Answer A] Water solventates any substances that .pdf

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Answer: A] Water solventates any substances that may dissociate into charged ions. Taking salt for example (NaCl), the water will allow the solid salt to dissociate into Na+ and Cl- ions. How does it do this chemically? Water molecules are polar. Hence, they surround the ions in something called a hydration shell. Water is H2O, the hydrogens have a positive dipole whereas the oxygen has a negative dipole. The negative sides of the water molecule (oxygen) will all surround and face the positive charged Na+ ions. The positive sides of the water molecule (hydrogens) will surround the negatively charged Cl- ions. B] A hydrogen bond is formed between an hydrogen atom on one molecule and an electronegative atom on another molecule (oxygen, flourine, nitrogen, etc.). The hydrogen atom on the first molecule must be covalently binded to an electronegative atom as well. Overall hydrogen bond: O-H...O (dotted line is the hydrogen bond). In water, these bonds are rapidly formed and destroyed. It is not a covalent bond, but sort of an interaction force between water molecules. Physically, this may be seen with ice. Ice forms crystal-like structures due to the neat organization of these hydrogen interactions. C] Water will tend to isolate hydrophobic substances. Water is polar and hence likes to mix with other polar substances. Since hydrophobic substances are non-polar, the water will physically separate out the hydrophobic substances in solution. In chemical terms, the water will just form clatherates (organized shells of water) around any hydrophobic substance. This can be seen if you add oil to water. It just doesn\'t mix. Solution Answer: A] Water solventates any substances that may dissociate into charged ions. Taking salt for example (NaCl), the water will allow the solid salt to dissociate into Na+ and Cl- ions. How does it do this chemically? Water molecules are polar. Hence, they surround the ions in something called a hydration shell. Water is H2O, the hydrogens have a positive dipole whereas the oxygen has a negative dipole. The negative sides of the water molecule (oxygen) will all surround and face the positive charged Na+ ions. The positive sides of the water molecule (hydrogens) will surround the negatively charged Cl- ions. B] A hydrogen bond is formed between an hydrogen atom on one molecule and an electronegative atom on another molecule (oxygen, flourine, nitrogen, etc.). The hydrogen atom on the first molecule must be covalently binded to an electronegative atom as well. Overall hydrogen bond: O-H...O (dotted line is the hydrogen bond). In water, these bonds are rapidly formed and destroyed. It is not a covalent bond, but sort of an interaction force between water molecules. Physically, this may be seen with ice. Ice forms crystal-like structures due to the neat organization of these hydrogen interactions. C] Water will tend to isolate hydrophobic substances. Water is polar and hence likes to mix with other polar substances. Since hydr.

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will just form clatherates (organized shells of water) around any hydrophobic substance. This can
be seen if you add oil to water. It just doesn't mix.

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Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to influence their water solubility. 1.Compounds that can hydrogen bond 2. Compounds that are polar but cannot hydrogen bond 3. Compounds that are non-polar 4. Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions. Thank you so much. Solution Compounds that can hydrogen bond Water tends to disassociate into H+ and OH- ions. In this disassociation, the oxygen retains the electrons and only one of the hydrogens, becoming a negatively charged ion known as hydroxide. Pure water has the same number (or concentration) of H+ as OH- ions. Acidic solutions have more H+ ions than OH- ions. Basic solutions have the opposite. An acid causes an increase in the numbers of H+ ions and a base causes an increase in the numbers of OH- ions. Water, which not only dissolves many compounds but also dissolves more substances than any other liquid, is considered the universal solvent. A polar molecule with partially-positive and negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules. Water is therefore referred to as a solvent: a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds. The charges associated with these molecules form hydrogen bonds with water, surrounding the particle with water molecules. This is referred to as a sphere of hydration, or a hydration shell, and serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water. Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.-When ionic compounds are added to water, individual ions interact with the polar regions of the water molecules during the dissociation process, disrupting their ionic bonds. Dissociation occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride): when NaCl crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions, and spheres of hydration form around the ions. The positively-charged sodium ion is surrounded by the partially-negative charge of the water molecule\'s oxygen; the negatively-charged chloride ion is surrounded by the partially-positive charge of the hydrogen in the water molecule. Compounds that are polar and non-polar- -Since many biomolecules are either polar or charged, water readily dissolves these hydrophilic compounds. Water is a poor solvent, however, for hydrophobic molecules such as lipids. Nonpolar molecules experience hydrophobic interactions in water: the water changes its hydrogen bonding patterns around the hydrophobic molecules to produce a cage-like structure called a clathrate. This change in the hydrogen-bonding pattern of the water solvent causes the system\'s overall entropy to greatly decrease, as the molecules become more ordered than in liquid water. Thermodynamically, such a large decrease in entropy is not spontaneous, and the hydrophobic molecule will not dissolve. -Polar substances tend to dissolve well in other polar substances, but not nonpolar substances, whil.

