mucosa
Splinter Haemorrhages on Nails
Dr N Anand
ANAND
57. CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER
Cause Chikungunya virus
Vector Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
Incubation period 2 to 4 days
Clinical Features Acute stage ‐ sudden onset high fever, incapacitating polyarthritis,
Maculopapular rash(20‐50%),Conjunctivitis
Long‐lasting disabling polyarthritis
Severe Polyarticular migratory arthralgias mainly involving small joints
Axial involvement
Chronic Rheumatism is common(weeks to more than 1 year)
Rash Transient (between days 1 ‐4)
Pruriginous maculopapular rash mostly on face, trunk, and extremities
Diagnosis Serology(IgM for CHIKV)
RT‐PCR
Virus isolation
Treatment Supportive
Dr N Anand
ANAND
74. MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Causative Agent Neissseria meningitidis
Host and Environment Children,
Asplenic Individuals
Terminal Complement Component
Deficiency(C5‐C8)
Transmission Close contact by respiratory droplets or
secretions
Asymptomatic carriers
Pathogenesis Colonization of URT ‐‐‐‐‐penetrate into
bloodstream ‐‐‐‐ Go to CNS causing meningitis (
meningitis) /
‐ Infect the blood vessel (meningococcemia)
Dr N Anand
ANAND
75. Clinical Features
Acute Illness High Fever ,Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Hypotension
Rash Erythematous maculopapular rash initially
Petechial or frankly purpuric over hours
Large purpuric lesions in severe cases(Purpura Fulminans)
Meningitis Fever, irritability and vomiting
Neck Stiffness,Photophobia,Altered Sensorium,Seizures
Septicemia High Mortality
Shock
Multiorgan Failure
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Purpura Fulminans(large purpuric lesions and peripheral Ischemia)
Meningococcal
pneumonia
Multilobar, rapidly evolving pneumonia
Dr N Anand
ANAND
77. Complications
• Purpura fulminans
• Neurologic sequelae
• Deafness
• CN VI, VII palsies
• Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage(Waterhouse Friderichsen Syndrome)
Chronic Meningococcemia
Repeated episodes of petechial rash with fever,joint pain,features of arthritis,
and splenomegaly
May progress to Acute meningococcemia
Dr N Anand
ANAND
78. Diagnosis Leucocytosis
CSF Studies
• High WBC count,High Protein and /low
Sugar
• GramStainig,Culture sensitivity and PCR
Analysis
Blood Culture
RT‐PCR of Blood Samples
Treatment Fluid Resuscitation
Empirical Antibiotic Therapy
• Inj ceftriaxone 2g iv BD
Prevention Quadrivalent Vaccines (Serogroups A, C, W‐
135 and Y)
Bivalent Vaccines (Serogroups C and Y)
Dr N Anand
ANAND
79. DISSEMINATED GONOCCAL INFECTION
Causative Agent Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Resistant DGI strains)
Clinical Features Low Grade Fever to High Grade Fever
Skin Lesions
Tenosynovitis and Suppurative Arthritis
Genitals lesions usually not be present
Rash Peripherally
Papules or Petechiae evolving rapidly to hemorrhagic
pustules with grey necrotic center
Papules, bullae, pustules, and hemorrhagic lesions all
may be present simultaneously
Diagnosis Blood Culture
Synovial Fluid Culture
Treatment Inj Ceftriaxone 1 g IV q24h
Dr N Anand
ANAND
85. Varicella
Cause Varicella Zoster Virus
Host Commonly in children
Mode of transmission Droplet infection or Discharge by ruptured lesions
Incubation Period 14‐21 Days
Clinical features Low Grade Fever
Rash Appears on trunk on 2nd day of illness ,spreads to
face ,and limbs
Rash Macules(2‐3mm) evolving to Papules,then vesicles on a
erythematous base(“dew drops on a rose petal”)
Pustules and then Crusting
Lesions appear in crops
Intensely pruritic
Hemorrhagic lesions in immunocompromised
Dr N Anand
ANAND
93. SCARLET FEVER
Causative Agent Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus)
Host Commonly Children
Mode of Spread Aerosol route
Incubation Period 1‐4 Days
Clinical Features Sore throat
Fever
Characteristic Rash,
Bright red tongue ("strawberry" tongue)
Forchheimer spots
Paranoia
Hallucinations
Dr N Anand
ANAND
94. Rash Diffuse Blanchable Erythema beginning on face and spreading to trunk and
extremeties
“Sand paper” texture to the skin
Circumscribed Oral Pallor
Accentuation of linear erythema in skin folds(Pastia’s lines)
Desquamation in Second Week
Dagnosis Clinical Examniation
Leukocytosis with neutrophilia and eosinophilia
High ESR and CRP
Elevation of antistreptolysin O
Complications Sepsis
acute glomerulonephritis
Rheumatic fever
Erythema nodosum
Treatment Antibiotics
Dr N Anand
ANAND
96. STREPTOCOCCAL TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
Cause Streptococcus pyogenes(streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and/or B or
certain M types)
Host In severe group A streptococcal infections(Necrotising fasciitis,Bacteremia)
Pre‐existing skin infections with the bacteria.
