Computer Networks And Its Impact On The Retail Store Front

Computer Networks And Its Impact On The Retail Store Front
With the use of mainframe computers, we have gained cost–effective critical transaction processing
because of the mainframe's scalability; reliable hardware and software compatibility; and, the
mainframe's security infrastructure makes maintaining and managing the mainframe more feasible.
Compared to commodity servers, mainframe transaction processing is scalable because many
businesses experience massive increases in computational loads (Hallman, 2015). Let us consider
this circumstance: During a retail store front's hours of operation, there may be many customers
making product purchases. Simultaneously, there may be many customers seeking refunds on their
product purchases. One can also consider that this retail store front offers its services over the
Internet with the use of an e–commerce operation called metrics management. This e–commerce
operation encompasses web analytics, channel metrics, financial metrics, and product metrics. With
the use of metrics management, one can measure the effectiveness of the Internet channel and the
retail store front channel by analyzing the quantity of product purchases and product refunds to
deduce which channel promotes a financially effective service; or, one could objectively consider to
have these channels work in tandem to capture a product purchase in any way possible. In this
circumstance, the quantity of product purchases and product refunds are metrics that require
computational loads because the mainframe would store and
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Business Analysis of IBM Essay examples
Business Analysis of IBM
1. History of IBM:
IBM is a multinational corporation that started its activities in 1911. But its origins can be traced
back to 1890, during the height of the Industrial Revolution. It was first known as the Computing–
Recording Company, and then in 1924, it took the name of International Business Machines.
Nowadays, this multinational company is known as the ¡§Big Blue¡¨
2. Mission statement
IBM main activity is to find solutions to its wide range of clients using advanced information
technology. Its clients are individual users, specialized businesses, and institutions such as
government, science, defense, and spatial and educational organizations.
To meet and respond to its customers needs, IBM creates, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The years 1992 and 1993 knew a slight increase in revenues that reached $13.4 billion and a net loss
of $399 million that changed to a net profit of $392 million in the first quarter of 1994.
5. Industry trends:
IBM¡¦s old belief was that personal computers are a vital part of their overall strategy to link
personal computers, minicomputers, and mainframes, their preferred product in this line. It was not
quick in adapting this belief to the new reality and importance of the PC potential, so during the
1980s and early 1990s, IBM was thrown into turmoil by back–to–back revolutions in the trends of
the computer industry. The PC revolution placed computers directly in the hands of millions of
people, and then, the client/server revolution sought to link all of those PCs (the "clients") with
larger computers that labored in the background (the "servers" that served data and applications to
client machines). Both revolutions transformed the way customers viewed, used and bought
technology, and both fundamentally rocked IBM.
6. Tactics at IBM were as follows:
Marketing at IBM has often been based on recycling and updating older proprietary systems
architectures in which it had a vested interest. It was a product rather than consumer oriented
strategy.
 IBM has made modest moves towards more industry specific approaches to problem
solutions in an effort to better meet customer needs.

 1988 attempt

The Mainframe Defined Around Performance, Reliability And...
In this paper I will be describing some of the features that the mainframe defined around
performance, reliability and availability. In the last half of my paper I will then describe some of the
cutting edge features of commodity server and cloud computing worlds that draw on paths first
forged by the Mainframe. Mainframes have always been some of the beefiest computing platforms
on the planet. For years they were the most powerful computing platform money could buy. Even
with the advent of cloud computing and massive data centers filled with commodity hardware,
mainframes are still unmatched in transactions per second. This type of processing is still the
lifeblood of banks and many other businesses. To reach these levels of ... Show more content on
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z/OS's extensibility allows for no single points of failure, allowing 1, 2 or even 3 points to fail all
without effecting the workload running on the mainframe. This level of fault tolerance also allows
operators to perform rolling changes across a mainframe where they take down whatever pieces they
need to perform maintenance or otherwise one at a time, all without the mainframe having a care in
the world. Even with all these levels of redundancy however is not important most of the time in
IBM's world. Their mainframes are bulletproof. Mainframes have been known to run for years
without going down and it is a point of pride for IBM. All of this parallelism means nothing
however without a way to leverage it. Many applications and workloads can be programed to take
advantage of the parallelism natively and deal with the inherent difficulties that it introduces. For
workloads that haven't or can't, IBM provided a product to deal with it. The problems mainly
revolve around data sharing and applications that cannot share data, they expect data to be directly
connected. Intelligent Resource Director manages the provisioning of workloads that cannot take
advantage of the parallelism offered by a Sysplex natively. It will move resources to where they are
needed when they are needed for whatever workload is running. The next area that Mainframes

Mainframe Computing ( Ibm Operator 's Console )
Mainframe computing is an incredible concept that has held its own for many years. Over those
many years, it was predicted that the mainframe would never have lasted this long. An analyst wrote
an in an article from InfoWorld, "I predict that the last mainframe will be unplugged on March 15,
1996" (IBM Operator's console). It turns out that the analyst could not have been more wrong. Even
today the mainframe is still prevalent in many large companies with the need to process a sizeable
amount of transactions each day. The mainframe would never be where it is today without the
enhancements over history, new developments within its software, new applications that are
currently being built for it, and the security improvements that have been made over the years.
IBM first entered the digital computer world back in 1944 (IBM Operator's Console). That is when
the first ever automatic general purpose digital computer was built with Harvard University. The
computer was able to perform "additions in one–third of a second and multiplications in six
seconds" (IBM Operator's Console). Then just four years later IBM then introduced to the market a
Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator. This machine was able to process thousands of
calculations within seconds. Although, even then IBM was not done rolling out better designs. In
1952, another four years later, IBM announced the 701. IBM's 701 was the first fully electronic data
processing system. Able to do processing twenty–five

