Answer A] Water solventates any substances that .pdf
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Answer: A] Water solventates any substances that may dissociate into charged ions. Taking salt for example (NaCl), the water will allow the solid salt to dissociate into Na+ and Cl- ions. How does it do this chemically? Water molecules are polar. Hence, they surround the ions in something called a hydration shell. Water is H2O, the hydrogens have a positive dipole whereas the oxygen has a negative dipole. The negative sides of the water molecule (oxygen) will all surround and face the positive charged Na+ ions. The positive sides of the water molecule (hydrogens) will surround the negatively charged Cl- ions. B] A hydrogen bond is formed between an hydrogen atom on one molecule and an electronegative atom on another molecule (oxygen, flourine, nitrogen, etc.). The hydrogen atom on the first molecule must be covalently binded to an electronegative atom as well. Overall hydrogen bond: O-H...O (dotted line is the hydrogen bond). In water, these bonds are rapidly formed and destroyed. It is not a covalent bond, but sort of an interaction force between water molecules. Physically, this may be seen with ice. Ice forms crystal-like structures due to the neat organization of these hydrogen interactions. C] Water will tend to isolate hydrophobic substances. Water is polar and hence likes to mix with other polar substances. Since hydrophobic substances are non-polar, the water will physically separate out the hydrophobic substances in solution. In chemical terms, the water will just form clatherates (organized shells of water) around any hydrophobic substance. This can be seen if you add oil to water. It just doesn\'t mix. Solution Answer: A] Water solventates any substances that may dissociate into charged ions. Taking salt for example (NaCl), the water will allow the solid salt to dissociate into Na+ and Cl- ions. How does it do this chemically? Water molecules are polar. Hence, they surround the ions in something called a hydration shell. Water is H2O, the hydrogens have a positive dipole whereas the oxygen has a negative dipole. The negative sides of the water molecule (oxygen) will all surround and face the positive charged Na+ ions. The positive sides of the water molecule (hydrogens) will surround the negatively charged Cl- ions. B] A hydrogen bond is formed between an hydrogen atom on one molecule and an electronegative atom on another molecule (oxygen, flourine, nitrogen, etc.). The hydrogen atom on the first molecule must be covalently binded to an electronegative atom as well. Overall hydrogen bond: O-H...O (dotted line is the hydrogen bond). In water, these bonds are rapidly formed and destroyed. It is not a covalent bond, but sort of an interaction force between water molecules. Physically, this may be seen with ice. Ice forms crystal-like structures due to the neat organization of these hydrogen interactions. C] Water will tend to isolate hydrophobic substances. Water is polar and hence likes to mix with other polar substances. Since hydr.
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![Answer: A] Water solventates any substances that may dissociate into charged ions.
Taking salt for example (NaCl), the water will allow the solid salt to dissociate into Na+ and Cl-
ions. How does it do this chemically? Water molecules are polar. Hence, they surround the ions
in something called a hydration shell. Water is H2O, the hydrogens have a positive dipole
whereas the oxygen has a negative dipole. The negative sides of the water molecule (oxygen)
will all surround and face the positive charged Na+ ions. The positive sides of the water
molecule (hydrogens) will surround the negatively charged Cl- ions. B] A hydrogen bond is
formed between an hydrogen atom on one molecule and an electronegative atom on another
molecule (oxygen, flourine, nitrogen, etc.). The hydrogen atom on the first molecule must be
covalently binded to an electronegative atom as well. Overall hydrogen bond: O-H...O (dotted
line is the hydrogen bond). In water, these bonds are rapidly formed and destroyed. It is not a
covalent bond, but sort of an interaction force between water molecules. Physically, this may be
seen with ice. Ice forms crystal-like structures due to the neat organization of these hydrogen
interactions. C] Water will tend to isolate hydrophobic substances. Water is polar and hence
likes to mix with other polar substances. Since hydrophobic substances are non-polar, the water
will physically separate out the hydrophobic substances in solution. In chemical terms, the water
will just form clatherates (organized shells of water) around any hydrophobic substance. This can
be seen if you add oil to water. It just doesn't mix.
Solution
Answer: A] Water solventates any substances that may dissociate into charged ions.
