hazardous waste management

1. OVERVIEW OF HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT
IN INDIA
Dr LAKSHMI RAGHUPATHY
Additional Director
Ministry of Environment & Forests
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
ISSUES & DIMENSIONS
· Generation of huge quantities as per the Report of the HPC in 2000 about 4.4
million tonnes of hw generated in the country (2000) As per the latest data ~
8.0 million T (2007)
· States of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu account for
over 63% of total hazardous waste generated.
· HW contains complex chemicals
· Indiscriminate disposal
· Harmful effects on human health & environment
ACTS & REGULATIONS GOVERNING INDUSTRIES HANDLING
HAZARDOUS WASTES:
· The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and amendments
thereunder.
· The Air Pollution (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and amendments
thereunder.
· The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
LEGAL INSTRUMENT FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT
Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989, amended in 2000 & 2003,
notified under the Environment (P) Act, 1986
OBJECTIVE: To put in place an effective mechanism to regulate the generation,
collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes both
indigenously generated and imported.
DEFINITION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES:
Hazardous Wastes as defined in the HWR 2003
“Wastes which by reasons of any physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,
explosive, corrosive characteristics can cause danger or is likely to cause danger to
health and environment, whenever alone or in contact with other wastes or
environment. “

2. HAZARDOUS WASTES (M&H) RULES:
· Environment (p) act, 1986
· Hazardous wastes (M&H) rules , 1989-2003
· Ministry of Environment & Forest (nodal agency)
· State govt. & state PCB/PCC (implementing agency)
SALIENT FEATURES OF HAZARDOUS WASTES RULES:
· A comprehensive definition for HW provided
· Hazardous waste categorized.
· Schedule 1 36 HW generating processes & waste streams under each process.
· Schedule 2 78 HW categories with threshold limits.
· Schedule 3 list of HW regulated for import and export. List harmonized with
Annex-VIII and Annex-IX of Basal Convention and EXIM policy.
· Schedule 4 -22 Categories of HW (non-ferrous metal wastes) for recycling.
· Schedule 8 -29 categories of HWs prohibited for import/export.
· All HW generators to obtain authorization from SPCBs
· Colour coded manifest system provided for tracking of HW.
· Import of HW prohibited for dumping/disposal but allowed for
recycling/reprocessing
· Provisions made for development of waste disposal sites.
· Registration with CPCB made mandatory for recyclers of identified hazardous
wastes.
· Technology and standards for re-refining/recycling used/waste oil provided.
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
HAZARDOUS WASTES (M&H) RULES: IDENTIFICATION OF DISPOSAL SITES
· Rule - 8 occupier/operator - identification & establishment hw disposal
facility
· Rule - 8 state govt. , operator & association Inventorization & Identifiation ,
through EIA studies
· Rule - 8 state govt. Notification of sites after EIA & public hearing
· Rule - 8 a design & setting up facility
· Rule - 8 b operation & closure
TREATMENT STORAGE & DISPOSAL FACILITIES (TSDF)
· Many large scale industries have on-site facilities for disposal of HWs.

3. · Common TSDF has been envisaged for Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs).
· TSDF is set up as a Joint Venture – Public –Private Partnership involving
Central Govt., State Govt., and private sector or industry association.
· Central Govt. subsidy of Rs. 2.00 Crores per TSDF given, provided an equal
grant is given by the State Government
HAZARDOUS WASTES DISPOSAL
TREATMENT STORAGE & DISPOSAL FACILITIES (TSDF) SET UP SO FAR
Trans-thane creek – Maharashtra
Rangareddy district – Andhra Pradesh
Ankaleshwar – Gujarat
Surat – Gujarat
Haldia - West Bengal
Kochi- Kerala
Some more facilities are proposed to be set up in the States of Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka, Delhi, Maharashtra, Haryana etc.
RECYCLING OF HW IN ESM
RECYCLING & REUSE OF HAZARDOUS WASTES IN AN ESM
· Registration of recyclers and re-refiners
-To ensure recycling & reuse of HW in ESM
· HW sale & import permitted only to the units registered with MOE & F.
· Units with valid consents under water act 1974, air act 1981 & Authorization.
under HW(M&H) rules are only permitted
· E S technologies for re-processing hw prescribed
· ESM for storage, treatment & disposal of waste generated thereof
BASEL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
INDIA’S STATUS.
· Signed Basel convention in march 1990
· Ratified in June 1992.
· Ministry of environment & forests - nodal ministry of GOI.
· Competent authority - secretary, MOE & F.
· Focal point - joint secretary – Incharge HW
· India has not ratified the ban amendments as India has ESM recycling
capabilities and requires waste for recycling.
· Not ratified liability protocol.

