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Imperialism
Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation
to attempt to create an empire by dominating
  weaker nations economically, politically,
           culturally, or militarily.
How Did Imperialism Begin?




  A coaling station for steamships, Cape Town, South Africa
The Industrial
 Revolution
                 • The Industrial
                   Revolution began
                   in Great Britain
                   in the mid-18th
                   century
                 • Britain’s
                   advantages
                 • The spread of
                   industrialization
Economic Motives
                     Industrialized
                     nations sought:
                   • Raw materials
                   • Natural resources
                   • A cheap labor
                     supply
                   • New
                     marketplaces for
                     manufactured
                     goods
Technological                     •   The steam engine
  Advances                        •   Better transportation
                                  •   Increased exploration
                                  •   Improvements in
                                      communication




     The steamboat Herald
 (with mounted machine guns)
 on the Zambezi river in Africa


                                        One of the first steam engines
The Maxim Gun




                British
                troops
                fighting
                forces in
                Benin in
                1897
Exploration


• David Livingstone
• Mapping the “Dark
  Continent”




                          David Livingstone
Ideological Motives
                                      • A desire to “civilize” non-Europeans
                                        also spurred the development of
                                        imperialism
                                      • Social Darwinism




Darwin’s handwritten cover page for
                                                        Herbert Spencer
      The Origin of Species
―The White Man’s Burden‖
                    By Rudyard Kipling
Take up the White Man’s           Take up the White Man's
  burden—                           burden—
    Send forth the best ye            In patience to abide,
      breed—
                                  To veil the threat of terror
Go, bind your sons to exile
                                      And check the show of pride;
    To serve your captives’
      need;                       By open speech and simple,

To wait, in heavy harness,            An hundred times made
                                        plain,
    On fluttered folk and wild—
                                  To seek another's profit
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
                                      And work another's gain.
    Half-devil and half-child.
The “White Man’s
 Burden” appeared in
 children’s books and
even in advertisements
  of the time period.
Nationalism
• 19th-century political
  changes
• Allegiance to one’s
  country rather than
  to a monarch
• Role of the
  “common people”
• Unification
  movements
                             Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi (on
• Militarism               horseback) leading an attack in Palermo, Sicily
German Unification

                     Other strong
                     nations
                     emerged in
                     the mid-
                     1800s as the
                     result of
                     political and
                     economic
                     changes in
                     Europe and
                     beyond.
The Scramble for Africa Begins


                   King Leopold II of
                       Belgium
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”




         Henry Morton Stanley in 1869
The International African
       Association




     Steamboat Stanley on the Congo River
The Berlin Conference


                Established a set of
                agreed-upon rules
                regarding the
                competition among
                the great powers for
                colonies in Africa
Egypt
                          The Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it opened

• The Suez Canal
• Shares in the canal
  held by France, Egypt
• Britain buys out
  Egypt’s interest
• Egyptian financial
  crisis
• 1882 uprisings
• British invade and
  occupy Egypt
European Control of Africa


   By 1914,
    only two
     African
     nations
   remained
independent
Cecil Rhodes


        • British imperialist who
          made huge profits from
          Africa’s natural resources
        • Founder of the state of
          Rhodesia in Africa
“The Rhodes Colossus”

This cartoon
depicts British
imperial
ambitions to
control the
entire African
continent.
A Closer Look at
  Imperialism in Africa

• European quest to control
  natural resources
• Doing so led to drastic
  changes in the
  infrastructure of the
  continent


                              The port of Zanzibar around 1900
Improvements in
Transportation and Communication
Direct vs. Indirect Rule
      European nations chose one of two different paths
                when it came to colonial rule:
Indirect rule: colonies were given a Direct rule: the colony was directly
degree of internal autonomy          administered by the colonizer
    Example: Nigeria                    Example: Senegal
South Africa
                                • The Dutch first
                                  arrived on the
                                  Cape of Good
                                  Hope in the late
                                  17th century.
                                • Europeans soon
                                  began to settle on
                                  the Cape, taking
                                  land and forcing
                                  the natives out.
  Jan van Riebeeck landing on
the Cape of Good Hope in 1652
The Great Trek, 1835–1843
Diamonds and Gold

     In 1867,
    diamonds
         were
discovered in
South Africa;
in 1886, gold
          was
  discovered.



                       Diamond mining in South Africa
The Boer War, 1899–1902

• Dutch and British
  troops fought for
  control of the
  Cape
• The British
  prevailed




                      British troops landing on the Cape
China

          In the 1700s,
        China enjoyed a
            favorable
        balance of trade.
The Power of Opium

• By 1779, the British
  East India Company
  was importing
  opium into China
• Within a generation,
  opium addiction in
  China became
  widespread

                         Mandarin with Opium Pipe
The East India Company’s opium factory stacking room
China and Britain
     Clash over Opium
In 1839, a
Chinese official
demanded that
the opium trade
in Guangzhou
(Canton) stop.
The British
refused, and
war ensued.



