This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking the actions of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. They are competitive antagonists that bind to muscarinic receptors, reversibly blocking acetylcholine transmission. Atropine is a prototypical anticholinergic derived from deadly nightshade. It causes dilation of the pupils, increased heart rate, decreased secretions, and relaxed smooth muscles. Anticholinergics are used to treat Parkinson's disease, motion sickness, asthma, peptic ulcers, overactive bladder, and other conditions. Side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and excitement or delirium in overdose.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of how the body affects a drug after administration through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug entering systemic circulation through various routes and is affected by properties of the drug and biological membranes. Distribution involves a drug passing through body compartments depending on its physicochemical properties. Metabolism chemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more excretable, while excretion removes drugs and metabolites through the kidneys, lungs, bile, intestines, skin, and other routes.
The document discusses the parasympathetic nervous system and cholinergic drugs. It notes that the parasympathetic nervous system works to conserve energy and support restorative functions through actions like decreasing heart rate and increasing gastrointestinal activity. Cholinergic drugs act on cholinergic receptors and mimic the effects of acetylcholine by either directly activating receptors or inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Direct acting drugs have peripheral effects while indirect acting drugs can cross the blood brain barrier. Side effects result from overstimulation and include things like bradycardia and increased secretions. Treatment for exposure to irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors includes decontamination, atropine to block muscarinic effects, and pralid
The document discusses adrenergic drugs, which act on the adrenergic nervous system to produce effects similar to the sympathetic nervous system. It defines adrenergic receptors and classifies adrenergic drugs according to their mode of action, receptor selectivity, and chemical nature. Key adrenergic drugs discussed include adrenaline, noradrenaline, clonidine, and their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, and adverse effects.
Anti-adrenergic drugs antagonize the action of adrenaline and related drugs by competitively blocking alpha and/or beta receptors. Alpha blockers such as prazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by dilating arteries and reducing prostate tone. Beta blockers like propranolol non-selectively block both beta 1 and 2 receptors and are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and migraine. Drugs for glaucoma work by reducing intraocular pressure through various mechanisms such as decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow.
This document discusses various factors that can modify drug action, including genetic and non-genetic factors. Body size, age, sex, species, race, and genetics can impact drug pharmacokinetics and dosing requirements. Route of administration, environmental factors, psychological states, concurrent diseases, and drug interactions can also influence drug effects both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tolerance can develop with repeated drug use due to changes in disposition or receptor sensitivity. These modifying factors are important to consider for safe and effective use of medications.
This document provides an overview of pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body. It discusses the basic types of drug action like stimulation, depression, irritation, replacement, and cytotoxic effects. It then explains the main mechanisms of drug action, including interaction with enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Receptors are categorized into G protein-coupled, ion channel, transmembrane enzyme-linked, JAK-STAT binding, and nuclear/transcription factor receptors. The concepts of drug potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, synergism, antagonism, and competitive and noncompetitive receptor antagonism are also introduced.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking the actions of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. They are competitive antagonists that bind to muscarinic receptors, reversibly blocking acetylcholine transmission. Atropine is a prototypical anticholinergic derived from deadly nightshade. It causes dilation of the pupils, increased heart rate, decreased secretions, and relaxed smooth muscles. Anticholinergics are used to treat Parkinson's disease, motion sickness, asthma, peptic ulcers, overactive bladder, and other conditions. Side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and excitement or delirium in overdose.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of how the body affects a drug after administration through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug entering systemic circulation through various routes and is affected by properties of the drug and biological membranes. Distribution involves a drug passing through body compartments depending on its physicochemical properties. Metabolism chemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more excretable, while excretion removes drugs and metabolites through the kidneys, lungs, bile, intestines, skin, and other routes.
The document discusses the parasympathetic nervous system and cholinergic drugs. It notes that the parasympathetic nervous system works to conserve energy and support restorative functions through actions like decreasing heart rate and increasing gastrointestinal activity. Cholinergic drugs act on cholinergic receptors and mimic the effects of acetylcholine by either directly activating receptors or inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Direct acting drugs have peripheral effects while indirect acting drugs can cross the blood brain barrier. Side effects result from overstimulation and include things like bradycardia and increased secretions. Treatment for exposure to irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors includes decontamination, atropine to block muscarinic effects, and pralid
The document discusses adrenergic drugs, which act on the adrenergic nervous system to produce effects similar to the sympathetic nervous system. It defines adrenergic receptors and classifies adrenergic drugs according to their mode of action, receptor selectivity, and chemical nature. Key adrenergic drugs discussed include adrenaline, noradrenaline, clonidine, and their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, and adverse effects.
Anti-adrenergic drugs antagonize the action of adrenaline and related drugs by competitively blocking alpha and/or beta receptors. Alpha blockers such as prazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by dilating arteries and reducing prostate tone. Beta blockers like propranolol non-selectively block both beta 1 and 2 receptors and are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and migraine. Drugs for glaucoma work by reducing intraocular pressure through various mechanisms such as decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow.
