1. GRAMMAR BOOK
By: Carla Shockey

2. TABLE OF CONTINENTS
Preterite
 Imperfect
 Por/Para
 Possesive Adjectives and Pronouns
 Usted/Ustedes Command
 Present Subjuntivos
 Subjuctive with Verbs of Will and Influence
 Subjunctive with Verbs of Emotion
 Subjunctive with Verbs of Doubt, Disbelief, and
Denial
 Subjunctive with Conjunctions


4. When can you use Imperfect?
-To speak about how old someone is
-To say what time it is
-To talk about something you do as a habit
-To speak about background events in a story

5. POR/PARA





Por is used in several idiomatic expressions.
por aqui- around here
Por ejemplo- for example
Por fin- finally
Por eso- that’s why
* When giving an exact time, de is used instead
of por before la manana, la tarde, and la noche. *
•Often, either por or para can be used in a sentence.
•The meaning of the sentence changes, depending
•on which one is used.*
 Para
 Destination
 Deadline or specific time in future
 Purpose of goal
 Recipient of something
 Comparison or opinions ( for, considering)
 Employment


7. USTED/USTEDES COMMAND





Put in the “yo” form
Drop the “o” and change to opposite vowel (ar >e, er/ir>a)
Answer the question of Affirmative or Negative?
If Affirmative……
- Attach the pronoun to affirmative command
If Negative…
- Place the pronoun in front of the negative verb
- Then the negatives are formed the same was as
affirmative but put “no” in front.
- For affirmative usted or ustedes command you replace –
ar verbs with e/en and –er/ir with a/an

8. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVES
What are the Characteristics of Present
Subjunctives?
 2 clauses, special verbs, que, two different
subjects
 Examples
 Es importante que lo arregles y es bueno que
sucudas los muebles tambien.

Es bueno
que…
Es importante
que…
Es mejor
que…
Es necesario
que…
Es urgente
que…
Es malo
que…

9. SUBJUNCTIVES WITH VERBS OF WILL AND
INFLUENCE
A direct pronoun is always used before a verb of
will and influence.
 When using verbs of will and influence, you still
need all the factors.
 However, you use verbs that will influence the
subject.
Rogar(o:ue)

Aconsejar:
to advise
Insistir(en):t
o insist on
Prohibir:t
o prohibit
Importar:
to be
important
:to
beg,plead
Recomender
(e:ie): to
recommend
Mandar:t
o order
Sugerir(
e:ie): to
suggest

10. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF EMOTION
When feeling of emotions, such as hope or fear, are
used in the main cause of a sentence, the
subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.
 The infinitive is used when there is no change in
subject from the first verb to the second.
 The verbs ojalar is always followed by subjunctive
and que is optional.

Verb
Alegrarse
Soprender
Ojalar
Sentir(e:ie)
Temer
Es Triste

11. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF DOUBT,
DISBELIEF, AND DENIAL



Indicative is used when there is no doubt or uncertainty.
The subjunctive is used in a sentence where there are two
subjects and the main clause shows negation or uncertainty.
The word quizas and tal vez are followed by the subjunctive
because they suggest doubt.
Subjunctive
Indicative
No es cierto
Dudar
Es cierto
No dudar
Es improbable
Negar (e:ie)
Estar seguro
No negar
Es imposible
Creer

12. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH CONJUNCTIONS

Subjunctive is used with conjunctions when a sentence provides
-A hypothetical situation
-Uncertainty about an action
-Unfulfilled condition

When there are usually gerunds, the verb is replaced with a subjunctive

Use the indicative if the main clause expresses a habitual action or a past action

When using conjunctions from the “both” category, only use subjunctive if the main
clause uses a future action or command.
Always Subjunctive
Preposition> infinitive
A menos que
Antes de
Antes de que
Para
Con tal de que
Both
En caso de que
Cuando
Para que
Despues de que
Sin que
En cuanto
Hasta que
Tan pronto como
Sin