The Basic concept about Carbohydrates.

2.  most abundant compounds on earth
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen atoms.
The formula for a carbohydrate is (CH2O)n
The n represents the number of times the CH2O unite
is repeated.

3.  Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

4.  A Monosaccharide is made up of 1 sugar
unit.
 Monos are reducing sugars.
 The common monosaccharides are :
oGlucose
oFructose
oGalactose

5. The chemical formula for glucose is
C6H12O6
serves as the essential energy source,
and is commonly known as blood sugar
or dextrose.
Sources of glucose includes starch,
the major storage form of
carbohydrate in plant

6. •The
structure on
the left is a
simplified
structure of
glucose

7.  “fruit sugar”
Fructose is the sweetest, occurs naturally
in honey and fruits, and is added to many
foods in the form of high-fructose corn
syrup.

8. •The structure
on the left is a
simplified
structure of
fructose

9. Galactose rarely occurs naturally as a
single sugar.
 Galactose is not normally found in
nature in large quantities, however, it
combines with glucose to form lactose in
milk

10. •The structure
on the left is a
simplified
structure of
galactose

11.  This is when two monosaccharides join to form
a Disaccharide.
 The reaction involves the water been given off.

12.  means “two sugars”
 formed by a condensation reaction where
one molecule of water condenses or is
released during the joining of two
monosaccharides
The common disaccharides are:
 sucrose
 lactose
 maltose

13.  sucrose is found in common table sugar
It is composed of glucose and fructose
 found naturally in plants: sugarcane,
sugar beets, honey and maple syrup

14. Glucose + Fructose =
SUCROSE

15.  “milk sugar”
 it is composed of galactose and glucose
It is found in milk and milk products
 The bond formed between two
monosaccharides is called a beta
glycosidic bond

16. Glucose + Galactose = LACTOSE

17. derives its name from its presence in malt,
the juice from sprouted barley and other
cereal grains
 is the final disaccharide and consists of
two glucose joined by an alpha glycosidic
bond

18. Glucose + Glucose = MALTOSE

19.  are usually monomers and consist of
thousands of repeating glucose units.
Types of Polysaccharides
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose

20.  the major storage form of carbohydrate in
plants
 Found in rice, corn, barley, potatoes,
tubers, and legumes
 Starch consists of two compounds:
 Amylose – this is made up of a single
chain of α glucose molecules that form
spirals
 amylopectin – this is made up of
branched chains of α glucose

21. Amylose Amylopectin

22. • Storage form of glucose in the body
•Provides a rapid release of energy when needed

23.  form cell walls in plant cells
 also called fiber or ruffage
 The role of cellulose is to impart
strength and rigidity to plant cell walls,
which can withstand high hydrostatic
pressure gradients.

24. The polysaccharide cellulose is composed of
glucose units connected by β glycosidic bonds