                   Chinese unloading opium from a British ship
The Opium War: 1839–1842




       The British navy attacks
The Treaty of Nanjing
Britain gained
    • Control of Hong
      Kong
    • The right to trade
      in five major
      cities
    • Extraterritoriality
    • The legalization
      of opium in
      China
                            The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing
                             aboard the British ship Cornwallis
Treaty Ports
The Open Door Policy
                                       • Turmoil in China
                                       • “Spheres of
                                         influence”
                                       • “Open Door” policy
                                         formulated by U.S.
                                         Secretary of State
                                         John Hay
                                       • No nations formally
                                         accepted Hay’s
                                         proposal, but they
                                         didn’t counter the
                                         Open Door policy’s
    U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
                                         provisions either
Catholic cathedral in Shanghai
The Boxer Rebellion, 1899




  American, Japanese, and British troops storming Beijing
The Boxer Protocol
• China was forced to
  sign the Boxer
  Protocol
   • Required to pay
     damages to
     Europeans
   • Forced to allow
     foreign soldiers
     to live in Beijing

                          Signing of the Boxer Protocol
Chinese Nationalism

   Nationalism
   increased in
 China as groups
  fought to not
only rid China of
foreigners, but to
 end centuries of
  imperial rule.
Japan
Japan had closed its doors
 to the world in the 1600s
The ―Opening‖ of Japan

   In the mid-
1800s, the U.S.
opened Japan to
 trade; soon, it
 too became a
      strong
 industrialized
     nation.



                   Japanese admire gifts brought by U.S. Commodore Perry
The Meiji Restoration

• Tokugawa Shogunate
  overthrown by
  imperial forces
• Emperor Mutsuhito
  ruled 1867–1912
• Modernization



                       Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito
Japanese Modernization




     Japanese battleship Shikishima
Japanese Industrialization
The Russo-Japanese War
• 1904–1905
• Japan and
  Russia fought
  for control of
  Manchuria
• Japan won
  easily; Russia
  was humiliated



                   A Japanese print depicting Japan's naval victory
                            in the Russo-Japanese War
Japanese Empire-Building,
       1929–1939




        Axis rally in Tokyo, 1937
The United States




 Women at work on a power loom mill
The Monroe Doctrine
                                          • Part of President
                                            Monroe’s 1823
                                            Message to
                                            Congress
                                          • Warned European
                                            powers not to
                                            interfere with
                                            Western
                                            Hemisphere
                                            affairs or
                                            overthrow
                                            independent
                                            republics there
                                          • Promised the U.S.
   Political cartoon titled “Keep Off!”     wouldn’t interfere
                                            with European
                                            affairs or colonies
Hawaii

• Independent
  kingdom in the
  Pacific Ocean
• Became a republic
  in 1894
• Annexed by the
  United States in
  1898


                      Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning queen of Hawaii
The Spanish-American War

 The United States
 gained control of
Spanish colonies in
the Pacific and the
  Caribbean, most
 notably Cuba and
  the Philippines.




                      The wreck of the Maine
• Filipino rebels
The Philippines                          fought alongside
                                         U.S. soldiers against
                                         the Spanish
                                       • U.S. fails to grant
                                         the Philippines
                                         independence after
                                         the war
                                       • U.S.-Filipino
                                         fighting breaks out
                                         in 1899 and
                                         continues for years
                                       • Philippines didn’t
                                         gain independence
 A native district of Manila burning     until 1946
The Panama Canal
                                     Construction of the canal’s Miraflores Lock




• De Lesseps obtains canal rights from • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
  Colombia                             • Panama as U.S.
• U.S. buys rights in 1903               protectorate
• U.S. backs Panamanian independence • Canal completed in 1914
Imperialism in India


                                         • Vasco da Gama
                                         • Post in Calicut
                                         • The spice trade




Vasco da Gama and the ruler of Calicut
The British East India Company

• Sir Thomas Roe
  meets with
  Mughal Emperor
  Jahangir
• The British East
  India Company
  gains a monopoly
  on trade with
  India



                     Mughal Emperor Jahangir receives Sir Thomas Roe
Cash Crops in India




Cotton bales on Cotton Green, Bombay, early 1900s
The Battle of Plassey, 1757
• Nabob of Bengal seizes
  Calcutta, imprisons
  British East India
  Company workers
• Nabob supported by
  the French
• British troops win a
  major victory at
  Plassey
• Victory drives the
  French from India,
  giving Britain a
  monopoly on trade        Robert Clive
Improvements in India’s
                Infrastructure
In India, the British built:
• The world’s third
  largest railroad system
• Telephone and
  telegraph lines
• Dams, bridges, and
  canals
• Sepoys: Indian
The Sepoy Rebellion     soldiers who
                        served under
                        British
                        commanders
                      • 1857: Sepoys
                        refused to use
                        ammunition
                        greased with
                        pork/beef fat
                      • Full-scale
                        rebellion broke
                        out
                      • After quashing
                        the rebellion, the
                        British took
                        control of India
―The Jewel in the Crown‖