This document discusses various factors that can modify drug action, including genetic and non-genetic factors. Body size, age, sex, species, race, and genetics can impact drug pharmacokinetics and dosing requirements. Route of administration, environmental factors, psychological states, concurrent diseases, and drug interactions can also influence drug effects both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tolerance can develop with repeated drug use due to changes in disposition or receptor sensitivity. These modifying factors are important to consider for safe and effective use of medications.
This document provides an overview of pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body. It discusses the basic types of drug action like stimulation, depression, irritation, replacement, and cytotoxic effects. It then explains the main mechanisms of drug action, including interaction with enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Receptors are categorized into G protein-coupled, ion channel, transmembrane enzyme-linked, JAK-STAT binding, and nuclear/transcription factor receptors. The concepts of drug potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, synergism, antagonism, and competitive and noncompetitive receptor antagonism are also introduced.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
The document discusses the various routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, injection, inhalation, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, the organ or tissue to be treated, absorption rate, patient condition, and accuracy of dose required. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, convenience, side effects, and applicability based on the drug and patient.
This document provides information on antitubercular drugs used to treat tuberculosis. It discusses first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin that are routinely used. It also discusses second-line drugs used when first-line drugs are ineffective or cannot be tolerated. The document describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, resistance mechanisms and adverse effects of various antitubercular drugs. It also discusses treatment considerations for special populations like pregnant women, HIV patients and for chemoprophylaxis.
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)abdul waheed
NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which prevents the formation of prostaglandins. Aspirin is a nonselective COX inhibitor that irreversibly acetylates both COX-1 and COX-2. It has analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding. Aspirin is metabolized to salicylic acid and excreted by the kidneys. It is used to treat fever, pain, and inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, but carries risks in children and those with asthma or prior gastrointestinal issues.
Individuals can vary significantly in their response to drugs due to differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Variations exist between patients and also within the same patient over time. Several categories influence drug action, including individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs; variations in receptor numbers and proteins; and differences in physiological and pathological states. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, concurrent diseases or medications, and route of administration can impact drug action either quantitatively by altering concentrations or qualitatively by changing the type of response. Environmental conditions and psychological aspects also modify a drug's effects.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. There are two major types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and helps regulate blood sugar levels. It is essential for treating IDDM and sometimes needed for NIDDM. Oral hypoglycemic drugs like sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones are also used to treat NIDDM by stimulating insulin secretion or improving insulin sensitivity. Both insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs can cause hypoglycemia as an adverse reaction if not used properly.
Peptic ulcers are caused by a loss of gastric or duodenal mucosa leading to ulcer formation. Drugs used to treat peptic ulcers work by reducing acid secretion, neutralizing acid, protecting the ulcer, or eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. Common classes of drugs include H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, sucralfate, bismuth subcitrate, and multi-drug regimens for H. pylori. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes.
The document discusses the different routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It provides details on the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of each route. The oral route is the most common due to convenience and low cost but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and food interactions. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide precise dosing but carry risks while topical routes only produce local effects. The inhalation route provides a fast onset due to the lungs' large surface area.
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and cholinergic transmission. It describes how drugs can have parasympathomimetic or parasympatholytic effects by stimulating or opposing muscarinic receptors. There are three main types of muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3) located throughout the body. Drugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors can be direct acting parasympathomimetics or indirect acting via inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Common cholinergic drugs and their effects/indications are also outlined.
Penicillin and its derivatives were the first widely used antibiotics. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. It was mass produced during World War II and saved many lives. There are natural and semisynthetic penicillins. Semisynthetics were developed to overcome limitations of natural penicillins like poor oral absorption. They include penicillinase-resistant drugs like methicillin, extended-spectrum drugs like ampicillin, and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Semisynthetics have variable spectra, stability, absorption and uses against different bacteria. Common adverse effects include diarrhea, rash and hypersensitivity reactions.
This document discusses bronchodilators, which are drugs that relax and open the airways to ease breathing. It covers the pathology of bronchospasm in asthma and different classes of bronchodilators including sympathomimetics like salbutamol and terbutaline, methylxanthine derivatives like aminophylline and theophylline, and anticholinergics like ipratropium and tiotropium. It provides dosing information for various drug formulations and delivery devices used to treat asthma such as metered dose inhalers and nebulizers.
Drugs are obtained from six major sources: plant sources, animal sources, mineral/earth sources, microbiological sources, semi-synthetic sources, and recombinant DNA technology. Plant sources provide many older drugs and include poppy flowers, tobacco leaves, and ipecacuanha roots. Animal sources such as sheep thyroid and cod liver are used. Mineral sources include metals like iron and non-metals like iodine. Microbiological sources provide antibiotics from fungi and bacteria. Semi-synthetic drugs are modified from natural sources, while synthetic drugs have altered chemical structures. Recombinant DNA technology produces drugs by inserting genes into bacterial cultures.
1) Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic over 90 mm Hg. Antihypertensive drugs are used to reduce high blood pressure.
2) There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
3) The document provides details on the mechanisms of several classes of antihypertensive drugs and examples of drugs within each class, such as ACE inhibitors decreasing angiotensin II and calcium channel blockers inhibiting calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.
Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The main anticholinergic drugs discussed are atropine, glycopyrrolate, and scopolamine. Atropine is a naturally occurring tertiary amine that can cross the blood-brain barrier and exert central effects. Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and lacks central effects. Scopolamine is similar to atropine but is more potent and lipid soluble, allowing it to more easily cross the blood-brain barrier and exert greater central antimuscarinic effects than atrop
This document discusses drugs used to treat angina pectoris. It defines angina pectoris as chest pain due to imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The main drugs discussed are nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. Nitrates work by reducing preload and afterload to decrease oxygen demand. Beta blockers lower heart rate and contractility. Calcium channel blockers also lower heart rate and contractility while some dilate arteries. Combination therapy is often used when monotherapy is insufficient.
First-pass metabolism refers to the process where a drug administered orally is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver via the portal vein, where it is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. As a result, only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the intended target tissue. Notable drugs like morphine, propranolol, and lidocaine experience significant first-pass metabolism through the liver. Administering drugs via routes other than oral can bypass first-pass metabolism and increase bioavailability.
The document discusses opioids, specifically morphine. It classifies opioids based on their receptor activity and source. Morphine is the most important alkaloid from opium and acts on mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It has analgesic, sedative and respiratory depressive effects. Tolerance and dependence develop with prolonged use. Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, and hypotension. Naloxone is used as an antidote for morphine overdose. Nursing implications include close monitoring of respiration and for signs of tolerance with prolonged use.
Aspirin (drug presentation) for medical students .NehaNupur8
The document is a presentation on aspirin submitted by a nursing student. It provides information on aspirin including what it is, its dosages and routes of administration, its actions and indications, contraindications, side effects, and nursing considerations for its use. It also includes information on teaching the patient about aspirin and lists some references used in preparing the presentation.
There are two main classes of drug administration routes: enteral and parenteral. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, including orally, sublingually, and rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract, such as intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and inhalation. The route chosen affects how quickly the drug acts by determining the rate and extent of drug absorption into systemic circulation.
This presentation discusses drug antagonism, which occurs when one drug inhibits the action of another drug. There are four types of antagonism: physical, chemical, physiological/functional, and pharmacological. Pharmacological antagonism can be competitive or non-competitive. Competitive antagonism occurs when two drugs bind to the same receptor site, such that increasing the concentration of one drug can overcome the effects of the other. Non-competitive antagonism occurs when an antagonist binds to a site other than the agonist site and prevents receptor activation by the agonist. Examples of competitive and non-competitive antagonism in receptor pharmacology are provided.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
The document discusses the various routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, injection, inhalation, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, the organ or tissue to be treated, absorption rate, patient condition, and accuracy of dose required. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, convenience, side effects, and applicability based on the drug and patient.
This document provides information on antitubercular drugs used to treat tuberculosis. It discusses first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin that are routinely used. It also discusses second-line drugs used when first-line drugs are ineffective or cannot be tolerated. The document describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, resistance mechanisms and adverse effects of various antitubercular drugs. It also discusses treatment considerations for special populations like pregnant women, HIV patients and for chemoprophylaxis.
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)abdul waheed
NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which prevents the formation of prostaglandins. Aspirin is a nonselective COX inhibitor that irreversibly acetylates both COX-1 and COX-2. It has analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding. Aspirin is metabolized to salicylic acid and excreted by the kidneys. It is used to treat fever, pain, and inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, but carries risks in children and those with asthma or prior gastrointestinal issues.
Individuals can vary significantly in their response to drugs due to differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Variations exist between patients and also within the same patient over time. Several categories influence drug action, including individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs; variations in receptor numbers and proteins; and differences in physiological and pathological states. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, concurrent diseases or medications, and route of administration can impact drug action either quantitatively by altering concentrations or qualitatively by changing the type of response. Environmental conditions and psychological aspects also modify a drug's effects.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. There are two major types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and helps regulate blood sugar levels. It is essential for treating IDDM and sometimes needed for NIDDM. Oral hypoglycemic drugs like sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones are also used to treat NIDDM by stimulating insulin secretion or improving insulin sensitivity. Both insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs can cause hypoglycemia as an adverse reaction if not used properly.
Peptic ulcers are caused by a loss of gastric or duodenal mucosa leading to ulcer formation. Drugs used to treat peptic ulcers work by reducing acid secretion, neutralizing acid, protecting the ulcer, or eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. Common classes of drugs include H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, sucralfate, bismuth subcitrate, and multi-drug regimens for H. pylori. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes.
The document discusses the different routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It provides details on the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of each route. The oral route is the most common due to convenience and low cost but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and food interactions. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide precise dosing but carry risks while topical routes only produce local effects. The inhalation route provides a fast onset due to the lungs' large surface area.