4. LEAD ACID BATTERIES MANAGEMENT
ISSUES
· Indiscriminate disposal of lead acid batteries
· Backyard smelting of lead
· Harmful effects on human health & environment
· Absence of regulated channels for collection and recycling of batteries
· Huge qty of used batteries imported
· Increase in vehicular population
· Economics of recycling
· Absence of regulations
BATTERIES (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES 2001
THE BATTERIES (M&H) RULES, 2001 promulgated under the Environment
Protection Act, 1986 for regulating the lead acid batteries.
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of these rules is to provide for tracking and
canalization of the lead acid batteries to ensure that used batteries are collected and
recycled in an environmentally sound manner. The manufacturers, importers, assemblers
etc., have been entrusted with specific responsibilities under these rules. The system of
filing half-yearly returns provides for the tracking of the used lead acid batteries
MANAGEMENT OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES
Sources
New batteries
Used batteries (waste)
Vehicles - cars, buses, trucks, bikes etc.
Bulk waste
Individual batteries
Imports/indegenous production
BATTERIES (MANAGEMENT HANDLING) RULES, 2001
Responsibilities Of Manufacturer,
Importer, Assembler Reconditioner (Rule - 4)
ı Ensure Used Batteries - Collected For New Canalized To Original
Manufacturer.
ı File Returns - Half Yearly
ı Set Up Collection Centers
ı Ensure Sending To Registered Recyclers
ı Ensure Safe Transportation
ı Create Public Awareness

5. ı Buy Lead From Registered Recyclers
ı Use International Recycling Sign
BATTERIES (MANAGEMENT HANDLING) RULES, 2001
RESPONSIBILITIES OF IMPORTERS (RULE - 5 6)
Registered With MOEF (Form Ii)
Customs Clearance
Undertaking (Form Iii)
Half Yearly Returns (Form Iv)
RESPONSIBILITIES OF DEALERS
Collection of Batteries
Discount On Used Batteries
Half Yearly Returns
Safe Storage Transportation
BATTERIES (MANAGEMENT HANDLING) RULES, 2001
FORMS I-IX
Form I - Filing Returns On Sale of New Batteries Collection of Used Batteries
(M,A,R)
Form II - Registration Of Importers
Form III - Undertaking
Form IV - Returns On Sale Of Batteries (Importer)
Form V - Returns by Dealers
Form VI - Registration
Form VII - Returns by Recyclers
Form VIII- Returns by Bulk Consumers
Form IX - Returns Auctioneers
BATTERIES (MANAGEMENT HANDLING) RULES, 2001
IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES
· Ministry Of EF
· Prescribed Authority
· Central Pollution Control Board
· State Pollution Control Boards/Committees
· Director General Foreign Trade (DGFT)
· Port Authorities
· Customs Authorities

6. RECYCLING REUSE OF USED LEAD ACID BATTERIES IN AN ESM
Objective: to channelize the indigenously generated and imported lead acid batteries to
only those units having facilities/technologies for reprocessing the wastes in an
Environmentally Sound Manner (ESM). The base materials are recovered.
· Scheme for registration of recyclers re-processors to ensure recycling
reuse of hw in ESM
· Units with valid consents under water act 1974, air act 1981
authorisation under hw(MH) rules are registered.
· Sale permitted only to the units registered with CPCB
· E S technology for processing HW
· Storage, treatment disposal of waste generated thereof in ESM with an
aim to establish ESM facilities for recycling
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
What is E-Waste?
Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Comprises Of Waste Electronic Goods Which Are
Not Fit For Their Originally Intended Use. Air Conditioner, Cellular Phone,
Personal Stereos, Computers
E-Waste Contains Toxic Substances And Chemicals, Which Are Likely To Have
Adverse Effect On Environment And Health, If Not Handled Properly E-Waste
Is Hazardous Only If It Contains Hazardous Constitutents.
TOXIC CONSTITUENTS OF E-WASTE
COMPONENTS CONSTITUENTS
Printed circuit boards Lead and cadmium
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) Lead oxide and Cd
Switches flat screen monitors Mercury
Computer batteries Cadmium
Capacitors and transformers PCB
Printed circuit boards, plastic Brominated flame casings cable
retardant
Cable insulation/coating PVC
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO (FINDINGS STATED IN REPORT BY BAN)
50% To 80% E-Wastes Collected Are Exported For Recycling By U.S. Export Is
Legal In U.S.
Export Is Due To Cheaper Labour And Laxed Standards In Developing Countries.
E-Waste Recycling And Disposal In China, India And Pakistan Are Highly
Polluting.
China Has Banned Import Of E-Waste

