Diseases of the aorta
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The document discusses various diseases of the aorta including aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic aneurysm, atherosclerotic disease, coarctation, and aortic trauma. It provides an overview of the anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging, complications, and treatment options for each condition. Key imaging modalities for diagnosis include transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, CT, and MRI. Mortality rates and predictors of outcome are also reviewed.
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Diseases of the aorta
- 1. 30th April 2010 Dr. Fateh Ali Tipoo Sultan FCPS (Med), FCPS (Card) Diplomate Certification Board of Cardiac CT Certification National Board of Echocardiography Assistant Professor & Consultant Cardiologist Aga Khan University Hospital Diseases of the Aorta
- 2. Overview • Aortic Dissection • Atypical Aortic Dissection – Intramural Hematoma – Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer • Aortic Aneurysm • Aortic Atherosclerotic Disease • Coarctation • Aortic Trauma Transection 2
- 3. Aortic Dissection • Deterioration of medial collagen and elastin • A tear in the intimal layer allows blood to enter the intima-media space • Blood then propagates down this new space creating a “true” and a “false” lumen 3
- 4. Factors Predisposing to Dissection • Hypertension • Marfan and Ehler-Danlos • Coarctation and bicuspid aortic valve • Pregnancy • Trauma • Perforation through an intimal atheromatous plaque 4
- 7. Intimal flap and tear in a patient with acute type A aortic dissection Meredith E L , Masani N D Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:i31-i39
- 8. Predicting death in Patients with Acute Type A Aortic Dissection • 547 pts; IRAD; Jan 96-Dec 99 • In hospital mortality 32.5% • Age > 70 years • Abrupt onset of chest pain • Hypotension, Shock, Tamponade • Kidney failure • Pulse deficit • ECG abnormalities 8 Circulation 2002
- 9. Clinical Presentation • Pain 85-96% Sudden 85% Severe 90% Tearing/Ripping 50% • Syncope Pain, obstruction, barroreceptors • Neurological CVA 5% Paraparesis or paraplegia • CHF 7% • MI rare 9
- 10. Physical Findings • Pulse Deficits ( 50% prox ; 15% distal) • Aortic Regurgitation – 16-67% of cases • Neurological Manifestations -6-19% • CVA – 3-6% • Altered consciousness or coma • Spinal artery perfusion – paraplegia, paraparesis 10
- 11. Imaging Modality of Choice GOALS • Confirm the diagnosis • Classify the dissection and determine extent • Detect pericardial involvement • Detect and grade AI CHOICES • TTE/TEE • CT • MRI • Aortography 11
- 12. Procedure Used for the Diagnosis of Aortic Dissection 12 Am J Cardiology 2002
- 13. Sensitivity of the Four Imaging Modalities 13 Image Modality Overall Type A Type B TEE 88% 90% 80% CT 93% 93% 93% MRI 100% 100% 100% Aortography 87% 87% 89%
- 14. TTE in Aortic Dissection 14
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- 16. TEE in Aortic Dissection • Hallmark: Dissection flap and entry site • Dilated aorta • Aortic insufficiency • Pericardial and or pleural effusion 16
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- 23. TEE in Aortic Dissection: Pitfalls True Dissection Flap Artifacts, Reverberations Distinct, well-visualized Vague, blurry Undulates with cardiac cycle Crosses true anatomic barriers Present in multiple views Does not demonstrate typical undulation pattern Separates true from false lumen Does not separate true from false 23
- 24. Aortic Dissection on CT 24
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- 30. Aortic dissection: Complications • Rupture • Tamponade • Aortic Regurgitation • Coronary Artery Involvement • Other Branch Vessel Involvement 30
- 31. Aortic Dissection: Mechanism of AR 31 1. Dilatation of aortic root 2. Pressure from dissecting hematoma may depress one leaflet 3. Torn annular support of the leaflets 4. Intimal flap prolapse
- 32. Aortic Dissection – Pulse Loss 32 Due to direct compression Blockade due to flap of intima
- 33. Visualization of the left coronary ostium. Meredith E L , Masani N D Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:i31-i39
- 34. Visualization of the head and neck vessels Meredith E L , Masani N D Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:i31-i39
- 35. Mortality in Acute Aortic Dissection 35
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- 37. Atypical Aortic Dissection • Intramural Hematoma • Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer 37
- 38. Intramural Hematoma: Diagnosis • Contained hemorrhage within the medial layer of the aortic wall • Crescentic area along the aortic wall • Prevalence 10-15% in CT/MRI/TEE • Normal size lumen • False negative aortograms 38
- 40. Intramural Hematoma on CT 40
- 41. Atypical Aortic Dissection: IH Echo Features • Localized thickening of Ao wall – Usually crescentic – Occasionally circumferential – Echo-lucent spaces common • Relatively smooth luminal surface • Absence of dissection flap • Maintenance of circular lumen 41
- 42. Intramural haematoma. Meredith E L , Masani N D Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:i31-i39
- 43. Intramural Hematoma of the Aorta Predictors of Progression to Dissection and Rupture – Location in the ascending aorta – Initial hematoma thickness > 11mm – Moderately ectatic aortic diameter with progression 43 Circulation 2002 Circulation 2003
- 44. Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer • Almost exclusively in the descending Ao • Usually remains localized • Elderly HTN, evidence for other atherosclerotic CV disease • Chest and back pain without associated AR or neurological deficits 44