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and cholinergic transmission. It describes how drugs can have parasympathomimetic or parasympatholytic effects by stimulating or opposing muscarinic receptors. There are three main types of muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3) located throughout the body. Drugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors can be direct acting parasympathomimetics or indirect acting via inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Common cholinergic drugs and their effects/indications are also outlined.
Penicillin and its derivatives were the first widely used antibiotics. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. It was mass produced during World War II and saved many lives. There are natural and semisynthetic penicillins. Semisynthetics were developed to overcome limitations of natural penicillins like poor oral absorption. They include penicillinase-resistant drugs like methicillin, extended-spectrum drugs like ampicillin, and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Semisynthetics have variable spectra, stability, absorption and uses against different bacteria. Common adverse effects include diarrhea, rash and hypersensitivity reactions.
This document discusses bronchodilators, which are drugs that relax and open the airways to ease breathing. It covers the pathology of bronchospasm in asthma and different classes of bronchodilators including sympathomimetics like salbutamol and terbutaline, methylxanthine derivatives like aminophylline and theophylline, and anticholinergics like ipratropium and tiotropium. It provides dosing information for various drug formulations and delivery devices used to treat asthma such as metered dose inhalers and nebulizers.
Drugs are obtained from six major sources: plant sources, animal sources, mineral/earth sources, microbiological sources, semi-synthetic sources, and recombinant DNA technology. Plant sources provide many older drugs and include poppy flowers, tobacco leaves, and ipecacuanha roots. Animal sources such as sheep thyroid and cod liver are used. Mineral sources include metals like iron and non-metals like iodine. Microbiological sources provide antibiotics from fungi and bacteria. Semi-synthetic drugs are modified from natural sources, while synthetic drugs have altered chemical structures. Recombinant DNA technology produces drugs by inserting genes into bacterial cultures.
1) Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic over 90 mm Hg. Antihypertensive drugs are used to reduce high blood pressure.
2) There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
3) The document provides details on the mechanisms of several classes of antihypertensive drugs and examples of drugs within each class, such as ACE inhibitors decreasing angiotensin II and calcium channel blockers inhibiting calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.
Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The main anticholinergic drugs discussed are atropine, glycopyrrolate, and scopolamine. Atropine is a naturally occurring tertiary amine that can cross the blood-brain barrier and exert central effects. Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and lacks central effects. Scopolamine is similar to atropine but is more potent and lipid soluble, allowing it to more easily cross the blood-brain barrier and exert greater central antimuscarinic effects than atrop
This document discusses drugs used to treat angina pectoris. It defines angina pectoris as chest pain due to imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The main drugs discussed are nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. Nitrates work by reducing preload and afterload to decrease oxygen demand. Beta blockers lower heart rate and contractility. Calcium channel blockers also lower heart rate and contractility while some dilate arteries. Combination therapy is often used when monotherapy is insufficient.
First-pass metabolism refers to the process where a drug administered orally is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver via the portal vein, where it is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. As a result, only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the intended target tissue. Notable drugs like morphine, propranolol, and lidocaine experience significant first-pass metabolism through the liver. Administering drugs via routes other than oral can bypass first-pass metabolism and increase bioavailability.
The document discusses opioids, specifically morphine. It classifies opioids based on their receptor activity and source. Morphine is the most important alkaloid from opium and acts on mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It has analgesic, sedative and respiratory depressive effects. Tolerance and dependence develop with prolonged use. Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, and hypotension. Naloxone is used as an antidote for morphine overdose. Nursing implications include close monitoring of respiration and for signs of tolerance with prolonged use.
Aspirin (drug presentation) for medical students .NehaNupur8
The document is a presentation on aspirin submitted by a nursing student. It provides information on aspirin including what it is, its dosages and routes of administration, its actions and indications, contraindications, side effects, and nursing considerations for its use. It also includes information on teaching the patient about aspirin and lists some references used in preparing the presentation.
There are two main classes of drug administration routes: enteral and parenteral. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, including orally, sublingually, and rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract, such as intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and inhalation. The route chosen affects how quickly the drug acts by determining the rate and extent of drug absorption into systemic circulation.
This presentation discusses drug antagonism, which occurs when one drug inhibits the action of another drug. There are four types of antagonism: physical, chemical, physiological/functional, and pharmacological. Pharmacological antagonism can be competitive or non-competitive. Competitive antagonism occurs when two drugs bind to the same receptor site, such that increasing the concentration of one drug can overcome the effects of the other. Non-competitive antagonism occurs when an antagonist binds to a site other than the agonist site and prevents receptor activation by the agonist. Examples of competitive and non-competitive antagonism in receptor pharmacology are provided.
Route of administration refers to how a drug enters the body. There are four main routes: enteral, parenteral, inhalation, and topical. The enteral route involves ingestion through the mouth or rectum. The parenteral route bypasses the digestive system through injection into muscles, veins, or under the skin. Inhalation allows direct delivery to the lungs. Topical application places the drug on body surfaces like the skin. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to speed of onset, bypassing metabolism, and patient acceptability.
