2. Objectives :
By the end of sesssion idions will be able to over the
systemic approach .
Define the bloom’s taxonomy .
Learning the domains of bloom ‘s taxonomy .
Explain The levels of thinking .
Bloom’s Taxonomy and Research.
Sources .
3. "Instruction is effective to the
degree that it succeeds in
changing students in desired
directions and not in undesired
directions."
Robert F. Mager
4. Definition of Behavioral
Objectives
"Intended change brought about in a learner."
(Popham, et. al. 1969)
"A statement of what students ought to be able to do
as a consequence of instruction." (Goodlad, in Popham
et al., 1969)
"Explicit formulations of ways in which students are
expected to be changed by the educative process."
(Bloom, 1956)
5. Definition of Behavioral
Objectives
"What the students should be able to do at the end of a
learning period that they could not do beforehand." (Mager,
1962)
"An objective is a description of a performance you want
learners to be able to exhibit before you consider them
competent. An objective describes an intended result of
instruction, rather than the process of instruction itself."
(Mager, 1975)
"Properly constructed education objectives represent
relatively specific statements about what students should
be able to do following instruction." (Gallagher and Smith,
1989)
6. Definition of Behavioral
Objectives
According to Guilbert (1984) in article entitled "How to
Devise Educational Objectives" the qualities of specific
learning objectives are:
Relevant
Unequivocal
Feasible
Logical
Observable
Measurable
7. Characteristics of effective objectives as
described by Westberg and Jason (1993) in
Collaborative Clinical Education.
Consistent with overall goals of the school
Clearly stated
Realistic and doable
Appropriate for learners' stages of development
Appropriately comprehensive
Worthy, complex outcomes
Not treated as if they were etched in stone
Not regarded as the only valuable outcomes
8. What is it???
Bloom’s Taxonomy is a chart of ideas
Named after
the creator,
Benjamin
Bloom
A Taxonomy is an
arrangement of
ideas
or a way to
group things
together
10. Who is Dr. Benjamin Bloom??
He was a teacher,
thinker, & inventor
He worked at a
college
He created a list
about how we think
about thinking… you
may want to read
that again!
1913-1999
11. Purpose and Function of Behavioral
Objectives
Guide for the teacher relative to
the design of instruction
Guide for the teacher for
evaluation/test design (e.g.
written tests, OSCEs, etc)
Guide for the learner relative to
learning focus
Guide for the learner relative to
self assessment
Statements of objectives tell
others what we value.
Causes careful thinking about
what is to be accomplished
through instruction.
Helps relationship between
teacher and learner because with
explicit objectives the instructor
is viewed less in an adversarial
role because students are not
forced to guess what is to be
learned.
Enhances possibility to create
focused independent learning
materials.
12. Purpose and Function of Behavioral
Objectives
Makes teaching more directed and
organized.
Communicates to colleagues what
you are teaching thus enhancing
collaboration and teamwork with
colleagues.
Helps facilitate those situations in
which we want students to
demonstrate competency (The
objectives can be specified in such
as way as to specify competency.)
Aids in program evaluation
Forces teacher to think carefully
about what is important
Helps avoid unnecessary repetitions
in teaching
Helps bridge the gap between
vague, but relevant, and
important, institutional goals and
actual instruction
Provides visibility and
accountability of decisions made
by teachers and learners.
Provides models for the creation
of objectives by students
Helps students make decisions
regarding prioritizing
Provides feedback to learners as
objectives are accomplished.
13. LEARNING DOMAINS OF BLOOM ‘S
TAXONOMY
The committee identified three domains of educational activities or
learning .
Cognitive:
Mental skill ( knowledge )
Affective :
Growth in feeling or emotional areas ( Attitude or self )
Psychomotor :
Manual or physical skills .
14. COGNITIVE DOMAIN
The cognitive domain involves knowledge and the development of
intellectual skills (Bloom, 1956).
This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural
patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual
abilities and skills.
15. COGNITIVE DOMAIN
There are six major categories of cognitive an
processes, starting from the simplest to the most
complex (see the table below for an in-Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
depth coverage of each category):
16. Cognitive Processes and Levels
While Bloom's original cognitive taxonomy did mention
three levels of knowledge or products that could be
processed, they were not discussed very much and
remained one-dimensional:
Factual - The basic elements students must know to be
acquainted with a discipline or solve problems.
Conceptual – The interrelationships among the basic
elements within a larger structure that enable them to
function together.
Procedural - How to do something, methods of inquiry,
and criteria for using skills, algorithms, techniques, and
methods.