The Pros And Cons Of Linux
In the beginning, Linus Torvalds, a young man who studied computer science at the University of
Helsinki, thought Unix–like academic operating system should be available for free and is an open
source software.
Hence, he decided to do a better operating system which is free of charge and is an open–source
software. The Linux kernel was first released in 1991, it is designed to be used with GNU software.
GNU developers eventually integrated their software into Linux to create an operating system.
Linux is everywhere so it is available in many forms to suit many needs where from consumer–
oriented systems for home use to distributions for use in specific industries. For instance, it is in our
smartphone, our Roku devices and even in our refrigerator. ... Show more content on
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Linux is a software on a computer that enables applications and the computer operator to access any
devices on the computer to perform its desired functions. To put it simply, Linux is an operating
system that enable to manage the communication between software and hardware. The operating
system (OS) relays instructions from an application to, for example, the computer's processor. The
processor performs the instructed task, then send the results back to the application via the OS.
As we know, Linux is all free and easy to install. This zero cost of entry accompanied with an open
source license. Open source follows the following key of philosophies, for instance, the freedom to
study how the program works, the freedom of running a program, the freedom to redistribute copies
and also the freedom to distribute copies of the modified versions to the others.
Linux is said everywhere because it is powering roughly 94% of worldwide supercomputers, most
of the servers powering the Internet, the majority financial trades worldwide and a great number of
Android devices. It also appears in many different architectures, from mainframes to server to
desktop to mobile and on a wide variety of

The Fall of Ibm
Title: Case # 15 The Fall of IBM and Case #16 IBM in 2009 Objective To be the world's leading
mainframe and software Service Company that offers its customers professional innovative services
that deliver value by providing them with state of the art solutions that leverage IBM's industry and
business process industries. Problems During the mainframe system era, IBM's competitors began
selling cheaper and high performing IBM compatible central processing units that posed a threat to
the company. Entry of Japanese competitors posed a threat to IBM because they had the technical
capability to build a powerful computer that matched IBM's mainframe system. Customers began
buying clones from competing companies who promised ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They should always rely on their research on the needs of their customers so that they can create
products that will satisfy their needs. Looking at the situation of the economy will also help them
generate their next move. If they want to embrace innovation, they should never be afraid to find
means to substitute the products they have or they can focus on acquiring companies that can help
them improvise their product so that customers won't find other substitutes. They should makes sure
that they can keep up with the trend on the economies demand so that they will have an idea on what
to create so that customers will look to them whenever new technologies are produced.
Implementation In order for these plans to be attained, IBM should always have an open mind on
the possibilities that new technologies will enter the market. In order for them to compete with rival
companies, they should continue acquiring companies that will broaden their product line and
improve their production. Outsourcing is one thing, but if possible they should give importance to
programmers and their creative ideas for innovation. There is always a possibility for development
on the technology people use these days. If they can take advantage of their capacity to produce new
products they can always expect customer satisfaction as well as profits from sales. To sum things
up, what I think they should always look into is the demand of customers and their ability to find
new

The Client And Plienter Architecture: Client And Server...
CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE
Definition –
The client and server architecture is a distributed application that divide the tasks between the
entities that provides the resource or service, called servers, and the entities that request for a
service, called clients. Fundamentally, clients and servers are two software entities where one
software is fulfilling the request of another software entity. The client machine request for the
service and the server machine interprets the request message received from the client machine. In
order to fulfill the request of client machine, the server may have to refer various knowledge
domains, process data and sometimes make an additional request to another server. The client and
server may reside on the same machine or sometimes lie ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In client server architecture, the file server is replaced by the database server. Using a relational
database system a user query can be answered correctly and directly. This architecture reduces the
network congestion by providing a query response rather than total transferring of file. This
architecture is a request response message pattern. To communicate the clients and servers must
have a common language and they must agree on the same set of rules so that both of them exactly
knew what to expect. A server have several requests to process but a server can process a limited
number of requests at a time for this various scheduling algorithms are used to prioritize the
requests.
Send Request
Send Reply Client server
Characterstics of Client–Server Architecture –
We have listed the four fundamental characteristics of Client–Server

The Management Programs Of A Computer
Introduction
Operating systems, ("OS") are the management programs of a computer. First it is booted into the
computer by a boot program, and then it manages all other programs on the computer. These other
programs are called applications, and they utilize an operating system by making requests for
process service power through an API, or application program interface. Users then interact directly
with an operating system through a graphical user interface or command language.
History The earliest computers lacked any form of operating system because they were simple
mainframes. The machines were primitive and programs were often entered into the system one bit
at a time, through many mechanical switches and plug boards. There were no operating systems
during the first phase of computer history––from 1940–1955. By the 1950s, punch cards were
introduced and made it so switches were not as necessary any more. The IBM 701, from General
Motors Research Laboratories, was the first system that implemented an operating system. The
systems generally ran one job at a time, which was indicated by whatever was on the punch card.
This is called single–stream batch processing. Computers were just exotic experimental equipment,
and mainly tested theory. The use plugboards would direct the computer. Without operating systems,
there is no overlap between computation, I/O, think time, and response time. The specific goal was
to handle tables of numbers. Libraries

Comparing The Desktop And Other Computer Systems
Comparing the 'Desktop' with other computer systems
Advantages
Top of the range desktops have more power than laptops, micro–computers, mobile devices and all
in One PCs.
To start off, desktops can contain much more hardware than a mobile device or microcomputer and
AIO PCs, the outcome of being able to store so many components is the result of fitting high quality
parts that are more power immense in the computing industry so desktops beat small devices on
meeting possibilities.
The desktop has the extra benefit of being extremely customisable to adapt to the user and
environmental challenges
Extending from previous points, the desktop can surpass other systems in terms of using
components that can be located swiftly whilst being changeable in order for a client to upgrade, this
is ideal in the industry for those that want to commission their system for a preferable experience.
Disadvantages
Highly bulky compared with the other mobile, all in one and micro systems
On the other hand, due to the occupation of desktops for retention of more dynamic components that
are heavy, the weight builds up to create a computer device that is forced to be in one space
involuntary for usage on the go in comparison to mobile devices.
Need a big space
Furthermore, the last disadvantage is users have an insufficient device for versatility, clients would
have to make additional purchases of a big platform and chair to use or support the technology so
that it is strenuous to breakage whilst