7. Lack Of Responsibility On The Part Of Federal Govt And Electronics Industry,
Consumers, Recyclers And Local
GOVERNMENTS TOWARDS VIABLE AND SUSTAINABLE OPTIONS FOR
DISPOSAL OF E-WASTES.
LEGAL PROVISIONS FOR E-WASTE
(A) HW RULES, 1989
· Waste Generated In Electronic Industry Covered In Schedule 1 (31).
· Schedule 2 Contaminations To Be Applied In Case Of Their Disposal
· Schedule 3 At Sl.No.A1180: Waste Electrical And Electronic Assemblies (For
Exim)
· Schedule 3 At Sl.No.B1110: Electrical And Electronic Assemblies Not Valid For
Direct Reuse But For Recycling (For Exim).
· (B) Basel
· A1180: Annex 8 (Cd, Hg, Pb, Pcb) To The Extent That Exhibit Annex Iii
Characterstic-Hazardous
· B1110: Annex Ix Mirror Entry Of A1180
INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR E-WASTE MANAGEMENT:
Need Assessment Study On E-Waste
Assessment Of Current Scenario: Qualification, Characteristics, Existing Disposal
Practices Environmental Impacts Etc.
Projections For Next 10 Years Regarding Consumption And Waste Generation Of
Electronic Goods Particularly Pc Its Accessories, Fax, Photocopiers Etc.
Regulatory Mechanism in Other Countries (OECD and Non-OECD and
Comparison with Indian Conditions Particularly With Regard To Regulation of
Impact.
Possibility Of Collection System And Requirement Of Legal Instruments
INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
Environmentally Sound Technologies and Methods For Recycling And Recovery.
Suggestions for Fiscal Incentives to Promote Recycling.
Technical Feasibility of Setting up Of Model Facility (Demonstration Project).
Areas of Bilateral /Multilateral Cooperation.
Training And Field Visits
INTERVENTIONS FOR E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
· Policy
· Technical

8. · Financial
· Implementation Capacity Building
POLICY
· Definition Of E-Waste For Regulation
· Import And Export Regulatory Regime
· Access To EST ESM
· Facilitation Development Of Infrastructure
INTERVENTIONS FOR E-WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNICAL
INTERVENTIONS
· Restriction For Use Of Toxic Material
· Use Of Environmentally Friendly Material
· Development Of Criteria For Recovery And Disposal
· Design And Engineering Interventions
· Adoptability For Upgradation
GOAL AND EXPECTED RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND
MANAGEMENT OF E-WASTE
· Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country
· Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste in
India
· Proper collection and recycling of E-Waste
· Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of
donations/charity
· Regulations for ESM of e-waste
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT (KEY STAKEHOLDERS)
· MOEF
· MOIT
· CPCB
· SPCBs/PCCs
· MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION LIKE MAIT
· INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS: TEMA, CETMA, ELCINA, CII ETC.
· NGOs
· MANUFACTURERS
· RECYCLERS
· RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
· EXPERTS IN THE FIELD
· FUNDING AGENCIES LIKE UNEP, EU ETC
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS
(E-WASTE - A NEW SUBJECT FOR GENERATORS REGULATORS)
· Isolated studies reports on e-waste generation and imports in India

9. · Lack of awareness
· No estimates of actual amount of e-waste in India
· No methodology for baseline estimates
· No intervention
REPORTED SOURCES
DOMESTIC
· Dismantling/retrofitting of obsolete e-products
· Manufacturing process.
IMPORTED
· Scrap dismantling/reprocessing
· Donations
SOME MAJOR STEPS TAKEN IN INDIA
· Enactment of legislations to deal with special categories of hazardous waste
namely biomedical wastes and lead acid battery waste.
· Synchronization of Domestic, Foreign Trade and Custom’s legislations with
hazardous waste rules.
· Harmonization of import/export policies for hazardous waste in line with the
principles of Basal Convention.
· Capacity building at major ports and customs laboratories to prevent illegal
import and dumping of hazardous waste in the country.
· Formulation of comprehensive technical guidelines to facilitate industries
particularly small scale industries to deal with hazardous wastes.
ONGOING PROCESS
· Re-engineering and fine-turning of the strategies and national programmes
have taken place to further tightened the rules for hazardous waste
management, fix institutional responsibilities and lay down procedures and
guidelines for the management of hazardous wastes
· Consultation with stakeholders
· Public Private partnership
· Encourage recycling and reuse
· Innovative Technologies
Challenges!!!
There are still significant challenges faced in the technology upgradation process. In
particular, the concern is on the constraints faced by small and medium scale industries
with regard to waste minimization as well as treatment technologies.

10. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY – 2006 (NEP) CHARTER ON
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
(CREP)
· NEP lays stress on:
Adoption of Clean technology,
Encourage reuse and recycling
Strengthening informal sector,
Establish system for collection and
· Recycling of materials
Environmentally safe disposal
CREP - provides for a commitment for partnership and participation of various stake
holders in complying with the regulations and to extend beyond compliance by reducing
the pollution load in highly polluting sectors