APWH Period 4 Review.pptx

AP World History: Modern
Period 4: 1900-Present

7.1 Shifting Power After 1900
● In the early 1900s, existing political and social structures were
challenged.
● Mexican Revolution (1910-1920):
○ A movement campaigning for election reform spiraled into a
ten-year rebellion demanding a redistribution of wealth and
power from the landed elite to the landless peasantry.
○ The Mexican Constitution of 1917 was the first governing
document in the world to guarantee economic, social, and
cultural rights of citizens. It also supported secular public
education to reduce Catholic influence, promised land
reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, and
offered worker protections.

● In the early 1900s, existing
political and social structures
were challenged.
○ The May Fourth Movement
in China rejected
imperialism and Confucian
traditions and embraced
Chinese nationalism and
liberal democracy.

● World War I reshaped global politics.
○ Empires collapsed:
(1) Russian Empire
(2) Ottoman Empire
(3) Austro-Hungarian Empire
(4) German Empire
○ New nations were formed:
Finland, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Syria, Iraq, etc.
○ Serbia was awarded new
territories and formed the core
of Yugoslavia.

● World War II bankrupted Britain
and France. Many colonies won
independence.
○ peacefully: India, Ghana
○ violenty: Indonesia, Vietnam,
Algeria, Kenya

7.2 Causes of World War I
● Militarism: national glorification of military traditions and maintenance of strong
standing armies and navies to aggressively promote or defend the interests of
nation-states
● Alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente
● Imperialism: The scramble for colonies upset the balance of power and expanded
the scope of World War I into a truly global war with immense consequences.
● Industrialization: drove imperial competition for natural resources and markets
in late 19th and early 20th centuries and made mass industrial war possible
● Nationalism: Desire for state glory intensified rivalries and increased the
likelihood of open conflict. Also, it fueled independence movements in ethnically
diverse empires such as Austro-Hungary and Russia.

7.3 Conducting World War I
● Central Powers:
military alliance of
Germany, Austria-
Hungary, Bulgaria, and
the Ottoman Empire
● Allied Entente Powers:
military alliance of the
French, British,
Russian, Japanese,
Italian, and American
empires; also Serbia,
Belgium, Greece,
Romania, Brazil, and
others

● Colonial participation:
○ 2 million Africans;
○ 1.5 million Indians;
○ 1.4 million Canadians, Australians,
white South Africans, and New
Zealanders;
○ hundreds of thousands of
Caribbean, Indochinese, and
Chinese laborers

● The First Battle of the Marne foiled the
Schlieffen Plan and forced Germany to
divide their forces in a two-front war of
attrition.
● WWI stagnated in brutal trench warfare.

● New military technologies:
○ Artillery
○ Machine guns
○ Poison gases
○ Submarines
○ Aircraft
○ Tanks

● Despite massive causalities during at battles of Verdun and the Somme on
the Western Front, and in the Brusilov Offensive and Kerensky Offensive
on the Eastern Front, no breakthrough ended the stalemate.

● On the Home Front:
○ WWI was a total war requiring the
complete economic mobilization of
economic resources and people affecting
the lives of all citizens.
○ Governments adopted war socialism by
implementing command economies to
maximize industrial and agricultural
production and control labor.

● On the Home Front:
○ Women joined the work
force and were essential
to the war effort. During
and shortly after the war,
they gained the right to
vote in Russia, Germany,
Austria, Hungary,
Belgium, Britain, the
U.S., and elsewhere.
○ Nations used propaganda
to recruit soldiers and
vilify the enemy.

● March 1917: Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown in the Russian Revolution.
● April 1917: Due to the German use of unrestricted submarine warfare and
transmission of the Zimmerman Telegram, the U.S. entered the war to “make
the world safe for democracy.”

● November 1917: Communists led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky seized
power in Russia during the Bolshevik Revolution. They surrendered Poland,
Ukraine, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to Germany .

● November 1918: Germany lost ground during the Allied Hundred Days’
Offensive. Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and socialist leaders in the German
Reichstag asked for an armistice.