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Ionic Compounds: Think of an ionic compound as a sea of ions. All these ions are carefully arranged in some sort of 3D pattern with positive and negative ions in specific locations in the pattern. Take common table salt, Sodium Chloride, as an example. In Sodium Chloride, there aren\'t specific NaCl molecules, but a mix of Na+ ions and Cl- ions. Each Na+ ion is surrounded by Cl- ions, and each Cl- ion is surrounded by Na+ ions. The whole structure is held together by the attraction between the positive and negative ions. Molecular Substances: A molecule is a group of atoms which are sharing electrons with one another through covalent bonds. Because the sharing results in a lower energy state, the atoms are more stable together than alone. When a sample of a molecular substance is looked at, say water (H2O), within the substance each molecule is being attracted to other molecules. These attractive forces are called intermolecular forces and they are much weaker than covalent bonds or ionic bonds. For a substance to melt and then boil, the forces which hold the substance together must be broken. When water boils, the intermolecular forces between H2O molecules are broken and the molecules separate from one another. (Note that the covalent bonds are NOT broken, the gas is still made up of H2O molecules, they\'re just not \"sticking\" to one another anymore.) As you can imagine, the ionic forces holding an ionic compound together are MUCH stronger than the intermolecular forces holding a molecular substance together. A lot more energy is required to break the ionic bonds. So, ionic substances melt at very high temperatures and boil at even higher temperatures. Solution Ionic Compounds: Think of an ionic compound as a sea of ions. All these ions are carefully arranged in some sort of 3D pattern with positive and negative ions in specific locations in the pattern. Take common table salt, Sodium Chloride, as an example. In Sodium Chloride, there aren\'t specific NaCl molecules, but a mix of Na+ ions and Cl- ions. Each Na+ ion is surrounded by Cl- ions, and each Cl- ion is surrounded by Na+ ions. The whole structure is held together by the attraction between the positive and negative ions. Molecular Substances: A molecule is a group of atoms which are sharing electrons with one another through covalent bonds. Because the sharing results in a lower energy state, the atoms are more stable together than alone. When a sample of a molecular substance is looked at, say water (H2O), within the substance each molecule is being attracted to other molecules. These attractive forces are called intermolecular forces and they are much weaker than covalent bonds or ionic bonds. For a substance to melt and then boil, the forces which hold the substance together must be broken. When water boils, the intermolecular forces between H2O molecules are broken and the molecules separate from one another. (Note that the covalent bonds are NOT broken, the gas is still made u.