Advantages Of A Relational Database
Advantages of a Relational Database
The relational database provides a number of advantages over previous models, such as the
following.
Built–in multilevel integrity: Data integrity is built into the model at the field level to ensure the
accuracy of the data; at the table level to ensure that records are not duplicated and to detect missing
primary key values; at the relationship level to ensure that the relationship between a pair of tables is
valid; and at the business level to ensure that the data is accurate in terms of the business itself.
(Integrity is discussed in detail as the design process unfolds.)
Logical and physical data independence from database applications: Neither changes a user makes
to the logical design of the database, nor changes a database software vendor makes to the physical
implementation of the database, will adversely affect the applications built upon it.
Guaranteed data consistency and accuracy: Data is consistent and accurate due to the various levels
of integrity you can impose within the database. (This will become quite clear as you work through
the design process.)
Easy data retrieval: At the user's command, data can be retrieved either from a particular table or
from any number of related tables within the database. This enables a ... Show more content on
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Many RDBMS programs also provide the tools you need to create end–user applications that
interact with the data stored in the database. Of course, the quality of an RDBMS is a direct function
of the extent to which it supports the relational database model. Even among "true" RDBMSs,
support for the relational database varies among vendors, and there is yet to be a full implementation
of the relational model's potential. Despite this, all RDBMS programs continue to evolve and
become more full–featured and powerful than ever

Ibm Essay examples
I. Current Situation (1991–1993)
1. History of IBM:
IBM is a multinational corporation that started its activities in 1911. But its origins can be traced
back to 1890, during the height of the Industrial Revolution. It was first known as the Computing–
Recording Company, and then in 1924, it took the name of International Business Machines.
Nowadays, this multinational company is known as the ¡§Big Blue¡¨
2. Mission statement
IBM main activity is to find solutions to its wide range of clients using advanced information
technology. Its clients are individual users, specialized businesses, and institutions such as
government, science, defense, and spatial and educational organizations.
To meet and respond to its customers needs, IBM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7. 1991–1993 CEO Akers undertook a major overhaul of IBM: he believed the problem was high
centralization, so he followed a decentralizing strategy that would greatly reduce employee levels.
Layoffs were as follows: 1991 20,000, 1992 20,000. Although a $3 billion charge was made against
4th quarter earnings, IBM expected savings of $1 billion in 1992, followed by $2 billion in later
years. Restructuring objectives:
a– Accelerate product deliveries. b– To avoid or minimize costly delays and disruptions IBM would
have to completely separate its units into distinct independent divisions with greater control over
development strategies, including financial independence. IBM HQ would become a holding
company with 6 autonomous divisions reporting to senior vice presidents. Divisions are to present
annual plans to executive committee, set goals for return on investment, share in profits, issue stocks
in some cases. Each individual unit to report its results separately thus allowing managers to gain
responsibility for controlling costs and developing competitive product marketing strategies.
Emphasis to be placed on return on invested capital. Executive pay to be tied to unit profits c–
Encourage 3d party relationships d– Reduce staff. e– Reduce product prices to match competitor
prices. For example, IBM's lap top model costs about $2,500

Essay on Systems Arch
Solutions Manual for Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition
Stephen Burd
Chapter 1
Systems Architecture: An Introduction
Vocabulary Exercises
1. Students of computer science generally focus on system software, while students of information
systems generally focus on application software.
2. Configuration of hardware and system software occurs during the systems implementation phase
of the SDLC.
3. Professional organizations with which an information systems student or professional should be
familiar include Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Association for Information
Technology Professionals (AITP), and Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Computer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
8. A program that solves a(n) formulaic problem requires no branching instructions.
9. The primary components of a CPU are the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and a set of
registers.
10. Primary storage may also be called main memory and is generally implemented using random
access memory (RAM).
11. A set of instructions that is executed to solve a specific problem is called a(n) algorithm or
program.
12. A(n) supercomputer typically is implemented with the latest and most expensive technology.
13. A(n) input/output (I/O) unit is a hardware device that enables a computer system to
communicate with humans or other computers.

14. A CPU is a(n) general–purpose processor capable of performing many different tasks by simply
changing the program.
15. The system bus is the "plumbing" that connects all computer system components.
16. The CPU executes program instructions one at a time.
17. The term systems architecture describes a computer system's components and the interaction
among them.
18. Most programs are written in a programming language such as C or Java, which is then
translated into an equivalent set of CPU instructions.
19. Resource allocation and direct hardware control is the responsibility of a(n) operating system.
20. System software is general purpose. Application software is specialized to a specific user need.
21. A(n) computer network is a set of hardware and software

Historical Evaluation of Computer
➢ What is a computer? Why it is also known as a data processor?
A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high–speed
mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes
information is known to be a computer.
A computer is an electronic device which manipulates or transforms data. It accepts data, stores
data, process data according to a set of instructions, and also retrieve the data when required. Hence
it is known as a data processor.
➢ What is data processing? Differentiate between data and information. Which is more useful to the
people and why?
A series of operations on data by a computer in order to retrieve or transform or classify ... Show
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4. Diligence: Unlike human beings a computer is free from tiredness and lack of concentration. It
can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling. And a computer
will also all the processes with same speed and same accuracy.
5. Versatility: Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about the computer. One moment it is
preparing the results of an examination the next moment its working with picture. Briefly a
computer can perform almost any task if the task can be analyzed as binary logical instance.
6. Power of remembering: As a human being acquires new knowledge the brain subconsciously
selects what it feels to be important and worth retaining in its memory. This is not the case with a
computer. A computer can store any data and information as long as the user wants and can recall
them anytime to reprocess because of its memory compatibility. Even after several years user can
use the saved data as he saved means it remains unchanged.
7. No I.Q.: A computer is not a magical device. It possesses no intelligence of its own. Its IQ is zero
at least until today. It must have to be told what to do. A user can only tell a computer what to do. A
computer can not take its own decision.
8. No feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. They have no feeling and no instincts because
they are machines. It doesn't get

A Critical Thinking Assignment 2 : Supercomputers,...
Critical Thinking Assignment 2: Supercomputers, Mainframe Computers, and Personal Computers
Nabeel Janjua
Info–300–001
Virginia Commonwealth University
Abstract:
There are many different types and forms of computers. What we see as a fast computer for our
personal use is actually nothing compared to computers used by companies to perform vast amount
of data gathering and computation. The main difference between computers can be categorized into
three different categories. The categories are supercomputers, main computers and personal
computers.
Effectiveness Criteria Super Computers:
A super computer is the fastest of all computer types (Supercomputer). They are super expensive,
ranging from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is designed for individual users and provides basic computer functions such as word processing.
There are two personal computers nowadays; either Apple Macintoshes or PCs.
Throughput According to the latest supercomputer: XC40, it will be capable of transmitting
"1.7 Tbps. (Terabytes per second) for internal data transfers. The fastest of any computer in the
world" (Shah). Most mainframe computers have massive throughput due to "the mainframe
offloading its input/output processing to a peripheral channel, which is a computer itself."
(Mainframe Dictionary). This enables the computer to focus on throughput instead of the
input/output channels. A pc computers throughput does not compare to supercomputers and
mainframe computers. Even though you can run multiple programs on a PC, the amount of data
transferred is nothing compared to super and mainframe computers.
Turnaround Time Have incredibility fast turnaround times due to the vast amount of information
being processed each second and only one or a few programs that are running concurrently. Also
have fast turnaround times but do not have the same capabilities of supercomputers since mainframe
computers support multiple programs at the same time. The turnaround time depends on the
application being run or the model of the computer. If it is a newer computer with minimal used
space there will be faster turnaround time. If it is an older model with minimal space