● 1918-1920: A worldwide
influenza pandemic
that infected 500 million
people and killed 50-
100 million (3-5% of
world population).

7.4 Economy in the Interwar Period
● During the Great Depression,
governments took more active economic
roles.
○ Keynesian economic theories
held that governments should
increase public spending during
economic slumps to compensate
for reduced private spending and
be curbed during booms. This
served as the standard economic
model in developed nations during
the Great Depression, World War
II, and post-war economic boom
(1945-1973).

○ United States: Roosevelt's New Deal programs enacted social insurance
measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy.

○ Italy: Mussolini's Corporatism believed corporations should work for the
national good rather than private owners and negotiated agreements

○ Mexico: Lazaro Cardenas
nationalized the oil
industry and railways
and enacted sweeping
land reforms to benefit
peasants.

○ Brazil: Getulio Dornelles Vargas
promoted industrialization, state
centralization, and populist social
reform; created state oil, steel,
mining, and automotive monopolies;
and faked a communist coup to
impose a new constitution modeled
on Fascist Italy.

● Planned economies in communist states implemented
repressive policies.
○ USSR:
■ After the Russian Civil War, Lenin’s New
Economic Policy revive the economy by
blending state-owned heavy industry and
small-scale private enterprise
■ Stalin’s Five-Year Plans and
Collectivization of agriculture were meant
to firmly establish communism in the USSR
as a base to support global communist
revolutions abroad through rapid
industrialization and rapid urbanization.

○ China:
■ Mao’s Great Leap Forward was a failed
program of agricultural collectivization and
rapid industrialization that created economic
disaster and contributed greatly to the Great
Chinese Famine (18-36 million deaths from
starvation.
■ Mao’s Cultural Revolution was launched to
purge remaining capitalist and traditional
influences from Chinese society. Up to 20
million were killed.

7.5 Unresolved Tensions After World War I
● The Paris Peace Conference produced
the Treaty of Versailles.
○ based on national self-
determination
○ created the League of Nations
○ acknowledged Germany as
responsible for the conflict in the
War Guilt Clause
○ inflicted heavy reparations
payments on Germany

● The major imperial states gained control over
new areas sparking resistance and resentment.
○ Division of the Ottoman Empire and former
German colonies in Africa into Mandates
managed by Britain, France, and Belgium.
○ Japan took control of German Pacific island
colonies and ports in China.
○ Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and
formed the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere.
○ Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935.

● Anti-imperial resistance emerged.
○ Transnational Pan-Arab and Pan-African
movements emerged in the 1920s.
○ Communism was a tool of anti-
imperialism in nations such as Vietnam.
○ Nationalist movements and organizations,
such as the Indian National Congress
(est. 1885) resisted imperial occupation.

7.6 Causes of World War II
● The German Weimar Republic faced contentious foreign relations with Allied
nations, deep resentment of the Treaty of Versailles, hyperinflation, political
extremism, paramilitary activity, and disputed eastern borders.

● Global Economic Crisis: Economic instability caused by the Great Depression
fueled the rise of fascism and militarism.

● Fascism: Totalitarian ultra-nationalist far
right-wing military dictatorships were
established in Italy by Benito Mussolini
and in Germany by Adolf Hitler.
● Military rule: In Japan, ultra-nationalist
military leaders devoted to Hirohito, the
Showa Emperor, seized power from the
civilian government.

● Lebensraum: Germany, Italy and Japan
formed the Axis Alliance and used military
force for aggressive expansion. Nazi beliefs
in Social Darwinian racism justified their
policies and later wartime atrocities.
● Unsustainable Peace Settlement: The
League of Nations could do little to stop
the Axis nations, and the French and
British pursued a policy of appeasement
and failed to take significant action.

● Conflict: Japan invaded China in 1937 and conducted the Rape of Nanjing.
The Nazi blitzkrieg against Poland was launched in 1939.