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1. The TextBox control allows you to capture input the user has typed on the keyboard. 2. txt is commonly used prefix for TextBox control names. 3. String concatenation means that one string is appended to another. 4. A variable is a storage location in the computer\'s memory, used for holding information while the program is running. 5. A variable declaration is a statement that causes Visual Basic to create a variable in memory. 6. A variable\'s datatype determines whether a variable can hold a string, an integer, a date, or some other kind of data. 7. A local variable is declared inside a procedure. 8. When Option Strict is set to ON only widening conversions are permitted. 9. A function is a specialized routine that performs a specific operation and then returns a value. 10. A CInt function converts an expression to an integer. Solution 1. The TextBox control allows you to capture input the user has typed on the keyboard. 2. txt is commonly used prefix for TextBox control names. 3. String concatenation means that one string is appended to another. 4. A variable is a storage location in the computer\'s memory, used for holding information while the program is running. 5. A variable declaration is a statement that causes Visual Basic to create a variable in memory. 6. A variable\'s datatype determines whether a variable can hold a string, an integer, a date, or some other kind of data. 7. A local variable is declared inside a procedure. 8. When Option Strict is set to ON only widening conversions are permitted. 9. A function is a specialized routine that performs a specific operation and then returns a value. 10. A CInt function converts an expression to an integer..

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1. In the above diagram C arteriol blood which carries oxyginated blood from left vetricle to body parts, The partial pressure PO2 is 80-100 and partial pressure of PCO2 is 40. 2.E represents veinus blood, which carries deoxyginated blood from tissues to heart. The partial pressure PO2 is 40-50 and partial pressure of CO2 PCO2 is 45. 3. Hyberbaric setting are used in medical treatment in which ambient pressure is greater than sea level. It is used in hyberbaric oxygen theraphy. 4. This helps to increase the higher of concentration of oxygen in tissues. But higher pressure of xygen may cause toxicity. It causes temporary blurred vision. B. Differece in Partial pressure gradient between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood, and systemic capillary blood and surrounding tissue. Ability of oxygen to bind haemoglibin is called affinity for oxygen. Fetal haemoglobin has more greater affinity to oxygen. Solution 1. In the above diagram C arteriol blood which carries oxyginated blood from left vetricle to body parts, The partial pressure PO2 is 80-100 and partial pressure of PCO2 is 40. 2.E represents veinus blood, which carries deoxyginated blood from tissues to heart. The partial pressure PO2 is 40-50 and partial pressure of CO2 PCO2 is 45. 3. Hyberbaric setting are used in medical treatment in which ambient pressure is greater than sea level. It is used in hyberbaric oxygen theraphy. 4. This helps to increase the higher of concentration of oxygen in tissues. But higher pressure of xygen may cause toxicity. It causes temporary blurred vision. B. Differece in Partial pressure gradient between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood, and systemic capillary blood and surrounding tissue. Ability of oxygen to bind haemoglibin is called affinity for oxygen. Fetal haemoglobin has more greater affinity to oxygen..

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The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world. BOP presents a classified record of all receipts on account of goods exported, services rendered and capital received by residents and payments made by them on account of goods imported and services received from the capital transferred to non-residents or foreigners. It adopts a double-entry book-keeping system. It has two sides: credit side and debit side. Receipts are recorded on the credit side and payments on the debit side. Current account of BOP BOP on current account is a statement of actual receipts and payments in short period. It includes the value of export and imports of both visible and invisible goods. There can be either surplus or deficit in current account.The current account includes:- export & import of services, interests, profits, dividends and unilateral receipts/payments from/to abroad. BOP on current account refers to the inclusion of three balances of namely – Merchandise balance, Services balance and Unilateral Transfer balance. Capital Account of BOP The capital account records all international transactions that involve a resident of the country concerned changing either his assets with or his liabilities to a resident of another country. Transactions in the capital account reflect a change in a stock – either assets or liabilities. It is difference between the receipts and payments on account of capital account. It refers to all financial transactions. The capital account involves inflows and outflows relating to investments, short term borrowings/lending, and medium term to long term borrowing/lending. Solution The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world. BOP presents a classified record of all receipts on account of goods exported, services rendered and capital received by residents and payments made by them on account of goods imported and services received from the capital transferred to non-residents or foreigners. It adopts a double-entry book-keeping system. It has two sides: credit side and debit side. Receipts are recorded on the credit side and payments on the debit side. Current account of BOP BOP on current account is a statement of actual receipts and payments in short period. It includes the value of export and imports of both visible and invisible goods. There can be either surplus or deficit in current account.The current account includes:- export & import of services, interests, profits, dividends and unilateral receipts/payments from/to abroad. BOP on current account refers to the inclusion of three balances of namely – Merchandise balance, Services balance and Unilateral Transfer balance. Capital Account of BOP The capital account records all international transactions that involve a resident of the country concerned changing either his asset.