Taking salt for example (NaCl), the water will allow the solid salt to dissociate into Na+ and Cl-
ions. How does it do this chemically? Water molecules are polar. Hence, they surround the ions
in something called a hydration shell. Water is H2O, the hydrogens have a positive dipole
whereas the oxygen has a negative dipole. The negative sides of the water molecule (oxygen)
will all surround and face the positive charged Na+ ions. The positive sides of the water
molecule (hydrogens) will surround the negatively charged Cl- ions. B] A hydrogen bond is
formed between an hydrogen atom on one molecule and an electronegative atom on another
molecule (oxygen, flourine, nitrogen, etc.). The hydrogen atom on the first molecule must be
covalently binded to an electronegative atom as well. Overall hydrogen bond: O-H...O (dotted
line is the hydrogen bond). In water, these bonds are rapidly formed and destroyed. It is not a
covalent bond, but sort of an interaction force between water molecules. Physically, this may be
seen with ice. Ice forms crystal-like structures due to the neat organization of these hydrogen
interactions. C] Water will tend to isolate hydrophobic substances. Water is polar and hence
likes to mix with other polar substances. Since hydrophobic substances are non-polar, the water
will physically separate out the hydrophobic substances in solution. In chemical terms, the water](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/answerawatersolventatesanysubstancesthat-230409063515-da6ef8a5/85/Answer-A-Water-solventates-any-substances-that-pdf-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
NaCl Its the coulombic interaction between Na.pdf
NaCl : It\'s the coulombic interaction between Na+ and Cl- due to which crystal
exists. It\'s not ionic intereaction. It\'s ionic interaction. (very strong). NaCl dissolves in water.
It\'s not due to hydrogen bonding. It\'s due to strong ion-dipole interactions. Initially, the
positive and negative ion are only attracted to each other. The water molecules are hydrogen
bonded to each other. If the crystal is to dissolve, these bonds must be broken. Negative chloride
ions on the surface are attracted by neighboring positive sodium ions and by the partially positive
hydrogen atom in the polar water molecule (See the graphic on the left). Similarly, the positive
sodium ions are attracted by both chloride ions and the partially negative oxygen atom in the
polar water molecule. A \"tug-of-war\" occurs for the positive and negative ions between the
other ions in the crystal and the water molecules. Several water molecules are attracted to each of
the ions. Whether the crystal dissolves is determined by which attractive force is stronger. If the
internal ionic forces in the crystal are the strongest, the crystal does not dissolve. This is the
situation in reactions where precipitates form. If the attractions for the ions by the polar water
molecules are the strongest, the crystal will dissolve. This is the situation in sodium chloride.
Once the ions are released from the crystals, the ions are completely surrounded by water
molecules. Note that the proper atom in the water molecule must \"point\" toward the correct ion.
The charge principle and the partial charges in the polar molecule determine the correct
orientation. Partially negative oxygen atoms in the water molecule interact with the positive
sodium ion. Partially positive hydrogen atoms in the water molecule interact with the negative
chloride ion. Sugar : The interaction between sugar molecule and water is greater than between
sugar molecules. So When sugar is put into water, it likes to form hydrogen bonds with water. So
it breaks glycosidic linkages and forms hydrogen bonds with water. Initially it separates into
polymer sugar chains, but later it dissociates into individual molecules.
Solution
NaCl : It\'s the coulombic interaction between Na+ and Cl- due to which crystal
exists. It\'s not ionic intereaction. It\'s ionic interaction. (very strong). NaCl dissolves in water.
It\'s not due to hydrogen bonding. It\'s due to strong ion-dipole interactions. Initially, the
positive and negative ion are only attracted to each other. The water molecules are hydrogen
bonded to each other. If the crystal is to dissolve, these bonds must be broken. Negative chloride
ions on the surface are attracted by neighboring positive sodium ions and by the partially positive
hydrogen atom in the polar water molecule (See the graphic on the left). Similarly, the positive
sodium ions are attracted by both chloride ions and the partially negative oxygen atom in the
polar water molecule. A \"tug-of-war\" occurs for.
Why does salt dissolve in waterThe positive charges of sodium (Na.pdf
Why does salt dissolve in water?
The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with water
molecules
The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water molecules
The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ions
The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strong
None of the above
Why does salt dissolve in water?A.
The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with
water moleculesB.
The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water moleculesC.
The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ionsD.
The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strongE.