This document provides guidelines for safely administering IV therapy and IV medications. It outlines the 10 golden rules for administering drugs safely, including administering the right drug to the right patient at the right dose and time. It then details the proper procedures for setting up an IV, inserting an IV cannula, discontinuing an IV infusion, and incorporating IV medications into the IV line or bottle. The overall aim is to protect patients and avoid medication errors by carefully following these protocols at each step of IV administration and therapy.
This document provides information on injection technique. It begins by explaining that giving injections safely requires knowledge in various areas like anatomy, pharmacology, and communication skills. It then defines what an injection is and identifies the main parts of a syringe. The document proceeds to discuss skin anatomy and different injection sites. It provides details on intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injection techniques, including needle and syringe selection, administration steps, and recommended sites for each. Proper hand washing and infection control are emphasized throughout.
This document discusses different types of drugs including stimulants like caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines. It also discusses depressants like alcohol, opioids, and solvents. Additionally, it covers hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, and their effects on the body and brain. All drugs are addictive to some degree and can damage the body with long term use, impair judgment, and negatively impact social and family life.
The document discusses different types of drugs including cannabis, cocaine, and heroin. It describes what each drug is, common slang terms, and health risks. The document also notes that people use drugs to change something in their lives and provides resources for seeking help with drug addiction.
The document discusses drug administration including defining it, listing routes of administration, and outlining the rights to ensure proper administration. It covers oral, parenteral, and other routes. Parenteral routes discussed in detail include intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous injections. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing the patient, medication order, and documenting properly to administer drugs safely and effectively.
This document discusses guidelines for the administration of oral medication by nurses. It provides abbreviations used for medication timing, classifications of drugs by action, abbreviations for drug preparation and amounts, formulas for calculating pediatric dosages, safety measures like the six rights, and the nurse's responsibilities and procedure for administration. The key aspects are ensuring correct patient, drug, dose, time and documentation according to orders and assessing for any reactions after administration.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral (oral, sublingual) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous) routes. It describes advantages and disadvantages of each route such as absorption rate, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, control over dosing, and risk of infection. The major routes covered are oral, sublingual, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration.
This is a powerpoint presentation I gave to junior nursing students reviewing injections and injection technique in preparation for medical-surgical clinical.
Drugs can be classified pharmacologically based on their chemical makeup and characteristics or therapeutically based on their intended effects. Allopathic drugs work by producing effects opposite to the disease symptoms and can be prescription or over-the-counter. Non-prescription drugs are available without a prescription and are used to treat conditions like acne, coughs, hemorrhoids, and more. They include analgesics, antacids, antihistamines, antiseptics, and other drug classes.
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium which belong to the phylum Apicomplexa. It remains a major global health problem affecting over 40% of the world's population, with estimates of 350-500 million cases annually. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual replication in human hosts. Symptoms in humans include fever, chills, sweats and headaches. Complications can be severe especially with P. falciparum infection, potentially causing cerebral malaria, respiratory distress or kidney failure. Diagnosis involves identification of the parasite in blood smears and treatment depends on the infecting species, such as chloroquine for P. viv
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It describes several factors that influence the choice of route, including the drug's properties, desired site of action, absorption rate, and patient condition. Systemic routes aim to distribute drugs through the bloodstream and include enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (injections, inhalation, transdermal) routes. Local routes deliver high drug concentrations locally with minimal systemic absorption. Proper administration techniques are outlined for intramuscular and intravenous injections.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors affecting bioavailability. It describes both systemic and local routes including oral, sublingual, rectal, transdermal, inhalation, nasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, topical, intra-arterial, and intrathecal routes. Key factors discussed that can impact drug absorption and bioavailability include the drug's physical/chemical properties, desired site of action, rate and extent of absorption, first-pass effect, condition of the patient, and interactions with food and other drugs. The document also provides examples and advantages and disadvantages of different administration routes.
This document defines dosage forms and discusses various routes of drug administration. It provides details on:
1) The need for dosage forms such as accurate dosing, protection, taste masking, and controlled release.
2) Classification of dosage forms by route of administration (oral, topical, rectal, parenteral), physical form (solid, semisolid, liquid, gaseous) and type.
3) Advantages and disadvantages of different routes including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, topical and others. Time of onset of effect for different routes is also compared.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors affecting their selection. It describes both enteral and parenteral routes, including oral, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation, intranasal, topical, and others. For each route, it outlines advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, absorption, convenience, cost, and other considerations. The optimal route depends on the drug's properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
Pharmacology Routes of drug administration seminarDr. Ritu Gupta
The document discusses the various routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes. Local routes deliver drugs to specific localized areas without systemic absorption, including topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply routes. Systemic routes deliver drugs via absorption into blood circulation to achieve widespread distribution throughout the body, including oral, sublingual/buccal, rectal, inhalation, nasal, cutaneous, and parenteral routes. Parenteral routes involve injection directly into tissues or bloodstream, such as intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intradermal injections. Factors such as drug properties, site of action, absorption rate, first-pass metabolism, desired speed of effect, dosage accuracy, and patient condition determine
03.(LEC 3) ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINSTRATION.pptAyush Chavhan
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Routes of Drug Administration
Jul 31, 2014
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Routes of Drug Administration. The “Right” ways of administering drugs. Right patient Right drug Right dose Right route Right time Right documentation. Significance of Drug Administration. Input of drug in the Human body.