Types of Computers
A computer is one of the most brilliant inventions of mankind. Thanks to computer technology, we
were able to achieve storage and processing of huge amounts of data; we could rest our brains by
employing computer memory capacities for storage of information. Owing to computers, we have
been able speed up daily work, carry out critical transactions and achieve accuracy and precision at
work. Computers of the earlier times were of the size of a large room and were required to consume
huge amounts of electric power. However, with the advancing technology, computers have shrunk to
the size of a small watch. Depending on the processing power and size of computers, they have been
classified under various types. Let us look at the classification ... Show more content on
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They had a smaller feature set and lesser capacities in comparison to regular laptops, at the time they
came into the market. But with passing time, netbooks too began featuring almost everything that
notebooks had. By the end of 2008, netbooks had begun to overtake notebooks in terms of market
share and sales.
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It
has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be used as portable audio
players, web browsers and smartphones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of
Bluetooth or Wi–Fi communication.
Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in between mainframes
and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid–range systems or workstations. The term
began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers.
They took up the space that would be needed for a refrigerator or two and used transistor and core
memory technologies. The 12–bit PDP–8 minicomputer of the Digital Equipment Corporation was
the first successful minicomputer.
Servers: They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a computer network.
They have larger storage capacities and powerful processors. Running on them are programs that
serve client requests and allocate resources like memory and time to client

Network Policy Server and Remote Access
The nature of our business requires us to have a flexible sales force. Because of that detail we need
to be receptive to the needs of our mobile workforce. The most critical tool involved in their success
is the ability to reliably connect and access our company networks. These connections can be from
employees using company issued laptops or personal computers used from home or on the road.
For the most part we have addresses the needs of our sales force on a case by case basis but going
forward we really need to ensure we have a defined policy to streamline remote access. To
accomplish this there are a few benchmarks we need to achieve. First of all the network has to be
reliable or in more technical terms it needs to have high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SHV's use that information contained by the SHA's to define what health requirements are needed in
order to be compliant and gain access to the network. Working together the SHA and SHV agents
monitor and validate the health of incoming network transmissions.
Statement of Health, System Statement of Health, and System Statement of Health Response
The Statement of Health or SoH is generated by each SHA and is communicated to the NAP to
determine compliance. Every time there is an update of change with a SHA possibly through
remediation the update is then also applied to the SoH. The NAP service will combine all of the
various SoH's that a client generated during a remote connection and combine them into the System
Statement of Health or SSoH which essentially defines the system health characteristics of the client
computer. Lastly the System Statement of Health Response is generated by the NAP after compiling
all of the remote user's system health characteristics. This information or SSoHR is sent to the
enforcement point for access validation.
NAP Enforcement
The NAP system health characteristics give the server all of the essential health information to grant
or deny access but we need a function to physically make that access decision. NAP uses
enforcement point to carry out that function. There are a few different methods of NAP enforcement
all of which have

Ibm: Challenge to America
IBM Case Analysis
"What happened to IBM, the symbol of American supremacy?" –Challenge to America video, 1993
Problem Statement
IBM needs to grow revenue and stay competitive in the dynamically changing computer
marketplace of the 1990's by maintaining technological leadership and accepting the organizational
transformation which needs to be undertaken for them to excel. IBM needs to recapture their
previously held powerful position in the personal computer and microprocessor markets and regain
value in the company which will increase its stock value and competitive advantage in the
marketplace.
Problem Analysis
In 1993 IBM reported a $5.6bn loss for the fourth quarter of 1992 ending a yearly deficit of
$4.97bn; which at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IBM's lack of an acceptable solution to this garnered them over a fifty percent market share loss
within a decade. Given these changes, IBM faced a vastly more complex marketplace both in terms
of niches and in the number of its competitors globally.
Environmental complexity was high at IBM because the organization was one of the biggest in the
industry and highly bureaucratic. Organizational initiatives failed to produce the desired outcomes
while others were 'crashed' by corporate hierarchy prior to implementation. The personal computer
division which was once its own autonomous business line separate from the hierarchical parent
company was brought into the main organizational structure without accounting for differences in
how business was conducted there. Top management was disconnected from customers and their
value chain.
Having a complex and unstable environment resulted in a high level of uncertainty for the company
which resulted in various negative consequences. Irritated shareholders refused to invest into
company stock leading to depressed price levels. Massive layoffs ensued with 42,900 jobs lost in
1992 and another 25,000 slated for termination in 1993. All of the above lead to decreased morale
only exacerbated with top talent leaving the firm. A wide consensus of observers agreed that IBM's
enormous size was a drawback in the swift markets of the 1990's.

Root

The Invention Of Internet Has Changed Our World
If you were to go back 1960s and tell people how in the future you can talk to people on another
continent in matter of seconds and with little to no cost. That you can even send mail, music, photos
and even videos clips in just matter of seconds to as many people as you want. They will look at you
and will probably think you are insane, but all of these things and even more are possible due to the
internet. Many people uses the internet today, but they don't know how it works, why was it created
or who invented it? Even though everything from our banking, business, shopping, communication,
dating, entertainment, education and the most basic task are done on the internet. However one can
argue that's the best part of the internet we don't need to understand it on technology, social, and
physiological level to use it. However no one can argue that the invention of internet has changed
our world, from how we communicate, to how we work, and to how we live our lives. That the
internet was an evolutionary step not a fad, and it has become a pivotal part of our society which has
led to it to become a necessity and a vital tool for the progression of our race. Before we get into
why the internet was created and how it works, we need talk about the word "internet". Often when
we talk about the "internet" we usually get the World Wide Web and internet mixed up but mix up is
understandable because today 's "internet" has both of these technology intertwined that it has