7.7 Conducting World War II
● World War II was another total war.
○ Britain, led by Winston Churchill,
and the United States, led by
Franklin Roosevelt, signed the
Lend-Lease Act and Atlantic
Charter.
○ The U.S. and Britain were joined
by France, the Soviet Union, and
China to form the Grand Alliance
of United Nations.

○ After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. joined the war and
mobilized its industry as the arsenal of democracy. War production
provided a massive boost to the American economy and ended the Great
Depression. Women and minorities gained unprecedented access to jobs.

○ Allied colonies, such as Canada, Australia, and India, joined the war
making it a truly global conflict.

○ Propaganda and art were used heavily by both sides as well.

● New military technologies and
improvements to weapons since
World War I inflicted heavy
causualties. 2/3 of the 70 million
people killed in World War II were
civilians.
○ High altitude aerial bombing
○ Firebombing
○ Atomic bombs developed by the
Manhattan Project

● 1939: Nazi Germany launched a blitzkrieg of
Poland.
● 1940: Nazi Germany conquered northern and
western Europe but failed to win the aerial
Battle of Britain. The Japanese captured
French Indochina.
● 1941: Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union
and waged a war of extermination. The Japanese
struck Pearl Harbor and seized British, Dutch,
and American colonies in SE Asia.

● 1942: The battles of Midway, El Alamein, and Stalingrad turned the tide of
the war.

● 1943: The U.S. and Britain landed
in Italy. Allied leaders met at the
Tehran Conference.
● 1944: The U.S., Britain, and
Canada landed in Normandy,
France on D-Day and began the
liberation of Western Europe. The
Soviets pushed German forces out
of Eastern Europe.

● 1945:
○Allied leaders met at the
Yalta and Potsdam
Conferences.
○Nazi Germany surrendered
unconditionally in May.
○In August, the U.S.
dropped atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
the Soviet Union entered
the war against Japan,
and Japan surrendered.

7.8 Mass Atrocities After 1900
● Genocide is the physical destruction, in whole or in part, of a national, ethnic,
racial, or religious group through murder, infliction of serious bodily or mental
harm, prevention of births, and/or forcible transfer of children to another group.

● Armenian Genocide: organized massacre against the Christian Armenian
population in Anatolia carried out by Ottoman military forces in 1915; over a
million Armenians died

● Holodomor: 1932-1933 man-made famine
in Soviet Union; a genocide of 7-10 million
ethnic Ukrainians through starvation;
possibly planned by Stalin to eliminate a
Ukrainian independence movement, or a
result of Stalinist collectivization policies

● Holocaust: 1939-1945 genocide of 17 million Jews, Soviet citizens, Poles, Serbs,
the disabled, Roma, Freemasons, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and others
who were systematically murdered by Nazis and local Nazi collaborators in
German-occupied Europe. The Germans called this “the Final Solution to the
Jewish Question.”

● Cambodian Genocide: 1975-1979 murder of
1.5-2 million people by the Khmer Rouge
during an attempt to radically reshape
Cambodian society by forcibly relocating the
urban population to work on rural self-
sufficient collective peasant farming
communes; Buddhists and ethnic minorities
were executed

● Rwandan Genocide: 1994 murder of 800,000-1 million ethnic Tutsis and
moderate Hutus, mostly by machete chopping, and gang raping of 250,000-
500,000 Tutsi women by Hutu extremists over the course of 100 days during the
Rwandan Civil War

Unit 8: Cold War & Decolonization

8.1 Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization
● Results of WWII:
○ colonial
nationalist
independence
movements

○ Europe and Japan were economically and physically devastated from the
war.

○ The United States became a prosperous superpower. It suffered no physical
destruction of its cities, a low number of causalities (relative to other major
combatants), and emerged with 50% of global industrial production, most of
the world’s gold reserves, and a monopoly on atomic weapons.

○ The Soviet Union also became a superpower. Although it lost ~ 25 million
lives and immense physical destruction from fighting, 11 million Soviet
soldiers occupied all of Eastern Europe.

8.2 The Cold War
● At the Yalta Conference,
Stalin promised to hold
free elections in postwar
Eastern Europe, but later
installed communist
puppet governements
throughout the region.