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Routes of Drug Administration
The “Right” ways of administering drugs • Right patient • Right drug • Right dose • Right route • Right time • Right documentation
Significance of Drug Administration • Input of drug in the Human body. • Permits entry of the therapeutic agent either Directly or Indirectly into the Plasma. • A drug once taken in any form has to be then distributed, metabolized and finally eliminated from the body.
How do we choose the right route of administration • The route of administration is determined primarily by the properties of the drug (such as water or lipid solubility, ionization, etc.) and by the therapeutic objectives • (for example, the desirability of a rapid onset of action or the need for long-term administration or restriction to a local site). • The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen may have a profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug acts.
Enteral/paraentral Oral Buccal Rectal Sublingual Topical Transdermal Inhalant Ophthalmic Intranasal Otic Vaginal Intradermal Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous Intraosseous Intrathecal Routes
Enteral routes • Drug placed directly in the GI tract: • Oral - swallowing • Sublingual- placed under the tongue • Buccal route • Rectum- absorption through the rectum (suppositories, anemas) • GI tubes (e.g. nasogastric, gastrotomy)
Oral Route
Oral Route • Giving a drug by mouth is the most common route of administration but it is also the most variable , and requires the most complicated pathway to the tissues. • Little absorption occurs until the drug enters the small intestine.
Drugs are absorbed by: • Passive Diffusion: • Determined by the lipophilcity of the drug compound • Ionized drugs are poorly absorbed (Strong bases of pKa 10 or higher are poorly absorbed, as are strong acids of pKa less than 3, because they are fully ionized) • Active Diffusion: • By carrier proteins • Example: ca+2 is carried by V.t-D dependent carrier system
Why most of the drugs are absorbed from the small intestine? • Small intestine has a much larger surface area for absorption (~200 m2) as compared to the stomach (~1-3 m2). •
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This is the second part of my presentation. It is all about the review on Routes and rights of drug administration. The slide also covers IP & Drug Laws too.
Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, injection, inhalation, rectal, topical, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug's properties, the desired site of action, rate of absorption, and patient condition. Oral administration is the most common due to convenience, but other routes like injection allow for more rapid onset when needed. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, bioavailability, risk of side effects, and patient acceptability.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors to consider when choosing a route. The main routes discussed are oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral (which includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal), and inhalation. For each route, the key advantages and disadvantages are provided. The document emphasizes that no single route is ideal for all drugs or situations, and the properties of the drug as well as patient factors must be considered when determining the optimal administration route.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. The oral route is the most commonly used as it is convenient, allows self-administration, and is inexpensive. However, it has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and variable absorption. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous allow direct entry of drugs into systemic circulation but require more technical skill. Topical routes provide local drug effects without systemic absorption. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient condition.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It defines routes of administration and lists factors that govern the choice of route, such as the physical and chemical properties of the drug, the site of desired action, and the condition of the patient. The main routes discussed are oral, parenteral (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous), rectal, inhalation, and topical. It provides details on each route including advantages, disadvantages, examples of drugs administered via that route, and approximate time until effect. The goal is to introduce the different ways drugs can be delivered to the body.
The document discusses routes of drug administration. There are local routes that target specific areas with minimal systemic absorption, including topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply. Systemic routes distribute drugs through the bloodstream, including enteral routes like oral, sublingual, buccal, and rectal administration. Factors like drug properties, desired effects, absorption rates, and patient condition influence which route is chosen. The oral route is most common but can be impacted by first-pass metabolism and interactions in the GI tract.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes. Local routes deliver drugs to specific areas and minimize systemic absorption and side effects. These include topical application to the skin or mucous membranes as well as deeper tissue injection. Systemic routes distribute drugs throughout the body and include oral, sublingual/buccal, rectal, inhalation, cutaneous (transdermal), and parental routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, reliability of absorption, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, convenience, and invasiveness.
The document discusses drug nomenclature and pharmacokinetics. It explains that drugs have three categories of names - chemical, non-proprietary, and proprietary. It then describes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that make up a drug's pharmacokinetics. Absorption can occur through various routes of administration like oral, sublingual, rectal, and parenteral routes. Distribution and metabolism determine the amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation. Excretion removes the drug from the body.
Know About Your Drug ,,, Part - II ( Route of Drug Administration) for study purpose pharmaceutical professional such as students and other specialized field. Presentation for "LEARN & EARN KNOWLEDGE" based.