None of the above
Solution
Answer from the above options is A PART
When we try to dissolve an ionic compound by stirring it in water, the positive poles of the water
molecules are attracted to the anions, while the negative poles of other water molecules are
attracted to the cations, so the polar water molecules \"pull\" the ions out of a crystal. As a result
of these interactions, the ionic bonds eventually break and ions are released into the water. When
the salt is dissolved, every ion is surrounded by water molecules, creating a kind of concentric
shells of polar water molecules centered around the ions. (They also look like petals of a daisy).
This process is called \"hydration.\"
The hydration of its ions causes a salt crystal to break apart (dissolve) in the water. Therefore,
when table salt (NaCl) is dissolved, two hydrated ions appear in the water: a positively cation
Na+ and a negative charged anion Cl-. Each is surrounded with a shell of closely attracted water
molecules that prevent the ions from reconciling into a crystal again.
These watery shells prevent the ions from getting together again into a solid. Hydrated ions
jostles around the solution, dispersing evenly in the solution and causing the particles to
disappear from view as they are spreading within the solution. The hydrated ions are so small
that we cannot see them even with a strong microscope. and therefore we see the process as a
disappearance of particles from view as the dissolving progresses.
Different ions can attract different number of water molecules into the \"watery shell\" because
they can have different strength (density) of their charge. The density of the charge depends on
the ratio of charge to surface area of an ion; the larger the ratio, the larger the hydration number
will be..
water-molecule-bonds.pdf
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When ionic solids dissolve in water theions that are adjacent to each.pdf
When ionic solids dissolve in water theions that are adjacent to each other in the solid become
surroundedby the water molecules (hydrated). The attraction force that occursbetween the ion
and water is called an ion Ðdipole forces. Thepolar water molecules orient themselves so that the
partiallycharged ends of the molecule are opposite the charge of the ions.So water molecules are
oriented with their hydrogen atoms pointedat the anion and the oxygen atoms pointed at the
cation. Thisprocess is called hydration. Hydration is more favored for smallions as compared to
large ions. If this formation of the hydratedions were the only factor than we would expect all
ionic compoundsto dissolve in water. However, that is not the case, and theproblem is that we
need to condsider the other factors in thesolution process. the solution process is governed bythe
solute-solute, solvent-solvent and solute-solventintermolecular attractive forces. So far we have
only consideredhydration of the ions by the water molecules, that is thesoluteÐsolvent
interactions. When we consider the soluteinteractions we begin to see some of the problems that
can arise.The ions in a crystal are strongly attracted to each other and todissolve it is necessary to
overcome the electrostatic attractionbetween the oppositely charged ions. The lattice energy of a
solidis a measure of the strength of those electrostatic attractions.The lattice energy works to
keep the ions in the solid state andionic compounds with large lattice energies are insoluble in
waterwhile compounds with small lattice energies are soluble. Whenpotassium iodide dissolves
in water the ions is the potassiumiodide solid must be separated; KI(s) -ÐH2O -->K+(g) + I-(g)
ÆH1 = +632kJ/mol Now the gaseous ions are distributed inwater according to the equation;
H2O(l) + K+(g) +I-(g) -Ð-> K+(aq) + IÐ(aq)ÆH2 + ÆH3 = -617 kJ The sum of these two
equations yields theoverall solution process for KI dissolving in water. The value ofÆH2 + ÆH3
is call the hydrationenergy. In this example the hydration energy is not as large, inabsolute terms
as the energy required to separate the ions in thesolute and the heat of solution isendothermic.
Solution
When ionic solids dissolve in water theions that are adjacent to each other in the solid become
surroundedby the water molecules (hydrated). The attraction force that occursbetween the ion
and water is called an ion Ðdipole forces. Thepolar water molecules orient themselves so that the
partiallycharged ends of the molecule are opposite the charge of the ions.So water molecules are
oriented with their hydrogen atoms pointedat the anion and the oxygen atoms pointed at the
cation. Thisprocess is called hydration. Hydration is more favored for smallions as compared to
large ions. If this formation of the hydratedions were the only factor than we would expect all
ionic compoundsto dissolve in water. However, that is not the case, and theproblem is that we
need to condsider the other factors in.
Recommended
NaCl Its the coulombic interaction between Na.pdf
NaCl : It\'s the coulombic interaction between Na+ and Cl- due to which crystal
exists. It\'s not ionic intereaction. It\'s ionic interaction. (very strong). NaCl dissolves in water.