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mainframe Computers
Table of Contents Introduction 2 Section A 3 Mainframe's Principal 3 Mainframe's Classification 4
Enterprise Class 4 Business Class 4 Mainframe's Importance 5 Mainframe's Advantages and
Disadvantages 5 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 8 References 9 Introduction Mainframe
computers were first developed in the 1950s, and it is still evolving till the current century.
Mainframes in the 1960s are very huge in size and require an entire room for it to run correctly. The
mainframes in the 2000s however, are only as large as a refrigerator. Mainframes are capable of
handling thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe computers are able to process huge amount
of instructions, in fact, million instructions per second. Mainframes are very expensive and ... Show
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Mainframes are virtualization; it can run multiple operating system and application. A mainframe
can handle multi–user operations responding according to the user's request. Mainframes are
popular for it security and reliability, an ordinary virus hardly affect a mainframe. a non–authorized
user are unable to access the mainframe until the user is a granted permission to access. Mainframe's
Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages of mainframe The disadvantages of mainframe It
can support thousands of transaction per second Requires a special environment management room
to check after the heating, cooling, ventilating and also suitable power supply. Have the ability to
serve thousands of user and applications at a same time Dedicated staffs are needed to run the
system. Able to manage a huge number of data that is obtained The initial start–up cost for the
mainframe is high More reliable and secure that the client–server network Geographical distribution
built is not available Section B CPU Specifications, Features and General

Managerial Accounting Chapter 1 Essay
1.13 Answer: a. Mainframes: The resources that are to be managed in Mainframes are Memory and
CPU resources, storage and network bandwidth. b. Workstations: The resources that are to be
managed in Workstations are Memory and CPU resources. c. Handheld computers: The resources
that are to be managed in handheld computers are Power consumption, memory resources. 1.15
Answer: Symmetric multiprocessing sees all processors as reciprocals, and I/O can be arranged on
any CPU. Asymmetric multiprocessing has one master CPU and whatever is left of are slaves. The
master courses assignments among the slaves, and I/O is ordinarily done by the master just.
Multiprocessors can extra money by not replicating power supplies, lodgings, and peripherals.

Case Study : Imt Custom Machine Company Inc.
Case Study: IMT Custom Machine Company Inc. Belonging to the information era, it has become
almost inevitable to strive without a proper information system. Additionally, advances in
computing have allowed small–scale to large–scale organizations to provide high quality,
diversified, and personalized services, more easily and affordable than ever before. Furthermore, the
right information system can also improve an organization's efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore,
it is very important to strategically plan and evaluate before implementing an information
technology platform. Similarly, Information Machine and Tool (IMT) Company at USA faced a
major challenge as they lacked a strategic direction for their current IS (CSU–Global, 2015). As a
result, it faced a major dilemma to choose a viable solution for its problem. Background to the
Organization and it's Problems Over the past several years, IMT, Custom Machine Company
Incorporation, had "built multimillion–dollar, large customer made production machines" (CSU–
Global, 2015, p.116). The organization was mainly lead by two main factories in USA: Fort Wayne
and Chicago (CSU–Global, 2015). IMT being an international organization worked on a "matrix–
style". According to this style it focused both on its national needs and goals as well technological
on a global scale (CSU–Global, 2015). IMT being one of the well–known and successful
organizations in 1970s gradually started to fall apart in terms of having a defined

Revenue Cycle
AUDITING THE REVENUE CYCLE
Audit procedures associated with the revenue cycle is the main point in this report. Basically, it is
divided into three sections. First, it begins with a review of alternative technologies used in both
legacy and modern system. The focus is on the key operational task performed under each
technological environment. The second section discusses the revenue cycle audit objectives, controls
and test of controls that an auditor would perform to gather evidence needed to limit the scope,
timing and extent of substantive tests. The last section describes revenue cycle substantive tests in
relation to audit objectives.
OVERVIEW OF REVENUE CYCLE TECHNOLOGIES
Technology and automation are integral to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In our system, the credit authorization copy of the sales order is sent to the credit department for
approval. The returned approval triggers the release of the other sales order copies simultaneously to
various departments. The credit copy is filed in the customer open order file until the transaction is
complete.
3. Processing Shipping Orders The final step is the processing of shipping orders. The sales
department sends the stock release copy of the sale order to the warehouse. After picking the stock,
the clerk initials the stock release copy to indicate that the order is complete and accurate. The clerk
then adjusts the stock records to reflect the reduction in inventory. Updating the inventory
accounting records is an automated procedure that will be discussed later.
Batch processing system using sequential files – Automated procedures This is an automated
operation. The computer system described here is an example of a legacy system that employs the
sequential file structure for its accounting records. Both tapes and disks can be used as the physical
storage medium for such system. However the use of tapes has declined considerably in recent
years. Most organizations that still use sequential files store them on disks that are permanently
connected it the computer system and require no human intervention.
The following are the main points of batch processing system using sequential files – Automated
procedures:
1.

The Most Powerful Computers Of The Technology World
Supercomputers
The most powerful computers in the technology world are the Supercomputers. Hence, as the word
'super' elaborate that supercomputers are usually used for the projects that needs to process large
amount of data, at very high speed. Supercomputers not only has the high processing power; they
are also huge in size. You need a big room to fit in a supercomputer, and a strong cooling system to
avoid getting a supercomputer to get overheated. They usually have more than one CPU's to
generate high–level data processing speed, and they need to have a large storage as well. The unit
system that are used to measure the computing performance of the supercomputer are 'FLOPS'
(Floating–point Operation Per Second). The first ever supercomputer was made during the time of
Second World War named "Colossus". It was made by The Great Britain, specially to crack the
coded messages of Germans. Colossus could read up to 5000 characters in a second. Colossus was
the start of a revolution in supercomputing. Since 1944, more enhanced and powerful
supercomputers were introduced for example MIT Whirlwind by MIT in 1950. Cray–1 designed by
Seymour Cray in 1975. Seymour Cray was called the 'Father of Supercomputer'. He founded Cray
Research in 1972, which designs supercomputers. The computing power of Cray–1 was 80
megaflops (vector) and 72 megaflops (scaler). After Cray–1, Cray X–MP, and Cray–2 also came out
with 4 CPU's and twice the Floating–point Operation Per Seconds. One of the