17. Affective Domain
The affective domain is one of three
domains in Bloom's Taxonomy, with the other
two being
The affective domain (Krathwohl, Bloom,
Masia, 1973) includes the manner in which
we deal with things emotionally, such as
feelings, values, appreciation,
enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes.
The five major categories are listed from
the simplest behavior to the most complex:
18. Affective Domain
Receiving Phenomena:
Awareness, willingness to hear,
selected attention.
Examples:
Listen to others with respect. Listen
for and remember the name of newly
introduced people.
Key Words:
acknowledge, asks, attentive,
courteous, dutiful, follows, gives,
listens, understands
19. Affective Domain
Responds to Phenomena:
Active participation on the part of the learners.
Attend and react to a particular phenomenon.
Learning outcomes may emphasize compliance in
responding, willingness to respond, or satisfaction in
responding (motivation).
Examples:
Participates in class discussions. Gives a presentation.
Questions new ideals, concepts, models, etc. in order to fully
understand them. Know the safety rules and practice them.
Key Words:
answers, assists, aids, complies, conforms, discusses, greets,
helps, labels, performs, presents, tells
20. Affective Domain
Valuing:
The worth or value a person attaches to a particular object,
phenomenon, or behavior. This ranges from simple acceptance to
the more complex state of commitment. Valuing is based on the
internalization of a set of specified values, while clues to these
values are expressed in the learner's overt behavior and are often
identifiable.
Examples:
Demonstrates belief in the democratic process. Is sensitive
towards individual and cultural differences (value diversity). Shows
the ability to solve problems. Proposes a plan to social
improvement and follows through with commitment. Informs
management on matters that one feels strongly about.
Key Words:
appreciates, cherish, treasure, demonstrates, initiates, invites,
joins, justifies, proposes, respect, shares
21. Affective Domain
Organization:
Organizes values into priorities by contrasting different values,
resolving conflicts between them, and creating an unique value
system. The emphasis is on comparing, relating, and synthesizing
values.
Examples:
Recognizes the need for balance between freedom and responsible
behavior. Explains the role of systematic planning in solving
problems. Accepts professional ethical standards. Creates a life
plan in harmony with abilities, interests, and beliefs. Prioritizes
time effectively to meet the needs of the organization, family, and
self.
Key Words :
compares, relates, synthesizes
22. Affective Domain
Internalizes Values
(characterization): Has a value system that controls their behavior.
The behavior is pervasive, consistent, predictable, and most
important characteristic of the learner. Instructional objectives are
concerned with the student's general patterns of adjustment
(personal, social, emotional).
Examples:
Shows self-reliance when working independently. Cooperates in
group activities (displays teamwork). Uses an objective approach
in problem solving. Displays a professional commitment to
ethical practice on a daily basis. Revises judgments and changes
behavior in light of new evidence. Values people for what they are,
not how they look.
Key Words:
acts, discriminates, displays, influences, modifies, performs,
qualifies, questions, revises, serves, solves, verifie
23. Psychomotor Domain
The psychomotor domain (Simpson, 1972)
includes physical movement,
coordination, and use of the motor-skill
areas. Development of these skills
requires practice and is measured in
terms of speed, precision, distance,
procedures, or techniques in execution.
Thus, psychomotor skills rage from
manual tasks, such as digging a ditch or
washing a car, to more complex tasks,
such as operating a complex piece of
machinery or dancing.
24. Psychomotor Domain
The seven major categories are listed from the simplest
behavior to
Perception (awareness):
The ability to use sensory cues to guide motor activity. This
ranges from sensory stimulation, through cue selection, to
translation.the most complex:
Examples:
Detects non-verbal communication cues. Estimate where a ball
will land after it is thrown and then moving to the correct location
to catch the ball. Adjusts heat of stove to correct temperature by
smell and taste of food. Adjusts the height of the forks on a forklift
by comparing where the forks are in relation to the pallet.
Key Words:
chooses, describes, detects, differentiates, distinguishes,
identifies, isolates, relates, sele
25. Psychomotor Domain
Set:
Readiness to act. It includes mental, physical, and emotional sets.
These three sets are dispositions that predetermine a person's
response to different situations (sometim
Examples:
Knows and acts upon a sequence of steps in a manufacturing
process. Recognize one's abilities and limitations. Shows desire to
learn a new process (motivation). NOTE: This subdivision of
Psychomotor is closely related with the “Responding to
phenomena” subdivision of the Affective domain.
Key Words:
begins, displays, explains, moves, proceeds, reacts, shows,
states, volunteees called mindsets).