It\'s not due to hydrogen bonding. It\'s due to strong ion-dipole interactions. Initially, the
positive and negative ion are only attracted to each other. The water molecules are hydrogen
bonded to each other. If the crystal is to dissolve, these bonds must be broken. Negative chloride
ions on the surface are attracted by neighboring positive sodium ions and by the partially positive
hydrogen atom in the polar water molecule (See the graphic on the left). Similarly, the positive
sodium ions are attracted by both chloride ions and the partially negative oxygen atom in the
polar water molecule. A \"tug-of-war\" occurs for the positive and negative ions between the
other ions in the crystal and the water molecules. Several water molecules are attracted to each of
the ions. Whether the crystal dissolves is determined by which attractive force is stronger. If the
internal ionic forces in the crystal are the strongest, the crystal does not dissolve. This is the
situation in reactions where precipitates form. If the attractions for the ions by the polar water
molecules are the strongest, the crystal will dissolve. This is the situation in sodium chloride.
Once the ions are released from the crystals, the ions are completely surrounded by water
molecules. Note that the proper atom in the water molecule must \"point\" toward the correct ion.
The charge principle and the partial charges in the polar molecule determine the correct
orientation. Partially negative oxygen atoms in the water molecule interact with the positive
sodium ion. Partially positive hydrogen atoms in the water molecule interact with the negative
chloride ion. Sugar : The interaction between sugar molecule and water is greater than between
sugar molecules. So When sugar is put into water, it likes to form hydrogen bonds with water. So
it breaks glycosidic linkages and forms hydrogen bonds with water. Initially it separates into
polymer sugar chains, but later it dissociates into individual molecules.
Solution
NaCl : It\'s the coulombic interaction between Na+ and Cl- due to which crystal
exists. It\'s not ionic intereaction. It\'s ionic interaction. (very strong). NaCl dissolves in water.
It\'s not due to hydrogen bonding. It\'s due to strong ion-dipole interactions. Initially, the
positive and negative ion are only attracted to each other. The water molecules are hydrogen
bonded to each other. If the crystal is to dissolve, these bonds must be broken. Negative chloride
ions on the surface are attracted by neighboring positive sodium ions and by the partially positive
hydrogen atom in the polar water molecule (See the graphic on the left). Similarly, the positive
sodium ions are attracted by both chloride ions and the partially negative oxygen atom in the
polar water molecule. A \"tug-of-war\" occurs for.
Why does salt dissolve in waterThe positive charges of sodium (Na.pdf
Why does salt dissolve in water?
The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with water
molecules
The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water molecules
The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ions
The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strong
None of the above
Why does salt dissolve in water?A.
The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with
water moleculesB.
The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water moleculesC.
The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ionsD.
The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strongE.
None of the above
Solution
Answer from the above options is A PART
When we try to dissolve an ionic compound by stirring it in water, the positive poles of the water
molecules are attracted to the anions, while the negative poles of other water molecules are
attracted to the cations, so the polar water molecules \"pull\" the ions out of a crystal. As a result
of these interactions, the ionic bonds eventually break and ions are released into the water. When
the salt is dissolved, every ion is surrounded by water molecules, creating a kind of concentric
shells of polar water molecules centered around the ions. (They also look like petals of a daisy).
This process is called \"hydration.\"
The hydration of its ions causes a salt crystal to break apart (dissolve) in the water. Therefore,
when table salt (NaCl) is dissolved, two hydrated ions appear in the water: a positively cation
Na+ and a negative charged anion Cl-. Each is surrounded with a shell of closely attracted water
molecules that prevent the ions from reconciling into a crystal again.
These watery shells prevent the ions from getting together again into a solid. Hydrated ions
jostles around the solution, dispersing evenly in the solution and causing the particles to
disappear from view as they are spreading within the solution. The hydrated ions are so small
that we cannot see them even with a strong microscope. and therefore we see the process as a
disappearance of particles from view as the dissolving progresses.