Auditing Database Systems, Systems Development & Program...
Introduction
The second assignment is based on Auditing database systems, Systems Development & Program
change activities and Transaction processing & financial reporting systems. This paper will answer
the problems specified in this second assignment, it will provide solutions to problems 5, 12, and 23
on pages 168, 220 and 288 respectively.
The first problem deals with First State Bank and suggested configurations for the banks databases
and data communications facilities. The second problem deals with the activates that promote
effective control and finally the last problem which deals with XBRL and the enhancements and
discussion of data integrity, internal control and reporting concerns in relation to XBRL.
Question 1
Response:
This configuration will entail a hybrid of centralized and decentralized processing. Because
customers should be able to bank at any of the 11 branches, cash withdrawal transactions from each
branch should be centrally processed and the customer databases updated. Deposits of cash and
checks and payment of customers' bills can be stored on remote computers, with the data being sent
to the mainframe periodically. Banks tend to be more concerned with the promptness in recording
cash withdrawals than cash receipts. Thus, the data representing the payment of customers' bills may
be sent to the mainframe computer four to six times a day for updating, while deposits of cash may
be transmitted only twice a day. The payroll accounts can be stored and

Computer Is A For Home Education Essay
The word computer brings to mind the machines we have at home, that we use every day in one way
or form. In reality the term computer is a large umbrella that covers a myriad of machines.
Microcomputers:
"The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer (PC), or a computer that
depends on a microprocessor. Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals, whether in
the form of PCs, workstations or notebook computers. A microcomputer contains a central
processing unit (CPU) on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (typically read–only
memory and random access memory), a bus system and I/O ports, typically housed in a
motherboard." (Beal)
Personal
As personal computers have become more affordable and easier to obtain for the general public, the
microcomputer has been the hub for home education, entertainment, productivity and many other
uses. In addition to the usual microcomputers that sit at desk tops, microcomputing has become
more usable throughout the home with laptops, games consoles and computerised electronics such
as the smart TV. As computers continue to shrink, microcomputers are being used in increasingly
more mundane equipment, such as fridges, washing machines and more. Business
"Not long ago, mission–critical systems all ran on mainframe technology, massive computers
usually taking whole super cooled rooms. With the advent of the PC, local area networks (LAN) and
related technologies, many business applications moved

It/242 Week 9 FInal
Wan Design Your Name IT/242 Your Instructor Name 12/22/2013 Wan Design In this scenario I will
be providing information associated with the creation of a WAN for ACME Manufacturing. This
business has several locations spread out all over America and requires a WAN to connect their
locations in America with their newly build plant in China. With the headquarters and engineering
offices in Atlanta, which are right across the street from each other, the plan would make sense to
connect all communication here. There are also distribution offices in New York, Chicago, and
Phoenix which will have to be connected to this network to attend the weekly company meetings
and have access to information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Routers and switches will be utilized to route network signals to all areas of this large network.
Telephony systems will be introduced to serve the VOIP located at each location to assist with
communication needs. Wireless technologies will also be needed to assist with mobility and other
devices such as printers, laptops, fax machines, etc. Lastly, a physical firewall will be enforced at
each location to protect the network from internal and external intruders. The wireless technologies
for ACME Manufacturing will be specific to the needs of the company. For example the
teleconferencing between the six locations may require wireless webcams and headsets which will
need to be ran on a wireless signal. These technologies may also need to utilize the satellite signals
to better communicate across large physical distances. Wi–Fi may also be introduced within each
building to increase mobility and productivity. The Wi–Fi technologies will be worth it because the
benefit will outweigh the extra cost as the technology is easy to set up and maintain. The Router
protocols implemented will be a OSPF which stands for (open shortest path first). Because of the
large network being introduced this protocol will be the most useful. This protocol operates on
Internal Gateway Protocols by routing the most direct path and using the bandwidth most optimally.
This not only reduces the use of

Server Virtualization And Software Virtualization
Server Virtualization Abstract: During past thirty years, the term concept of server virtualization has
invoked in order to allow the large expensive main frame servers to be used and shared among the
different application layered environments from various geographical locations. "Server
Virtualization is a process of portioning the single main server into several server partitions". In
clear terms to state, main server is being used as many number of cloned severs where maximum
programmers/users can access that cloned server in their work area location locally satisfying the
user requirements reducing the cost effectiveness. Availability of hardware in market made
virtualization concept to fade away. In modern era, virtualization at the different levels alike
network, storage and system has gained much more importance in terms of improving the system
security, reliability and availability. Server Virtualization is a gate way for the organization in order
to reduce their cost efficiency compared to any other modern technologies. Concept of Server
virtualization is the most effective and desired method of executing and to make run on the different
virtual operating systems which are collectively used on single physical layer which would be
maximizing the cost investment on hardware. Gordon Moore discoverer of the Moore's law which is
the computing theory which was originated in around 1970's .In his law he has straight forwardly
specified in his law that "In overall

How To Read Without Alphabet
Throughout the three Scholastic articles about different forms of writing the reader learns that
writing, reading, and printing changed a lot overtime. We learned that without the alphabet we
wouldn't have a let of things in our lifetime like computers, phones, and personal computers. The
printing press helped spread knowledge in books because how much easier it was to make books.
And of course there wouldn't be books easy enough to read without the alphabet. Thanks to the
ancient Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks, and the Romans we have one of the greatest things in the
world basically used for everything. The alphabet was invented in Mesopotamia. It replaced the
cuneiform script and hieroglyphics. The Greeks added vowels to their alphabet

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer Network
.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Networks: 7.6.1 Advantages of Computer Networks:
Computers are integral part of daily life today. Organizations use the computer in different fields for
different purposes and in different departments. There is a need of transfer and sharing of data
among various departments. Advantages of computers can be as follows. i) Resource Sharing: One
of the main goal of computer network is resource sharing. Resource is an equipment or peripheral or
program or a file or a database. Peripherals such as printers, modems and backup storage devices
can be connected and utilized by everyone in the office. Instead of buying a new printer, everyone
can share the current printer. Resources can be categorized into two types: Local Resource: Any
hardware device which is placed at the same place where your computer is placed is known as Local
Resource. It can be any peripheral like printer, plotter, scanner, pen drive, blue ray disc, scanner,
modem etc. Remote resource: A remote resource can be defined as a device which is not direct
connected to the user's computer. This device can be placed in next room or may be in another
country and can be can be accessed by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several hardware devices like cables, hubs, switches, LAN card etc needs to be purchased for small
offices and in case the network is big then other costly network hardware devices like Router,
gateways etc also needs to be purchased. Depending on the requirement of data communication
speed expensive high speed leased lines needs to be purchased. After this you have to pay for
network installation and maintaining that network. Proper maintenance of a network requires
considerable time and expertise. Many organizations installed network but do not get proper benefits
of networking due lack in administration of