Thanks all of you for your support...Part-I success and your comments.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, inhalational, and topical routes. It provides details on the merits and demerits of each route. It notes that the oral route is the most common and convenient but has limitations like unpredictable absorption. Parenteral routes allow rapid absorption but require more skill. Other routes like topical, inhalational, rectal, sublingual are suitable for specific drugs and clinical situations. It concludes with typical onset of action times for different administration routes.
This document discusses routes of drug administration (ROA). It describes factors that influence ROA choice such as ease of use, site of action, onset and duration. It then summarizes various ROAs including oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral and inhalation. For each ROA it provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses concepts like first pass effect, types of parenteral routes and references.
This document summarizes key information about calcium balance and drugs that affect it. It discusses the physiological roles of calcium, how plasma calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol. It describes calcium absorption and excretion, preparations of calcium supplements, and uses of calcium supplements and drugs like PTH, calcitonin, and calcitriol to treat conditions like tetany, osteoporosis, and hypercalcemia. The actions, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses of PTH, calcitonin, and calcitriol are also summarized.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs move through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption is the process by which drugs enter systemic circulation from the site of administration. Several factors influence a drug's absorption, including its physicochemical properties, dosage form characteristics, and patient factors. The document discusses various mechanisms of drug absorption like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis. It also covers concepts like pH partition theory, factors affecting dissolution, and the importance of a drug's ionization for absorption.
Educational and therapeutic topic on asthma for MBBS and MD pharmacology students. other students like BDS , BHMS, BAMS etc can use for knowledge. and academic purpose.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
3. Enteral; oral, sub-lingual (buccal),
rectal. Note soluble, enteric coated
or slow release formulations
Parenteral; iv, im, sc, id, it, etc.
Different rates of absorption,
different plasma peaks. Note iv
infusors
Skin; for local or systemic effect -
note patches
Lungs; inhalation; local or
systemic effect?
Vaginal; (usually local)
Eye; (usually local)
4. FACTORS GOVERNING CHOICE
OF ROUTE
• Physical & chemical properties of drug-solid/
liquid/gas; solubility, stability, PH, irritancy
• Site of desired action- localized and approachable or
generalized and non approachable
• Rate & extent of absorption from various routes
• Effect of digestive juices & first pass effect
• Rapidity of the desired response- emergency/routine
• Accuracy of dosage
• Condition of the patient- unconscious, vomiting
5. ORAL ROUTE
The most common route of drug administration.
Drug is given through oral cavity.
ADVANTAGES
Safe
Convenient- self- administered,
pain free, noninvasive
and easy to take
Economical- compared to other parentral routes
Usually good absorption- takes place along the
whole length of the GI tract
No need for sterilization
6. ORAL ROUTE
DISADVANTAGES
1. Slow absorption slow action - can not used in
emergency
2. Irritable and unpalatable drugs- nausea and
vomiting
3. Cannot be used Unco-operative, vomiting and
unconscious patients
4. Some drugs destroyed
5. Sometimes inefficient drug absorbed, some
drugs are not absorbed like streptomycin
6. First-pass effect- Due to Biotransformation
7. Food–Drug interactions and Drug-Drug interactions
8. SUBLINGUAL/BUCCAL ROUTE
Tab or pellet containing the drug is placed under tongue or
crushed in mouth and spread over the buccal mucosa. Ex- GTN,
buprenorphine, desaminooxytocin
ADVANTAGES
•Drug absorption is quick
•Quick termination
•First-pass avoided
•Can be self administered
•Economical
DISADVANTAGES
•Unpalatable & bitter
drugs
•Irritation of oral mucosa
•Large quantities not
given
•Few drugs are absorbed
9. RECTAL ROUTE
- Drugs that are administered rectally as a suppository.
- In this form, a drug is mixed with a waxy substance that
dissolves or liquefies after it is inserted into the rectum.
- ex- Diazepam, indomethacin, paraldehyde, ergotamine
ADVANTAGES
Used in children
Little or no first pass effect
(ext haemorrhoidal vein)
Used in vomiting or
unconscious
Higher concentrations rapidly
achieved
DISADVANTAGES
Inconvenient
Absorption is slow and
erratic
Irritation or inflammation of
rectal mucosa can occur
10. PARENTERAL ROUTES
Direct delivery of drug in to systemic circulation
without intestinal mucosa
Intradermal (I.D.) (into skin)
Subcutaneous (S.C.) (into subcutaneous tissue)
Intramuscular (I.M.) (into skeletal muscle)
Intravenous (I.V.) (into veins)
Intra-arterial (I.A.) (into arteries)
Intrathecal (I.T.) (cerebrospinal fluids )
Intraperitoneal (I.P.) (peritoneal cavity)
Intra - articular (Synovial fluids)
11. A) Intradermal – inj
into skin
B) Subcutaneous -
Absorption of drugs
from the subcutaneous
tissues
C) Intramuscular (IM)
drug injected into
skeletal muscle
D) Intravascular (IV)-
placing a drug directly
into the blood stream
12. First pass Metabolism
Metabolism of drug in the gut wall or portal
circulation before reaching systemic circulation
so the amount reaching system circulation is less
than the amount absorbed
Where ?