In this 1897
map of the
world,
British
possessions
are outlined
in red and
shaded pink.
French Indochina

                   “French
                   Indochina”
                   encompassed a
                   number of self-
                   governing regions
                   in Southeast Asia,
                   including modern-
                   day Vietnam, Laos
                   and Cambodia.
The French Imperial System
       in Indochina




        Saigon harbor, circa 1887
Burma




British forces land at Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma, 1824
The Legacy of Imperialism
• World War I
• Economic Consequences
• Third-World Nationalism
World War I




British troops on the front line, Somme area, 1916
Economic Consequences




 Tea workers on a plantation in Assam, India, circa 1950
Third-World Nationalism
The Legacy of Imperialism
                                    Caricature of former
                                  Ugandan dictator Idi Amin




  Mozambican war refugees, 1978

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Imperialism Power Point

  • 2. Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
  • 3. How Did Imperialism Begin? A coaling station for steamships, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 4. The Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century • Britain’s advantages • The spread of industrialization
  • 5. Economic Motives Industrialized nations sought: • Raw materials • Natural resources • A cheap labor supply • New marketplaces for manufactured goods
  • 6. Technological • The steam engine Advances • Better transportation • Increased exploration • Improvements in communication The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns) on the Zambezi river in Africa One of the first steam engines
  • 7. The Maxim Gun British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897
  • 8. Exploration • David Livingstone • Mapping the “Dark Continent” David Livingstone
  • 9. Ideological Motives • A desire to “civilize” non-Europeans also spurred the development of imperialism • Social Darwinism Darwin’s handwritten cover page for Herbert Spencer The Origin of Species
  • 10. ―The White Man’s Burden‖ By Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man’s Take up the White Man's burden— burden— Send forth the best ye In patience to abide, breed— To veil the threat of terror Go, bind your sons to exile And check the show of pride; To serve your captives’ need; By open speech and simple, To wait, in heavy harness, An hundred times made plain, On fluttered folk and wild— To seek another's profit Your new-caught sullen peoples, And work another's gain. Half-devil and half-child.
  • 11. The “White Man’s Burden” appeared in children’s books and even in advertisements of the time period.
  • 12. Nationalism • 19th-century political changes • Allegiance to one’s country rather than to a monarch • Role of the “common people” • Unification movements Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi (on • Militarism horseback) leading an attack in Palermo, Sicily
  • 13. German Unification Other strong nations emerged in the mid- 1800s as the result of political and economic changes in Europe and beyond.
  • 14. The Scramble for Africa Begins King Leopold II of Belgium
  • 15. “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Henry Morton Stanley in 1869
  • 16. The International African Association Steamboat Stanley on the Congo River
  • 17. The Berlin Conference Established a set of agreed-upon rules regarding the competition among the great powers for colonies in Africa
  • 18. Egypt The Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it opened • The Suez Canal • Shares in the canal held by France, Egypt • Britain buys out Egypt’s interest • Egyptian financial crisis • 1882 uprisings • British invade and occupy Egypt
  • 19. European Control of Africa By 1914, only two African nations remained independent
  • 20. Cecil Rhodes • British imperialist who made huge profits from Africa’s natural resources • Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa
  • 21. “The Rhodes Colossus” This cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions to control the entire African continent.
  • 22. A Closer Look at Imperialism in Africa • European quest to control natural resources • Doing so led to drastic changes in the infrastructure of the continent The port of Zanzibar around 1900
  • 24. Direct vs. Indirect Rule European nations chose one of two different paths when it came to colonial rule: Indirect rule: colonies were given a Direct rule: the colony was directly degree of internal autonomy administered by the colonizer Example: Nigeria Example: Senegal
  • 25. South Africa • The Dutch first arrived on the Cape of Good Hope in the late 17th century. • Europeans soon began to settle on the Cape, taking land and forcing the natives out. Jan van Riebeeck landing on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652
  • 26. The Great Trek, 1835–1843
  • 27. Diamonds and Gold In 1867, diamonds were discovered in South Africa; in 1886, gold was discovered. Diamond mining in South Africa
  • 28. The Boer War, 1899–1902 • Dutch and British troops fought for control of the Cape • The British prevailed British troops landing on the Cape
  • 29. China In the 1700s, China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade.
  • 30. The Power of Opium • By 1779, the British East India Company was importing opium into China • Within a generation, opium addiction in China became widespread Mandarin with Opium Pipe