Syllabus
Syllabus in BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPTS AND OFFICE PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS
CT101
I. Description of the Course: This course covers the areas of information technology and computer
literacy including history, ethics, careers, and examples of how computers and communications
technologies are being used both in education specifically and society in general. Furthermore, the
course introduces current system and application programs being used today and provides the
learner the opportunity to identify and understand the concepts related to all areas of computer
programs along with the hands–on learning experiences needed to develop their operation skills in
using these system and applications software.
II. General ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|The Course | | | | |
| |Syllabus | | | | |
| |Typing Test |Demonstration |Program is equipped with WPM counter |PC |2ND–5TH MEETING |
|Pass Keyboarding |Lesson 1– 18 | | |TV Set | |
|Lecture: |Chapter 1: Computers: Tools for an |Class discussion |Class Participation |Laptop |6TH
MEETING |
|Describe the three fundamental |Information Age |Guide Questions: |Short Quiz |PC

Networks Before The Cloud Of Cloud Computing
Networks before the Cloud
Cloud computing is the practice of using remote storage for applications and data. The idea itself is
not a new one; it has been in use for many years albeit under different names. In the earliest days of
the computer age machines had to be physically large to contain the hardware required to do their
jobs. It was impractical and prohibitively expensive to provide one of these mainframes for
individual users; not to mention for what they were used for, unnecessary. Instead, one central
computer was wired to several terminals that users could interface with. Typically, only large
organizations such as, major corporations or government agencies could afford one of these
machines or had need of one. This was the birth of cloud computing. Until the early 1980s this
system was typical for any organization requiring large amounts of processing power. It was
considered unnecessary and difficult to put the nuts and bolts of applications onto users' desktop
machines. Rather, by keeping applications in a central location, they could be managed and updated
more easily and large amounts of storage space and processing power were not needed on desktop
machines. Indeed, before this time there were no desktop machines mass produced that could
achieve this level of power. This was about to change.
"Moore's law is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of
transistors in a dense integrated circuit has doubled approximately every

How Have Computers Changed Over The Years
How has the development of the central processing unit changed throughout the years as compared
to the structure of today's computer systems? Why are computers becoming more efficient in the
way we save energy? The functions of computers have evolved throughout the years. Central
processing units can be used for managing servers; they can also be used as personal desktop
computers in addition to notebook computers. The first generation of central processing units
consisted of having a magnetic core memory, while the second generation of central processing
units consisted in the arrival of transistors. After the 1960's, the third generation of central
processing units gave us an increase in the production of microprocessors. One of the
microprocessors that were developed during the 1960's was called Intel8742. The Intel8742 was an
8–bit microcontroller that had a central processing unit that run at a speed of 12MHz as well as
having a RAM of almost 128 bytes. During this time it was known that computers were very much
revolutionized in the size by making them smaller. The smaller the systems became the more
production of newer central processing units were developed. Another system that was part of the
newer version of central processing units is called personal computer systems. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The production of 32–bit microprocessors rose after the 1980's. Intel is one of the most prestigious
companies that were able to produce its first 4–bit microprocessor on November 15, 1971. On April
1, 1972, Intel was able to introduce its 8–bit microprocessor when also being able to create
processors such as Intel 8080, 8085, 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, as well as

Ibm's Decade Of Transformation Case Study
Case: IBM's Decade of Transformation: Turnaround to Growth
1. What factors led to IBM's problems?
1. IBM's mainframe thinking– in terms of pricing and cost structure IBM tried to launch it in the
middle market–and it bombed. It also blinded IBM to the much faster evolutionary path of the PC.
2. IBM's marketing efforts missed the mark. No one ever looked at the IBM 's PC as being inferior,
but IBM did nothing to sell it.
3. Compaq and Dell stole IBM's PC market with the right price and the right message.
4. They could not leverage the sales and global services strengths of the company.
5. Duplication of processes and products
6. High processing costs compared to industry average
7. As company's cost remained level, IBM's profit margins ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It has constantly outperformed its competitors and has generated higher returns. IBM should
continue to be a leader in differentiation by offering product and services through its constant strive
of innovation. It should follow unique practices to maintain a strong culture and positively impact
customer experiences. It should be open to change and blend itself to the environment adding its
own stroke of colour (introducing new technologies according to the changing

Document Information & Sign Off Sheet
JUBILEE INSURANCE
Use of Actisure Medical Accounting.
Alfred Kipruto
4/30/2015
Document Information & Sign–off Sheet
About this Document: This document identifies the current system challenges and proposals on the
way forward on the Actisure receipting and payment.
Author: Alfred K. Kipruto – Project Manager Financial Systems
Related Documents:
Revision History: Version Changed By Date Revision Description 1.0 Alfred Kipruto 10th April
2015. 1.1 Alfred Kipruto 29th April 2015.
Document Approval: Name Title Date Signature James Muritu Group IT Manager Selvaraj Chelliah
Head of Applications, IT. Julius Orayo Regional Head of CSG, Project Manager – Actisure System.
Johannes Kitaka CFO
Distribution: Name Title Version Date
1. Introduction
The report captures the findings and interface gaps on the current usage of Sun System, Actisure,
Medis and Ilanga systems compared to the potential benefits envisaged if medical receipting and
payments were done wholly under one core system i.e. Actisure.
This report puts forwards the justification for consolidating all the medical receipting and payments
processing into the core medical system, to improve the efficiency of operations and eliminate most
of the manual related processes in the current scenario. The Actisure Medical system already has the
accounting functionalities within itself, thus it will be beneficial to utilize these functions and
eventually improve