- 47. Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer • Natural history is unclear • No defined strategy • Surgical repair for – Pseudoaneurysm – Transmural rupture – Continued pain – Distal embolization – Aneurysmal dilatation 47
- 48. Aortic aneurysm • Definition: pathological dilatation of the normal aortic lumen involving one or several segments • Fusiform (common), saccular • Pseudoaneurysm: well-defined collection of blood and connective tissue outside the vessel wall
- 49. Thoracic aortic aneurysm • Descending aorta > ascending aorta • Cystic media degeneration: weakening aortic wall (elastic fiber degeneration) • Marfan syndrome • Ahterosclerosis • Syphilis: ascending aorta • Infectious aortitis / mycotic aneurysm
- 50. Thoracic aortic aneurysm • 40% asymptomatic • pain • Symptoms due to mass effect - superior vena cava syndrome, tracheal deviation • CT, TEE > TTE • Surgery: >5cm (mean expansion rate= 0.43 cm/year) • Op risk: 5%
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- 53. Aortic Atherosclerosis • Atheroma • Protruding Atheroma • Complex plaque – 4mm or more thick and/or mobile component 53
- 54. • Atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta detected by TEE have been recognized as an important cause of stroke and peripheral embolic disease • Using TEE the prevalence of thoracic aortic atheromas is 27% in patients who have experienced a previous embolic event • When atheromas are present the incidence of stroke is 12% in one year N Eng J Med 1996;334:1216-21 N Eng J Med 1994;331:1474-9 J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:545-54
- 55. • Plaque thickness and plaque composition as assessed by TEE have been identified as major risk factors for embolic complications • A strong association has been demonstrated between protruding non-calcified plaques >4mm in the aorta detected by TEE and the risk of ischemic stroke and peripheral embolism N Eng J Med 1994;331:1474-9 Circulation 1997;96:3838-41
- 56. • Atheromas in the aortic arch and ascending or descending aorta identified by TEE may be the cause of many otherwise unexplained strokes • Role of Statins, ACEI, Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet agents uncertain
- 57. Trans-esophageal echocardiogram (horizontal, 0-degree view) of an aortic arch with large, multi-lobed, ulcerated protruding atheromas (arrows). Kronzon I , Tunick P A Ann Intern Med 1997;126:629-637
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- 59. Coarctation of Aorta Definition A congenital narrowing of upper descending thoracic aorta adjacent to the site of attachment of ductus arteriosus
- 60. Coarctation of Aorta Morphology 1. Localized stenosis * Shelf, projection or infolding of aortic media into the lumen opposite the ductus arteriosus 2. Tubular hypoplasia * Severe with lesser narrowing
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- 64. Coarctation of Aorta Pathophysiology • Narrowed aorta produces increased left ventricular afterload and wall stress, left ventricular hypertrophy, and congestive heart failure • Systemic perfusion is dependent on the ductal flow and collateralization in severe coarctation
- 65. Coarctation of Aorta Indications for operation 1. Reduction of luminal diameter greater than 50% at any age 2. Upper body hypertension over 150mmHg in young infant ( not in heart failure ) 3. CoA with congestive heart failure at any age
- 66. Blunt Aortic-Brachiocephalic Trauma 66 Fisher et al, 1981 (n=510) Vignon et al, 1998 (n=25) Aortic isthmus mainly involved
- 67. Aortic Disruption: Anatomical types 67 Complete Subtotal Partial Tear Intimal Tear Circulation 1995
- 68. 68 Thank You
Editor's Notes
- Intimal flap and tear in a patient with acute type A aortic dissection. (A) In the transoesophageal echocardiography short-axis view, a mobile linear flap is seen in the aortic root, just above the aortic valve leaflets (which can also be seen). The tear in the flap, where the small central true lumen communicates with the false lumen, is shown by the white arrow. (B) In the same patient, a 26-year-old man with no other co-morbidities, a short-axis view just below the origin of the flap, showing a bicuspid aortic valve.
- Visualization of the left coronary ostium. Transoesophageal echocardiography short-axis view: in the left panel, a small true lumen is seen, from which the left coronary artery (asterisk) arises. Separate origins of the left anterior descending and circumflex branches can be seen—this was invaluable information for the cardiac surgeon. In the right panel, colour flow mapping shows unobstructed flow from true lumen into the left coronary branches.
- Visualization of the head and neck vessels. Off-axis transoesophageal echocardiography view of the aortic arch. (A) A linear dissection flap is seen. The origins of the left common carotid and subclavian arteries as seen to arise from the smaller, true lumen (white arrows). (B) In the right panel, colour flow mapping shows unobstructed flow from true lumen into the head and neck vessels.
- Intramural haematoma. In the transoesophageal echocardiography short-axis view, a cross-section of the aortic root is shown. The aortic wall is markedly thickened (white arrowheads). The intima has areas of focal echo brightness, characteristic of atherosclerosis—this is one method of distinguishing IMH from thrombus within the lumen of aortic aneurysm. There is an area of echo lucency within the haematoma, but no dissection flap or false lumen is seen. An echo free rim is seen around the aorta, suggestive of free blood.
- Transesophageal echocardiogram (horizontal, 0-degree view) of an aortic arch with large, multi-lobed, ulcerated protruding atheromas (arrows).