Different ions can attract different number of water molecules into the \"watery shell\" because
they can have different strength (density) of their charge. The density of the charge depends on
the ratio of charge to surface area of an ion; the larger the ratio, the larger the hydration number
will be..
water-molecule-bonds.pdf
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stans-legacy-live-streams.pdf
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When ionic solids dissolve in water theions that are adjacent to each.pdf
When ionic solids dissolve in water theions that are adjacent to each other in the solid become
surroundedby the water molecules (hydrated). The attraction force that occursbetween the ion
and water is called an ion Ðdipole forces. Thepolar water molecules orient themselves so that the
partiallycharged ends of the molecule are opposite the charge of the ions.So water molecules are
oriented with their hydrogen atoms pointedat the anion and the oxygen atoms pointed at the
cation. Thisprocess is called hydration. Hydration is more favored for smallions as compared to
large ions. If this formation of the hydratedions were the only factor than we would expect all
ionic compoundsto dissolve in water. However, that is not the case, and theproblem is that we
need to condsider the other factors in thesolution process. the solution process is governed bythe
solute-solute, solvent-solvent and solute-solventintermolecular attractive forces. So far we have
only consideredhydration of the ions by the water molecules, that is thesoluteÐsolvent
interactions. When we consider the soluteinteractions we begin to see some of the problems that
can arise.The ions in a crystal are strongly attracted to each other and todissolve it is necessary to
overcome the electrostatic attractionbetween the oppositely charged ions. The lattice energy of a
solidis a measure of the strength of those electrostatic attractions.The lattice energy works to
keep the ions in the solid state andionic compounds with large lattice energies are insoluble in
waterwhile compounds with small lattice energies are soluble. Whenpotassium iodide dissolves
in water the ions is the potassiumiodide solid must be separated; KI(s) -ÐH2O -->K+(g) + I-(g)
ÆH1 = +632kJ/mol Now the gaseous ions are distributed inwater according to the equation;
H2O(l) + K+(g) +I-(g) -Ð-> K+(aq) + IÐ(aq)ÆH2 + ÆH3 = -617 kJ The sum of these two
equations yields theoverall solution process for KI dissolving in water. The value ofÆH2 + ÆH3
is call the hydrationenergy. In this example the hydration energy is not as large, inabsolute terms
as the energy required to separate the ions in thesolute and the heat of solution isendothermic.
Solution
When ionic solids dissolve in water theions that are adjacent to each other in the solid become
surroundedby the water molecules (hydrated). The attraction force that occursbetween the ion
and water is called an ion Ðdipole forces. Thepolar water molecules orient themselves so that the
partiallycharged ends of the molecule are opposite the charge of the ions.So water molecules are
oriented with their hydrogen atoms pointedat the anion and the oxygen atoms pointed at the
cation. Thisprocess is called hydration. Hydration is more favored for smallions as compared to
large ions. If this formation of the hydratedions were the only factor than we would expect all
ionic compoundsto dissolve in water. However, that is not the case, and theproblem is that we
need to condsider the other factors in.
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to.pdf
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to influence their water
solubility.
1.Compounds that can hydrogen bond
2. Compounds that are polar but cannot hydrogen bond
3. Compounds that are non-polar
4. Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.
Thank you so much.
Solution
Compounds that can hydrogen bond
Water tends to disassociate into H+ and OH- ions. In this disassociation, the oxygen retains the
electrons and only one of the hydrogens, becoming a negatively charged ion known as
hydroxide. Pure water has the same number (or concentration) of H+ as OH- ions. Acidic
solutions have more H+ ions than OH- ions. Basic solutions have the opposite. An acid causes an
increase in the numbers of H+ ions and a base causes an increase in the numbers of OH- ions.
Water, which not only dissolves many compounds but also dissolves more substances than any
other liquid, is considered the universal solvent. A polar molecule with partially-positive and
negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules. Water is therefore referred to as a
solvent: a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds.
The charges associated with these molecules form hydrogen bonds with water, surrounding the
particle with water molecules. This is referred to as a sphere of hydration, or a hydration shell,
and serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water.
Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.-When ionic compounds are added to water,
individual ions interact with the polar regions of the water molecules during the dissociation
process, disrupting their ionic bonds. Dissociation occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break
off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride): when NaCl
crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions, and spheres
of hydration form around the ions. The positively-charged sodium ion is surrounded by the
partially-negative charge of the water molecule\'s oxygen; the negatively-charged chloride ion is
surrounded by the partially-positive charge of the hydrogen in the water molecule.
Compounds that are polar and non-polar-
-Since many biomolecules are either polar or charged, water readily dissolves these hydrophilic
compounds. Water is a poor solvent, however, for hydrophobic molecules such as lipids.
Nonpolar molecules experience hydrophobic interactions in water: the water changes its
hydrogen bonding patterns around the hydrophobic molecules to produce a cage-like structure
called a clathrate. This change in the hydrogen-bonding pattern of the water solvent causes the
system\'s overall entropy to greatly decrease, as the molecules become more ordered than in
liquid water. Thermodynamically, such a large decrease in entropy is not spontaneous, and the
hydrophobic molecule will not dissolve.