Marketing Plan For A Company
Introduction:
A company refers a place where a group of people work for achieving or to fulfil a collective goals.
For achieve this goals a company need to hard work, follow a strategy, need to think for innovation.
In this present world on of the most dynamic, fast changing and fiercely competitive industry is
Information Technology. They serves many kinds of product that changing our and our world. I am
writing a report about an IT related Company. The Intention of this report is artistic plans in
company and how they achieved their goals. To achieve this goals they give many benefits to their
employees to motivate them. Also they give priority to their clients demand.
Methodology:
I have collected all the Information about this Company from Internet and I have finished my
research on show to them how they are getting more revenue and how motivate to their employees
and what is taking new plan for their achieving goals. I have selected a Company which name is
IBM (International Business Machine). It was the the second topes' IT related company in the world
in the term of number of employees in 2012. It was founded at 1911 and serving people for 104
years. It has huge number of expertise in the field of Information technology. Over 170 countries in
the world about 450,000 employees working under IBM. International Business Machine produces
and markets PCs hardware, Software, middleware, and offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting
services in areas ranging from

Ibm Challenge to America Case Analysis Essay
IBM Case Analysis
"What happened to IBM, the symbol of American supremacy?" –Challenge to America video, 1993
Problem Statement
IBM needs to grow revenue and stay competitive in the dynamically changing computer
marketplace of the 1990's by maintaining technological leadership and accepting the organizational
transformation which needs to be undertaken for them to excel. IBM needs to recapture their
previously held powerful position in the personal computer and microprocessor markets and regain
value in the company which will increase its stock value and competitive advantage in the
marketplace.
Problem Analysis
In 1993 IBM reported a $5.6bn loss for the fourth quarter of 1992 ending a yearly deficit of
$4.97bn; which at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first alternative addresses the organizational structure which best responds to the challenges
faced while the second alternative attempts to garner IBM's internal resources and external market
connections to better address the complexity of the personal computer environment and thus return
IBM to its prior strength.
Alternative A: Organic Structure (internal focus on environmental considerations)
To answer the many external environmental factors affecting IBM's personal computer business they
must raise structural complexity and decentralize decision making through increasing the number of
departments and personnel which individually address such boundary spanning environmental
points as pricing, customer representation, and new technologies. Human resources must be
effectively utilized as key personnel must be recruited both quickly in the transformation and in the
future.
A less hierarchical organizational approach will allow for relevant information flow between
departments through the use of design tools such as taskforces and committees which can provide
vital information to decision makers who can quickly react to the changing environmental demands.

The enhancement of useful environmental information will aid in more accurate planning and
market forecasting which can strengthen IBM's

Developing A Strategic Information Systems
direction on how the information systems structure of the organization would be established over
time. It also confirms improved use of information systems assets, which includes resources,
information systems employees, and time set aside for forecasting projects. SISP can aid
establishments in seamless and new customs to shape barriers in contradiction of new candidates,
alter the foundation of rivalry, produce new results, use the utmost cost–effective approaches or
strike a balance amid the powers of the providers. SISP also certifies that whenever new schemes
are built, they can interconnect suitably with present systems. It guarantees that the information
systems structure is dependable with the planned apparition of the organization. The
accomplishments, of a business in today's economy is chiefly reliant on the expansion and
enactment of an articulate and pioneering strategic information systems plan (Altameem, Aldrees, &
Alsaeed, 2014). Developing a strategic information systems strategy efficaciously is dynamic for
any public or private association. The achievements of SISP is evident in the light of a business's
accomplishments. An establishment's accomplishments are articulated contrarily contingent on
fluctuating strategic directions. A successful SISP will assist its users obtain future opportunities and
then stretch and utilize the establishment's skills to gain from those prospects. Largely, it is critical
to cautiously plan ahead before the implementation

Mainframes and Personal Computers
Compare and Contrast
Mainframes and Personal Computers
Overview
Mainframes and personal computers have evolved over the years but their core functions have
stayed the same. The mainframe is used connect multiple users for large organizations while
personal computers are generally used for a single users. The more drastic changes for mainframes
and personal computers have been speed and size. Mainframes use to be the size of buildings. Now
they are the size of a textbook. Personal computer 's origins came from the dumb terminal. The
dumb terminal was used just to access the mainframe. Then, the idea came to off load some of the
processing from the mainframe and place it on your desktop.
Compare
The hardware is very similar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Extra security and stability is needed. Resetting a mainframe should not happen as often as a
personal computer. This is because a mainframe will affect hundreds to thousands of users. The
mainframe supports many users. Multiple processors are needed to handle the extra load that
mainframes receive. Multiple processors are the standard for mainframes while it is only an option
for personal computers. This helps the mainframe 's stability because a backup processor can be
used in case of a failure. This is also what makes the operating system more complex then the
personal computer. Stability is expected for the mainframe more than a personal computer. The
mainframe is also expected to run 24 hours a day 7 days a week. This is why stability is so
important with the mainframe. The mainframe does not stop working when everyone goes home.
The cost of the mainframe encourages the users to use it as much as possible.
Conclusion
Mainframes and Personal computers were drastically different when they were first introduced. The
mainframe took up buildings and the personal computer was only an interface to a mainframe.
Today, their similarities are growing. Eventually we will not be able to tell the difference. Has cost
comes down for mainframes they to will become personal computers or an add–on to a personal
computer for the price of a hard drive today. Back in the day, mainframes were huge so I will
conclude by saying it must be a

Computer Automation And Its Effect On The Information Age
1. With the availability of mainframe computers in the 1960s, commercial enterprises moved into
the information age. What was the result of this move to computer automation?
In 1960s, integrated circuits were developed which pushed the trend of using computers and laid
down the building blocks for using self governing systems (Groover). The use of computers by
commercial enterprises resulted in a variety of ways. Companies were able to operate on large scale
there by availing the advantages of economies of scale. Large amount of data handling and
processing, production and operation was started to be done by computers. The use of computers not
only enabled the companies to automate operations but also they were able to exercise more
effective control systems. A survey conducted by the Mc GrawHill Company in 1963 showed that
21000 out of 32000 manufacturing companies were using some automatic control and data handling
systems (Encyclopaedia). Human error was reduced since computers were able to perform
complicated data processing with efficiency and accuracy. At that time it also created a gap between
large and small organization as the computers were costly and required huge investments and small
businesses could not afford to install them. In your opinion how could this change affect the life of a
common man?
2. What did companies in the 1960s forecast the future to be like after computer automation was
fully implemented?
The use of computers was first spread out in US

Computer Networks And Its Impact On The Retail Store Front

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