8.2 The Cold War
● When Britain could no longer afford to
support anti-communist forces in the
Greek Civil War, they asked the United
States to lead the global fight against
communism.
● The U.S. adopted the Truman
Doctrine (1947) of containment
by sending aid to those resisting
the spread of communism.
● The Marshall Plan (1948) provided
enormous financial aid to rebuild
Western Europe to stabilize those
socities to lower the risk of
communist revolution, and to
strengthen economic partners.

8.2 The Cold War
● The Non-Aligned Movement was created at the Bandung Conference (1955). This
alliance, led by Sukarno of Indonesia and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, promised
to remain neutral in the Cold War.

8.3 Effects of the Cold War
● NATO (1949) was the
defensive military
alliance of
democratic, capitalist
nations - the U.S.,
Canada, and
Western European
states.
● Warsaw Pact (1955)
was the defense
military alliance of
communist nations -
the Soviet Union and
its Eastern European
satellite states.

● West Germany was under western influence, and Eastern Germany under Soviet
influence. In 1948, the Soviets blockaded democratic, capitalist West Berlin
requiring the Berlin Airlift of food, fuel, medicine, etc.

● During the Suez Canal Crisis (1956-57), Egyptian president Gamal Nasser
nationalized the canal. Britain, France, and Israel invaded to reclaim the canal.
The United States denounced the imperialist move, and the Soviets threatened a
nuclear attack. The western powers withdrew, and Britain lost its status as a
great power.

● After the Soviet launch of Sputnik I in
1957, the U.S. and USSR competed in a
Space Race. Space technology provided
military power with the development of
ICBMs. The Americans won the
competition with the Apollo 11 moon
landing in 1969.

● Cuba allied with the USSR following a communist revolution in 1959. After a
counter-revoltion of U.S.-backed reactionaries failed during the Bay of Pigs
Invasion, the Soviets installed nuclear missiles in Cuba which prompted the
Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

● Since the
immesive
destructive
power of nuclear
weapons
guaranteed
Mutually
Assured
Destruction in
the event of
World War III,
the U.S. and
USSR competed
indirectly by
supporting allies
in proxy wars.

○ During the Korean War
(1950-1953),
communist North
Korea, with the aid of
communist China and
the USSR, invaded
democratic South Korea
which was defended by
the U.S. Rather than
escalating into a total
war, the conflict
remained a limited war
and ended in a
stalemate.

○ During the Vietnam War (1959-1975), communist North Vietnam, led by Ho
Chi Minh, invaded South Vietnam, which was defended by the U.S. North
Vietnam and the USSR also supported the Viet Cong, communist rebels in
South Vietnam. After the U.S. withdrew in 1973, the North conquered the
South and reunited Vietnam under communist leadership in 1975.

○ The socialist Sandinista party toppled the American-backed Somoza regime
in Nicaraga in 1979. The U.S., worried about the spread of communism in
Latin America, funded the Contras, an anti-communist reactionary force.

○ During the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989), the
U.S. supported Islamic mujahideen guerrilla
resistance fighters. After the Soviets withdrew, a
faction of these fighters known as the Taliban
established a repressive fundamentalist regime in
Afghanistan and provided a base to the Al-Qaeda
terrorist network.

8.4 Spread of Communism
● The Chinese Revolution of 1911 ended the Qing dynasty and the Chinese
imperial system. A short-lived republic led by Sun Yat-Sen emerged. China was
controlled by warlords.

● The Nationalist Kuomintang took
control in China. Their progressive
policies favored urban elites who
backed them, but they did not
have popular support.

● Students protested the
Treaty of Versailles during
May Fourth Movement of
1919, because of its
imperial rewards to Japan
at China’s expense. This
widespread movement led
to political change and the
rise of the Chinese
Communist Party (CCP).

● Thousands of
communists were
murdered by the
Kuomintang during
the Shanghai
Massacre of 1927
which began the
Chinese Civil War
(1927-1949).

