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The second industrial revolution
- 1. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION coal, iron, steam oil, steel, internal combustion, electricity, rapid communication
- 2. The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870s-1910s run by: • oil = joins coal as a fuel source • steel = stronger than iron better machines, etc.; skyscrapers • internal combustion engine = automobiles, airplanes • electricity = power source, lighting, 24/7 factories • rapid communication = telegraph, telephone, radio
- 3. The Second Industrial Revolution— Research and Development • Corporate research and development labs and technical university education emphasized chemistry and engineering. • Germany spent as much on education as on the military. • U.S. patents tripled, and German patents quadrupled from 1875 to 1905. Thomas Edison’s Laboratory Ft. Myers, Florida, 1912
- 4. The Second Industrial Revolution—Biology • William Buckland's 1824 article on dinosaurs and Charles Lyell's 1830 estimate of Earth's age of at least 2 billion years challenged biblical Genesis.
- 5. The Second Industrial Revolution— Biology • Germans discovered Neanderthal remains (1856). Older conceptions of Neanderthals assumed they were much more primitive than humans. This reconstruction appeared in The Illustrated London News in 1909.
- 6. The Second Industrial Revolution—Biology • Charles Darwin proposed natural selection in Origin of Species (1859).
- 7. The Second Industrial Revolution—Biology • Louis Pasteur's germ theory (1870) led to safe milk and packaged foods, Joseph Lister's surgical antiseptics, and Robert Koch's 1905 Nobel Prize for isolating tuberculosis bacillus.
- 10. The Second Industrial Revolution—Chemistry • John Dalton's atomic theory (1805) led to Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table and Alfred Nobel's dynamite in 1869.
- 11. The Second Industrial Revolution— Chemistry • German chemists made soaps, pharmaceuticals, chlorine, sulfuric acid, synthetic dyes, artificial flavors, and fertilizers. • Photography and silent films used photosensitive chemicals on celluloid. • Rayon, a synthetic fabric, was commercially marketed in 1905. BASF-chemical factories in Ludwigshafen, Germany, 1881
- 12. The Second Industrial Revolution— Steel • British Henry Bessemer mass- produced steel in a blast furnace (1856).
- 13. The Second Industrial Revolution—Steel • American William Le Baron Jenney built the first steel skyscraper (1884). French Gustav Eiffel used wrought iron for the Eiffel Tower (1889).
- 14. The Second Industrial Revolution—Steel • By 1914, the United States produced ~40% of global steel, more than Germany, Britain, and France combined.
- 15. The Second Industrial Revolution— Land Transportation • British engineer Thomas Hancock and American inventor Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber tires (1844).
- 17. The Second Industrial Revolution—Land Transportation • Nikolaus Otto's gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine (1868) drove Carl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's automobiles (1880s).
- 18. The Second Industrial Revolution— Land Transportation • 1880s: Steam- and electric- powered street and cable cars were common in cities. A telephone tower in Stockholm, Sweden, with 5000 connected lines. It was used between 1887 and 1913.
- 19. The Second Industrial Revolution—Land Transportation • Rudolf Diesel's engine (1893) powered electric and water plants, mining and drilling equipment, factories, and oil pipelines in addition to trucks, ships, and boats.
- 20. The Second Industrial Revolution—Land Transportation • The London Underground (1863) and Paris Métro (1900) subways and the Mt. Cenis (1873) and Simplon (1906) tunnels in the Alps drove through the earth.
- 23. The Second Industrial Revolution—Sea Transportation • Steel plates (1858) spurred rapid shipbuilding improvements climaxing in the tragic voyage of SS Titanic (1913).
- 24. The Second Industrial Revolution— Sea Transportation • The Suez (1869), Kiel (1895), and Panama (1914) canals carved new sea routes.
- 25. The Second Industrial Revolution— Sea Transportation • 1870s: Refrigerated railcars and ships carried meat and fruit long-distance, even from Australia to Britain.
- 26. The Second Industrial Revolution—Sea Transportation • Experimental submarines appeared in 1860s and first saw combat during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The Ottoman submarine Abdül Hamid (1886) was the first submarine to fire a torpedo while submerged.
- 27. The Second Industrial Revolution—Sea Transportation • Battleship HMS Dreadnought (1906) launched naval arms race between Britain and Imperial Germany.
- 28. The Second Industrial Revolution—Air Transportation • French hot-air balloons were launched in 1783. Henri Giffard took a 15-mile flight (1852) in a dirigible driven by steam engine.
- 29. The Second Industrial Revolution—Air Transportation • British George Cayley studied physical principles of heavier-than-air flight and designed the first glider to carry a human aloft (c. 1849).
- 30. The Second Industrial Revolution—Air Transportation • German Ferdinand von Zeppelin's airship conquered the sky (1900). Zeppelins flew 1588 commercial flights by World War I.
- 31. The Second Industrial Revolution—Air Transportation • Americans Orville and Wilbur Wright flew a plane (1903).
- 32. The Second Industrial Revolution—Electricity • Alessandro Volta made the battery (1800).
- 33. The Second Industrial Revolution—Electricity • British Michael Faraday built an electrical generator (1831) improved by German electrical engineer Werner von Siemens.
- 34. The Second Industrial Revolution— Electricity • British power plants came two years after Edison's light bulb (1879).
- 35. The Second Industrial Revolution—Electricity • Appliances such as refrigerators, fans, and vacuum cleaners were in affluent homes by 1900.
- 36. The Second Industrial Revolution— Newspapers • London Times was able to printed 1100 newspaper copies per hour by 1814. • The penny press reduced costs and made news accessible to the masses. British Charles Knight’s Penny Magazine circulated 200,000 copies in first year (1832). • British newspaper circulation grew over 300% from 1836 to 1854.
- 37. The Second Industrial Revolution—Newspapers • Newspapers moved from elitist to popular tones and adopted political biases. • Pall Mall Gazette editor William Thomas Stead pioneered investigative and tabloid journalism and pressured lawmakers to enact reform legislation by swaying public opinion.
- 38. The Second Industrial Revolution— High-speed Communication • Postal Service: Rowland Hill's Uniform Penny Post delivered letters anywhere in United Kingdom regardless of distance.
- 39. The Second Industrial Revolution—High-speed Communication • Samuel Morse's telegraph (1844) enabled high-speed long-distance communication. Undersea telegraph cables tethered Britain to France (1850) and Ireland to Canada (1858).
- 40. The Second Industrial Revolution— High-speed Communication • Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone (1876).
- 41. The Second Industrial Revolution—High-speed Communication • The French Lumière brothers thrilled audiences with silent film (1895).
- 42. The Second Industrial Revolution— High-speed Communication • Italian Guglielmo Marconi transmitted the first transatlantic radio message (1901).