This document discusses monosaccharides, which are the simplest form of carbohydrates. It defines monosaccharides as sugars that cannot be broken down further through hydrolysis. The key types are discussed as well as their physical and chemical properties. Monosaccharides play important roles as energy sources and in building other biomolecules. While necessary in moderation, disorders can arise from too much consumption like obesity and diabetes. A balanced diet incorporating complex carbohydrates is recommended for health.

1. monosaccharides
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. SYNOPSSIS
 WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATE?
 CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE?
 WHAT IS MONOSACCHARIDE?
 CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDE.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTY.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTY.
 ATRUCTURAL FORMULA.
 METABOLISM .
 IMPORTANCE OF MONOSACCHARIDE.
 IMPORTANT FACT RELATED TO MONOSACCHARIDE.
 DISORDER OF MONOSACCHARIDE
 CONCLUSION.
 REFRANCES.

3. WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATE?
 The organic compound which yield polyhydric aldehydes and
ketones on hydrolysis are called as carbohydrate.
 They are consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which are
found in ratio of 1:2:1.
 General formula of carbohydrate is CnH2nOn.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE.
 Carbohydrate are of following type-
 MONOSACCHARIDE-
• They are those sugar which cannot be hydrolyzed into still
smaller carbohydrate.
• Example- glucose , fructose.

5.  DISACCHARIDE
• They are the sugar composed of two molecules of same or
different monosaccharide united by glycosidic linkage.
• Example –. Sucrose , Maltose , lactose
 POLYSACCHARIDE
• They are the complex carbohydrate which are formed from
the condensation of several molecules of monosaccharides.
• Example-starch, glycogen, hemicellulose.

6. WHAT IS MONOSACCHARIDE?
• Three to eight carbons in length
• One of the carbons is in a carbonyl group, and the rest are
attached to hydroxyl groups
• Two types of monosaccharide:
Aldose: carbonyl group is on the first carbon.
Ketose: carbonyl group is on the second carbon as a ketone.
• Monosaccharide are specified by the suffix “ose”

7. A CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES
• Monosaccharide are classified according to-
(1) The number of carbon atoms present in a molecule.
(2) Whether they contain an aldehyde or keto group.
three carbon atom triose
four carbon atom tetrose
five carbon atom pentose
six carbon atom hexose

8. • These two classification are frequently combined.
example-
C4 aldose aldotetrose
C5 ketose ketopentose

9. Types of monosaccharide

10. PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF MONOSACCHARIDE
 ASYMMETRIC CARBON:
• All monosaccharide contain one or more asymmetric carbon atom
and these occur in optically active isomeric forms.
 D-dextrorotatory and L-levorotatory:
• The asymmetric carbon are able to rotate polarized light either to
left side which is called levorotatory or right side called
dextrorotatory.
• Dextrorotatory sugar are more common as compared to
levorotatory one.

11. IMAGE OF DEXTRORORATORY & LEVORORATORY

12. CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF MONOSACCHARIDE
 REDUCING NATURE:
• All the monosaccharide are reducing sugars. The property is
due to presence of free aldehyde or ketone group.
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO +2H CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH
FRUCTOSE SORBITOL
• The test is used to detect glucose in urine.
 GLYCOSIDIC BOND:
• It is bond established between two monosaccharide (C-O-C)
or another substance establishing an oxygen or nitrogen atom
between the two.

14. ARTACTURAL FORMULA OF MONOSACCHARIDE
 FISCHER PROJECTION:
In fischer projection formulas, horizontal bonds project out of
the plane of the paper toward the reader, vertical bonds
project behind the plane of the paper away from the reader.
CHO
H OH
HO H
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
CHO
CH OH
C
C
HO H
C
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
CHO
HHO
OHH
OHH
H OH
CH2OH
Fisher projection
formula
Cirele-and-line
formula
Wedge-line-dashed
wedge formula
1 2 3

15. METABOLISM OF MONOSACCHARIDE
 PLANT METABOLISM:
• Carbohydrate are the most abudent organic constituents of
plants .
• Carbohydrate are synthesized in green plants by
photosynthesis.
• Carbohydrate can be released energy when animals or plants
metabolize them to carbon-di-oxide and water.
photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2
respiration glucose

16. GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN PLANTS

18. GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN HUMAN
• The monosaccharide glucose, fructose obtained from the
food and transported from intestinal mucosa via the portal
vein to the liver.
• Insulin control the uptake and metabolism of glucose in body
tissue. And play major role in regulation of the blood glucose.

19. CELLULER METABOLISM
• Carbohydrate metabolism begins with glycolysis , it is process
in one molecule in converted into two molecules of pyruvic
acid under enzymatic control.
• Pyruvate enter the krebs cycle an oxygen is requiring process ,
through which they are completely oxidized.
• The hydrogen in carbohydrate is carried to electron transport
chain ,where the energy is converted in ATP molecules.
• Metabolism of one molecule of glucose yield 38 molecules of
ATP.

21. IMAGE OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN HUMAN

22. FUNCTION OF MONOSACCHARIDE
(1) Glucose, fructose and galactoses are used as food by animals.
Galacotoses and fructose are converted into glucose by liver.
(2) Ribose and deoxyribose are the constituents of nucleic acid
and nucleotides.
(3) In animals fats and amino acid are formed from glucose.
(4) It is used in formation of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
(5) Glucose is blood sugar.

23. INTERSTING FACTS RELATED TO MONOSACCHARIDE
• WEIGHT LOSS FORMULA
Today with the increasing popularity of carbohydrate free
diets .The term carbohydrate has almost become a “dirty
word”.

24.  Carbohydrate are necessary for energy production and
storage and immune system function.
Without carbohydrate you could not survive for more than 30
days.
 Single hexoses, glucose require no digestion and can be be
adsorbed into the bloodstream.
 Fructose are more sweeter then glucose.
 Galactoses is less sweeter then glucose and is known as brain
sugar because it produce large amount of energy with a small
amount of consumption.

25. DISORDER RELATED TO MONOSACCHARID
 OBESITY:
• The most commonly known carbohydrate disorder is obesity
or more weight gain, it is caused due to more consumption of
diet contain monosaccharide.
 DIBETES:
• If your body cannot produce enough insulin to metabolize the
sugar you eat you may develop diabetes.

26. IMAGES RELATED WITH DIBETES

27.  CAVITIES
• cavities are caused in teeth when highly sweeter food are
consumed and its remain stay their for long time.

28. CONCLUSION
• Eating a balanced diet that included complex carbohydrate
like whole grain, fruits and vegetable is the best way to loss
weight and stay healthy.

29. REFRENCES
• NELSON AND COX -5th EDITION.
• J .L JAIN
• S.P JAIN
• IMAGES FROM INTERNET.
• WWW.FITDIET.COM