  • 31. The East India Company’s opium factory stacking room
  • 32. China and Britain Clash over Opium In 1839, a Chinese official demanded that the opium trade in Guangzhou (Canton) stop. The British refused, and war ensued. Chinese unloading opium from a British ship
  • 33. The Opium War: 1839–1842 The British navy attacks
  • 34. The Treaty of Nanjing Britain gained • Control of Hong Kong • The right to trade in five major cities • Extraterritoriality • The legalization of opium in China The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing aboard the British ship Cornwallis
  • 36. The Open Door Policy • Turmoil in China • “Spheres of influence” • “Open Door” policy formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay • No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s U.S. Secretary of State John Hay provisions either
  • 38. The Boxer Rebellion, 1899 American, Japanese, and British troops storming Beijing
  • 39. The Boxer Protocol • China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol • Required to pay damages to Europeans • Forced to allow foreign soldiers to live in Beijing Signing of the Boxer Protocol
  • 40. Chinese Nationalism Nationalism increased in China as groups fought to not only rid China of foreigners, but to end centuries of imperial rule.
  • 41. Japan Japan had closed its doors to the world in the 1600s
  • 42. The ―Opening‖ of Japan In the mid- 1800s, the U.S. opened Japan to trade; soon, it too became a strong industrialized nation. Japanese admire gifts brought by U.S. Commodore Perry
  • 43. The Meiji Restoration • Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown by imperial forces • Emperor Mutsuhito ruled 1867–1912 • Modernization Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito
  • 44. Japanese Modernization Japanese battleship Shikishima
  • 46. The Russo-Japanese War • 1904–1905 • Japan and Russia fought for control of Manchuria • Japan won easily; Russia was humiliated A Japanese print depicting Japan's naval victory in the Russo-Japanese War
  • 47. Japanese Empire-Building, 1929–1939 Axis rally in Tokyo, 1937
  • 48. The United States Women at work on a power loom mill
  • 49. The Monroe Doctrine • Part of President Monroe’s 1823 Message to Congress • Warned European powers not to interfere with Western Hemisphere affairs or overthrow independent republics there • Promised the U.S. Political cartoon titled “Keep Off!” wouldn’t interfere with European affairs or colonies
  • 50. Hawaii • Independent kingdom in the Pacific Ocean • Became a republic in 1894 • Annexed by the United States in 1898 Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning queen of Hawaii
  • 51. The Spanish-American War The United States gained control of Spanish colonies in the Pacific and the Caribbean, most notably Cuba and the Philippines. The wreck of the Maine
  • 52. • Filipino rebels The Philippines fought alongside U.S. soldiers against the Spanish • U.S. fails to grant the Philippines independence after the war • U.S.-Filipino fighting breaks out in 1899 and continues for years • Philippines didn’t gain independence A native district of Manila burning until 1946
  • 53. The Panama Canal Construction of the canal’s Miraflores Lock • De Lesseps obtains canal rights from • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Colombia • Panama as U.S. • U.S. buys rights in 1903 protectorate • U.S. backs Panamanian independence • Canal completed in 1914
  • 54. Imperialism in India • Vasco da Gama • Post in Calicut • The spice trade Vasco da Gama and the ruler of Calicut
  • 55. The British East India Company • Sir Thomas Roe meets with Mughal Emperor Jahangir • The British East India Company gains a monopoly on trade with India Mughal Emperor Jahangir receives Sir Thomas Roe
  • 56. Cash Crops in India Cotton bales on Cotton Green, Bombay, early 1900s
  • 57. The Battle of Plassey, 1757 • Nabob of Bengal seizes Calcutta, imprisons British East India Company workers • Nabob supported by the French • British troops win a major victory at Plassey • Victory drives the French from India, giving Britain a monopoly on trade Robert Clive
  • 58. Improvements in India’s Infrastructure In India, the British built: • The world’s third largest railroad system • Telephone and telegraph lines • Dams, bridges, and canals
  • 59. • Sepoys: Indian The Sepoy Rebellion soldiers who served under British commanders • 1857: Sepoys refused to use ammunition greased with pork/beef fat • Full-scale rebellion broke out • After quashing the rebellion, the British took control of India
  • 60. ―The Jewel in the Crown‖ In this 1897 map of the world, British possessions are outlined in red and shaded pink.
  • 61. French Indochina “French Indochina” encompassed a number of self- governing regions in Southeast Asia, including modern- day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
  • 62. The French Imperial System in Indochina Saigon harbor, circa 1887
  • 63. Burma British forces land at Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma, 1824
  • 64. The Legacy of Imperialism • World War I • Economic Consequences • Third-World Nationalism
  • 65. World War I British troops on the front line, Somme area, 1916
  • 66. Economic Consequences Tea workers on a plantation in Assam, India, circa 1950
  • 68. The Legacy of Imperialism Caricature of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin Mozambican war refugees, 1978