26. Psychomotor Domain
Mechanism (basic proficiency): This is the intermediate
stage in learning a complex skill. Learned responses
have become habitual and the movements can be
performed with some confidence and proficiency.
Examples:
Use a personal computer. Repair a leaking faucet.
Drive a car.
Key Words:
assembles, calibrates, constructs, dismantles,
displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates,
measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches.
27. Psychomotor Domain
Guided Response:
The early stages in learning a complex skill that
includes imitation and trial and error. Adequacy of
performance is achieved by practicing.
Examples:
Performs a mathematical equation as demonstrated.
Follows instructions to build a model. Responds
hand-signals of instructor while learning to operate a
forklift.
Key Words:
copies, traces, follows, react, reproduce, responds
28. Psychomotor Domain
Complex Overt Response (Expert): The skillful
performance of motor acts that involve complex movement
patterns. Proficiency is indicated by a quick, accurate, and highly
coordinated performance, requiring a minimum of energy. This
category includes performing without hesitation, and automatic
performance. For example, players are often utter sounds of
satisfaction or expletives as soon as they hit a tennis ball or throw
a football, because they can tell by the feel of the act what the
result will produce.
Examples: Maneuvers a car into a tight parallel parking spot.
Operates a computer quickly and accurately. Displays competence
while playing the piano.
Key Words: assembles, builds, calibrates, constructs,
dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates,
measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches.
NOTE: The Key Words are the same as Mechanism, but will have
adverbs or adjectives that indicate that the performance is
29. Psychomotor Domain
Adaptation:
Skills are well developed and the individual can modify
movement patterns to fit special requirements.
Examples:
Responds effectively to unexpected experiences. Modifies
instruction to meet the needs of the learners. Perform a
task with a machine that it was not originally intended to
do (machine is not damaged and there is no danger in
performing the new task).
Key Words:
adapts, alters, changes, rearranges, reorganizes, revises,
varies.
30. Psychomotor Domain
Origination:
Creating new movement patterns to fit a particular
situation or specific problem. Learning outcomes
emphasize creativity based upon highly developed
skills.
Examples:
Constructs a new theory. Develops a new and
comprehensive training programming. Creates a new
gymnastic routine.
Key Words:
arranges, builds, combines, composes, constructs,
creates, designs, initiate, makes, originates.
31. The levels of thinking
There are six levels of
learning according to Dr.
Bloom
The levels build on one
another. The six levels all
have to do with thinking.
Level one is the lowest
level of thinking of
thinking
Level six is the highest
level of thinking
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
32. New names??
Some people have
renamed these levels
to make them easier
to remember
Some people even
switch the last two
levels around
Knowledge- Remembering
Comprehension- Understanding
Application- Applying
Analysis- Analyzing
Synthesis- Creating
Evaluation- Evaluation
33. Knowledge or Remembering
observation and recall of
information
knowledge of dates,
events, places
knowledge of major ideas
mastery of subject matter
Key words:
list, define, tell, describe,
identify, show, label,
collect, examine, tabulate,
quote, name, who, when,
where, etc.
37. Application or Applying
use information
use methods, concepts,
theories in new
situations
solve problems using
required skills or
knowledge
Key words:
apply, demonstrate,
calculate, complete,
illustrate, show, solve,
examine, modify, relate,
change, classify,
experiment, discover
41. Synthesis or Creating
use old ideas to create new
ones
generalize from given facts
relate knowledge from several
areas
predict, draw conclusions
Key words:
combine, integrate, modify,
rearrange, substitute, plan,
create, design, invent, what
if?, compose, formulate,
prepare, generalize, rewrite
43. Evaluation or Evaluating
compare and discriminate
between ideas
assess value of theories,
presentations
make choices based on
reasoned argument
verify value of evidence
recognize subjectivity
Key words
assess, decide, rank, grade,
test, measure, recommend,
convince, select, judge,
explain, discriminate,
support, conclude, compare,
summarize
45. Bloom’s Taxonomy and Research
When doing research you should
always start with the lower levels
of thinking
You must have basic knowledge
before you can advance to
deeper ideas
One great way to improve your
knowledge is to READ, READ,
READ about your research topic
When doing research, always be
sure to stretch your thinking to
the higher levels of thinking
After you’ve explored your basic
knowledge base, challenge your
self to new ideas
Always keep a Bloom’s Taxonomy
“cheat” sheet with you to help
you hit the higher levels of
thinking
46. Bloom’s Taxonomy- Do it…
Print out the next
slide. This is a kid’s
friendly copy of
Bloom’s Taxonomy
and put it in your
research folder for
quick reference.