● The Japanese invaded
Manchuria in 1931. The
Kuomintang focused their
military efforts against the
CCP rather than Japan.
However, the CCP’s People’s
Liberation Army resisted the
Japanese earning widespread
public support of the people.

● The CCP also
promoted
education, improved
social status for
women, and
peasant rebellion.
After Japan’s defeat
in World War II, the
CCP established the
People’s Republic
of China with the
backing of the
common people.
The Kuomintang
fled to Taiwan.

● In Africa, far-left communist regimes were established in Somalia, western Congo,
Ethiopia, Benin, Mozambique, and Angola.
● Left-leaning socialist states were established in Algeria, Central African Republic,
Egypt, and Libya.

● In Latin America, a communist regime was
established following the Cuban Revolution
(1959). The Communist FARC conducted a
failed guerrilla war in Colombia (1964-2016)
and Shining Path has led a communist
insurgency in Peru (1969-present).

8.5 Decolonization After 1900
● Indian nationalism grew
after World War I. The
Indian National Congress,
led by Mohandas Gandhi,
pushed for independence
through a non-violent
protest campaign. Britain
withdrew in 1947 and the
subcontinent was divided
into a Hindu-majority India
and Muslim-majority
Pakistan during the violent
Partition of India. East
Pakistan won independence
in 1971 as Bangladesh.

● Ho Chi Minh
founded the
Indochinese
Communist Party
and led a nationalist
independence
movement. In 1954,
the French
withdrew and
communist North
Vietnam
successfully waged
the Vietnam War
(1955-1975) of
reunification
against the South.

● The National Liberation Front led the
Algerian War of Independence
(1954-1962) from France. Brutal
French tactics led to the collapse of
the Fourth French Republic and
establishment of the Fifth Republic
under Charles de Gaulle who
accepted Algeria’s independence.

● Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana also followed
non-violent tactics. Ghanaians refused to
cooperate with British authorities and
boycotted British goods in a mostly
peaceful campaign. The Convention
People’s Party declared Ghana’s
independence in 1957.

● Nigeria was one of 17 African nations that won independence in 1960, the Year
of Africa. The ethnic Igbo people launched the Biafra secessionist movement
which was defeated during the Nigerian Civil War.

● In East Africa, the Mau Mau movement was a violent resistance to the British.
However, the end result was the same: the colony won independence as Kenya
in 1963.

● In Spain, the ETA used
terrorism from 1959 to
2011 in a failed effort to
win independence for
the Basque region,
while Catalans sought
independence for
Catalonia in the 2010s.

● In Canada, French-speaking nationalists advocated for the independence of
Quebec. An independence referendum narrowly failed in 1995.

8.6 Newly Independent States
● After WWII, Zionism resulted in UN
approval of the Jewish state of Israel.
○ Multiple British promises during
World War I complicated the
future of the Middle East
following the dissolution of the
Ottoman Empire:
■ McMahon-Hussein
Correspondence with Arabs
■ Sykes-Picot Agreement
with France
■ Balfour Declaration to
Jews

○ 1919: Palestine became a League of Nations mandate under British
authority. Jews immigrated and clashed with Palestinian Arabs.
○ 1948: The partition of Palestine and founding of Israel led to the First-Arab
Israeli War and failure to implement the Two-State Solution.

○ 1956: Suez Crisis – After
Egyptian nationalization of the
Suez Canal, Britain, France,
and Israel invaded Egypt but
withdrew due to a Soviet
nuclear threat and American
diplomatic protest.

○ 1967: Six-Day War – Israel
smashed Egyptian, Syrian,
and Jordanian forces and
occupied the Sinai Peninsula,
Gaza Strip, West Bank, and
Golan Heights.
○ 1973: Yom Kippur War –
Egypt and Syria launched a
surprise attack against Israel
that nearly provoked a
nuclear response. American
support for Israel during the
conflict led to the postwar
OPEC oil embargo.