Liver
Gut wall
Gut Lumen
Result ?
Low bioavailability.
Short duration of action (t ½).
16. INTRAVENOUS ROUTE
ADVANTAGES
IV is the most common parenteral route. For drugs that are not
absorbed orally.
Avoids first-pass metabolism by the liver.
Intravenous delivery permits a rapid effect and a maximal degree
of control over the circulating levels of the drug. Titration of dose
with response.
large quantities can be given, fairly pain free
(100% bioavailability) Absorption phase is bypassed
DISADVANTAGES
However, unlike drugs in the GI tract, those that are injected
cannot be recalled by strategies such as emesis or by binding to
activated charcoal.
IV injection may also induce hemolysis or cause other adverse
reactions by the too-rapid delivery of high concentrations of drug
to the plasma and tissues also vital organs like heart, brain etc.
Thrombophlebitis of vein and necrosis of adjoining tissue if
extravasation occurs
17. INTRAMUSULAR ROUTE
Large skeletal muscle- Deltoid, triceps, gluteus
maximus, rectus femoris
ADVANTAGES
Absorption reasonably
uniform
Rapid onset of action
Mild irritants can be
given
First pass avoided
Gastric factors can be
avoided
DISADVANTAGES
Only upto 10ml drug
given
Local pain and abcess
Expensive
Infection
Nerve damage
Local hematoma can
occur in anticoagulant
treated pt.
18. SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE
Drug is deposited in loose subcutaneous tissue – rich nerve
supply- irritant drugs cannot be inj. Less vascular- slow
absorption than im route
Avoid in shock pt – vasoconstriction
Only Small volume can be injected
Subcutaneous injection minimizes the risks associated with
intravascular injection
Depot preparation can be injected- Dermojet, Pellet
implantation, Sialistic and biodegradable implants
Intradermal Route
Inj into skin raising bleb – BCG Vaccine, Sensitivity test
Intrathecal/intraventricular
It is sometimes necessary to introduce drugs directly into
the cerebrospinal fluid. For example, amphotericin B is used
in treating Cryptococcal meningitis
19. Transdermal
This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of
drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal medicated adhesive patch.
The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on the physical
characteristics of the drug (lipid soluble) and skin at the site of
application.
Slow effect (prolonged drug action)
This route is most often used for the sustained delivery of drugs, such
as the antianginal drug nitroglycerin, the antiemetic scopolamine.
the nicotine patches
Site – Upper arm, chest,
abdomen, mastoid region
First pass effect avoided
Absorption- increase by oily
base, occlusive dressing,
rubbing preparation
20. Transdermal therapeutic system
Drug in solution or bound to a polymer is held in reservoir between
occlusive backing film and rate controlling microporemembrane
under surface of which is smeared with an adhesive impregnated
with priming dose of drug. Adhesive layer protected with film which
is peeled off just before application
To provide smooth plasma conc without fluctuations
More convinient pt compliance is better
21. Produce local effect to
Skin (percutaneous) e.g. allergy testing,
topical local anesthesia
Mucous membrane of respiratory tract
(Inhalation) e.g. asthma
Eye drops e.g. conjunctivitis
Ear drops e.g. otitis externa
Intranasal, e.g. decongestant nasal spray
22. Advantages Disadvantages
Only few
drugs can be
used
• Mucous membrane of
respiratory system
• Rapid absorption
(large surface area)
•Provide local action
• Minor systemic effect
• Low bioavailability
• Less side effects.
• No first pass effect
Dosage form: aerosol, nebulizer
24. Inhalation
Inhalation provides the rapid delivery of a drug across the large
surface area of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and
pulmonary epithelium, producing an effect almost as rapidly as with IV
injection.
This route of administration is used for drugs that are gases (for
example, some anesthetics) or those that can be dispersed in an aerosol.
This route is particularly effective and convenient for patients with
respiratory complaints (such as asthma, or chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease) because the drug is delivered directly to the site of
action and systemic side effects are minimized.
Examples of drugs administered via this route include albuterol, and
corticosteroids, such as fluticasone.
25. Intranasal
This route involves administration of drugs directly into the
nose. Agents include nasal decongestants such as the anti-inflammatory
corticosteroid.
Desmopressin is administered intranasally in the treatment
of diabetes insipidus; salmon calcitonin, a peptide hormone
used in the treatment of osteoporosis, is also available as a
nasal spray.
The abused drug, cocaine, is generally taken by intranasal
sniffing.
Eye drops
26. SKIN - Topical
Dermal - Oil or ointment for local action
Antiseptic cream and lotion
Sunscreen lotion and powders
27. No single method of drug
administration is ideal for all
drugs in all circumstances