Clinical Features Hypotension
Multiorgan Failure
Bacteremia
Rash
Rash Generalized Erythroderma with desquamation and localized cellulitis with
vesiclation or bulla formation
Daignosis Clinical Examination
Elevation of antistreptolysin O
Treatment Supportive Management
Antibiotics
Dr N Anand
ANAND
97. KAWASAKI DISEASE
Cause Idiopathic
Host Children under 5 years
Clinical Features Acute Febrile illness
Rash appears 3 days after fever
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Coronary Artery Vasculitis
Erythema of the lips or oral cavity
Bilateral nonsuppurative Conjunctivitis
Rash Diffuse macular‐papular erythematous rash on the
trunk
Desquamation later
Diagnosis Clinically
2D Echo or Coronary Angiography.
Treatment Intravenous immunoglobulin and Corticosteroids
Dr N Anand
ANAND
98. STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
Cause Staphylococcus aureus(TSST 1,enterotoxin B or C)
Host All ages, but most common in menstruating females
Infection following childbirth, abortion, and surgery.
Clinical Features High fever(104° F)
Hypotension
Malaise
Confusion, which can rapidly progress to stupor, coma
Multiple Organ Dysfunction
Rash Diffuse erythema involving palms,mucosal surfaces
Desquamation 7‐10 days in to illness
Daignosis Clinical criteria,
Vaginal and wound cultures
Treatment ICU Care
Antibiotics
Dr N Anand
ANAND
100. STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME
Cause Staphylococcus aureus(exotoxins A and B)
Host Commonly Neonates
Adults‐Immunosuppression,Renal Failure,Lymphoma
Clinical Features Diffusse painful erythema
Extensive areas of desquamation
Perioral crusting and fissuring
Irritability
Nasal or Conjuctival Secretions
Thin walled fluid filled blisters ‐ positive for Nikolsky's sign
Daignosis Clinical
Skin biopsy(intraepidermal separation)
Isolation of S. aureus from blood,skin
Treatment Supportive
Antibiotics
Dr N Anand
ANAND
103. Tularemia Anthrax
Cause Francisella tularensis Bacillus anthracis
Mode of
Infection
Exposure to ticks, biting flies,
infected animals
Exposure to infected animals or
animal products, exposure to
anthrax spores
Rash Ulceroglandular form: erythematous,
tender papule evolves into necrotic,
tender ulcer with raised borders
Maculopapular Rash may occur
Pruritic papule evolving into
painless ulcer surrounded by
vesicles and then developing a
central eschar with edema;
residual scar
Clinical
Features
Fever, headache, lymphadenopathy Fever,Lymphadenopathy,
headache
Dr N Anand
ANAND
134. • Cutaneous Drug reaction, Harrison's Principles of internal medicine
• Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics
• Severe Adverse Cutaneous Reactions to Drugs,Jean Claude Roujeau,
and Robert S. Stern,N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1272‐1285November 10,
1994,NEJM
• Drug Fever from Antimicrobial Agents, Ruchi A. Patel, Pharm.D., Jason
C. Gallagher, Pharm.D,Medscape
• Lawley TJ, Frank MM. Immune complexes and allergic diseases. In:
Middleton E Jr, ed. Allergy Principles and Practice. 4th ed. St. Louis,
Mo: Mosby; 1993:990
Dr N Anand
ANAND