○ 1979: Camp David Accords –
American President Jimmy Carter
mediated a peace agreement in
which Israel returned the Sinai
Peninsula to Egypt and Egypt
granted Israel diplomatic
recognition. Israel continues to
occupy the West Bank to the
present and has established
permanent settlements there.
○ The Palestinian Liberation Front
was a violent Arab nationalist
organization dedicated to the
destruction of Israel and refounding
of a state for Palestinians.

● From French Indochina:
○ North Vietnam captured the South
Vietnamese capital of Saigon in 1975,
and reunited Vietnam under communist
authority.
○ Communist extremists led by Pol Pot
captured Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh
in 1975. The Khmer Rouge murdered
around 1.5 million (about 1/4 of the
population) by depopulating urban centers
and forcibly relocating people to collective
farms during the Cambodian Genocide. The
slaughter ended when Vietnam invaded and
drove the Khmer Rouge from power in 1979.

● India:
○ Britain withdrew in 1947 and divided the
subcontinent into a Hindu-majority India
and Muslim-majority Pakistan. Millions
died during the Partition of India. Since
then, the two nation-states have fought
four wars, and both have developed
nuclear weapons.
○ Indira Gandhi demolished private sector
by nationalizing parts of the economy such
as banks, the insurance sector, and the
coal industry. Investors and entrepreneurs
had to seek governmental approval before
pursuing business opportunities.

● Egypt:
○ Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the
Suez Canal, encouraged the growth of the
middle class, broke up large estates, and
began construction of the Aswan Dam.

● Migrations were
largely motivated by
escaping economic
or political crises.
○ South Asians
to Britain
○ Filipinos to the
U.S.
○ Algerians to
France
○ Syrians and
Africans to
Europe

8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900
● Francisco Franco was the fascist dictator of Spain (1936-1975) who seized power
in the Spanish Civil War. He repressed separatist movements and championed
Catholicism.

● Idi Amin was the military dictator of Uganda (1971-1979).
He exiled South Asians and persecuted the Acholi and
Lango tribes.

● Mobutu Sese Seko was the autocratic dicator of Congo (1965-1997). He renamed
the country Zaire, maintained a cult of personality, committed countless human
rights violations, and amassed a vast personal fortune through exploitation and
corruption.

● Augusto Pinochet was
the right-wing dictator of
Chile (1974-1990) who
overthrew a
democratically-elected
socialist president in a
coup supported by the
American government.
Pinochet reversed leftist
reforms, killed
thousands of political
opponents, and
committed countless
human rights crimes.

● Al-Qaeda is a terrorist organization of Islamic
fundamentalists founded by Osama bin Laden.
It was originally founded to resist the Soviet
occupation of Afghanistan in the 1980s, but
turned its focus against the United States in the
1990s. Al-Qaeda conducted attacks on U.S.
embassies in Africa, and carried out the 9/11
terrorist attacks.
● ISIS was an Al-Qaeda splinter group that seized
control of much of eastern Syria and northern Iraq.

● Martin Luther King, Jr. led a non-violent campaign during the 1950s and 60s
against deep-rooted segregation in the U.S. His efforts led to the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.
● Nelson Mandela led the African National Congress against racial apartheid in
South Africa. After his release from jail, he became South Africa’s first black
president in 1994.

8.8 End of the Cold War
● The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
overextended the Soviet military.
● The U.S. invested heavily in a military build-
up and space exploration during the 1980s to
force the Soviets to deplete their resources in
an expensive arms race.

● Mikhail Gorbachev introduced modernization
policies to save the collapsing Soviet economy.
○ Perestroika introduced some free-market
policies.
○ Glasnost allowed greater freedom of press,
speech, and assembly.
○ Democratization allowed free elections for
leadership positions within the Communist
Party (not multi-party elections).
○ He withdrew Soviet forces from Afghanistan in
1989 and announced that the Soviet Union
would no longer use military force to maintain
communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

● 1989: Without Soviet
support, communist
governments collapse in
Poland, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, East
Germany, Romania, and
Bulgaria. The Fall of the
Berlin Wall on 11/09/89
symbolized the end of the
Cold War.

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