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REITs are Real Estate Investment Trusts. REITs are considered as a unique vehicle for studying capital structure decisions due to the fact that REITs do not use the conventional models and approaches like the net income approach or the net operating income approach or the Modigliani and Miller approach to determine their capital structure. Their capital structure usually exhibits use of low leverage with use of debt that has longer maturity. REITs maintain a much higher proportion of fixed rate debt and tend to avoid or reduce its dependence on secured debts. REIT shuns the use of variable rate debt and there exists an inverse relationship between the value of REIT and leverage. Research and empirical studies suggests that the optimal capital structure of REITs is one that has the highest “q ratio”, low leverage, and higher proportion of fixed rate debts. Solution REITs are Real Estate Investment Trusts. REITs are considered as a unique vehicle for studying capital structure decisions due to the fact that REITs do not use the conventional models and approaches like the net income approach or the net operating income approach or the Modigliani and Miller approach to determine their capital structure. Their capital structure usually exhibits use of low leverage with use of debt that has longer maturity. REITs maintain a much higher proportion of fixed rate debt and tend to avoid or reduce its dependence on secured debts. REIT shuns the use of variable rate debt and there exists an inverse relationship between the value of REIT and leverage. Research and empirical studies suggests that the optimal capital structure of REITs is one that has the highest “q ratio”, low leverage, and higher proportion of fixed rate debts..

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(1)Through antibiotic resistance, bacteria will resist the action of antibiotic and there are different ways through which bacteria will become antibiotic resistance. Conjugation: Here the resistant bacteria will transfer genetic material responsible for antibiotic resistance to another bacterium by forming direct contact with them through sex pilus. Transduction: The resistance traits of one bacterium will get packed into the head portion of the virus (bacteriophage) and the release phage progeny from these antibiotic resistant bacteria will infect susceptible bacteria and transfer the antibiotic resistance genes to them. Transformation: Here bacteria capable of undergoing transformation will take up short fragments of naked DNA responsible for antibiotic resistance from the surrounding environment by direct uptake. By undergoing genetic mutation: By undergoing genetic mutations, the bacteria will produce chemicals which will eliminate the action of antibiotics and in some cases the target will be modified to escape from antibiotic action. (2) The genetic code is universal and bacterial cell will try to translate the gene to produce the protein, but the proteins will not similar to human proteins because Bacteria are lacking splicing mechanism it cannot splice out the introns from exons and thus it will try to transcribe and translate the gene with both introns and exons giving different proteins. In addition to this the proteins produced by bacteria will be different form human cells because, bacteria used 70S ribosomes and the translation it does is different from the human ribosome and another thing is codon usage is different in bacteria and we will have different genomic tRNA pool and the post-translation modification present in human cells is missing in bacteria. (3) Not all bacteria present in environment can be culturable, what you can see through microscope will far outweigh the number of colonies that grow on a Petri plate and this shows that you cannot culture all the bacteria. Through sophisticated microscopic techniques you can identify the unculturable bacteria and through molecular techniques, such as metagenomic sequencing will help you to get more details about this. Solution (1)Through antibiotic resistance, bacteria will resist the action of antibiotic and there are different ways through which bacteria will become antibiotic resistance. Conjugation: Here the resistant bacteria will transfer genetic material responsible for antibiotic resistance to another bacterium by forming direct contact with them through sex pilus. Transduction: The resistance traits of one bacterium will get packed into the head portion of the virus (bacteriophage) and the release phage progeny from these antibiotic resistant bacteria will infect susceptible bacteria and transfer the antibiotic resistance genes to them. Transformation: Here bacteria capable of undergoing transformation will take up short fragments of naked DNA responsible for antibio.

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