-Polar substances tend to dissolve well in other polar substances, but not nonpolar substances,
whil.
Ionic Compounds Think of an ionic compound as a .pdf
Ionic Compounds: Think of an ionic compound as a sea of ions. All these ions are
carefully arranged in some sort of 3D pattern with positive and negative ions in specific locations
in the pattern. Take common table salt, Sodium Chloride, as an example. In Sodium Chloride,
there aren\'t specific NaCl molecules, but a mix of Na+ ions and Cl- ions. Each Na+ ion is
surrounded by Cl- ions, and each Cl- ion is surrounded by Na+ ions. The whole structure is held
together by the attraction between the positive and negative ions. Molecular Substances: A
molecule is a group of atoms which are sharing electrons with one another through covalent
bonds. Because the sharing results in a lower energy state, the atoms are more stable together
than alone. When a sample of a molecular substance is looked at, say water (H2O), within the
substance each molecule is being attracted to other molecules. These attractive forces are called
intermolecular forces and they are much weaker than covalent bonds or ionic bonds. For a
substance to melt and then boil, the forces which hold the substance together must be broken.
When water boils, the intermolecular forces between H2O molecules are broken and the
molecules separate from one another. (Note that the covalent bonds are NOT broken, the gas is
still made up of H2O molecules, they\'re just not \"sticking\" to one another anymore.) As you
can imagine, the ionic forces holding an ionic compound together are MUCH stronger than the
intermolecular forces holding a molecular substance together. A lot more energy is required to
break the ionic bonds. So, ionic substances melt at very high temperatures and boil at even
higher temperatures.
Solution
Ionic Compounds: Think of an ionic compound as a sea of ions. All these ions are
carefully arranged in some sort of 3D pattern with positive and negative ions in specific locations
in the pattern. Take common table salt, Sodium Chloride, as an example. In Sodium Chloride,
there aren\'t specific NaCl molecules, but a mix of Na+ ions and Cl- ions. Each Na+ ion is
surrounded by Cl- ions, and each Cl- ion is surrounded by Na+ ions. The whole structure is held
together by the attraction between the positive and negative ions. Molecular Substances: A
molecule is a group of atoms which are sharing electrons with one another through covalent
bonds. Because the sharing results in a lower energy state, the atoms are more stable together
than alone. When a sample of a molecular substance is looked at, say water (H2O), within the
substance each molecule is being attracted to other molecules. These attractive forces are called
intermolecular forces and they are much weaker than covalent bonds or ionic bonds. For a
substance to melt and then boil, the forces which hold the substance together must be broken.
When water boils, the intermolecular forces between H2O molecules are broken and the
molecules separate from one another. (Note that the covalent bonds are NOT broken, the gas is
still made u.
It is basically slides of corrosion andr
Corrosion is a natural process that deteriorates materials, commonly metals, due to chemical or electrochemical reactions with their environment. It's a significant concern across various industries, including infrastructure, manufacturing, and transportation. The effects of corrosion can range from minor aesthetic damage to catastrophic structural failure, leading to enormous economic costs and safety hazards.
Several factors influence corrosion, including environmental conditions such as moisture, temperature, pH levels, and the presence of corrosive agents like oxygen, sulfur compounds, and salts. Additionally, the material's composition and microstructure play crucial roles in its susceptibility to corrosion.
To mitigate corrosion and prolong the lifespan of materials, various protection methods are employed:
Barrier Protection: This involves applying coatings or barriers to physically isolate the material from its environment. Common barrier materials include paints, polymer coatings, and enamels. These coatings create a protective layer that prevents corrosive agents from reaching the underlying material.
Cathodic Protection: This method involves making the metal to be protected the cathode of an electrochemical cell, thus reducing its corrosion rate. Cathodic protection can be achieved through sacrificial anodes, where a more reactive metal (such as zinc or magnesium) is connected to the metal to be protected, sacrificing itself to protect the base metal.
Anodic Protection: Conversely, anodic protection works by polarizing the metal to be protected to make it the anode in an electrochemical cell. This method is suitable for metals that exhibit passivity, such as stainless steel. By maintaining the metal in its passive state, its corrosion rate is significantly reduced.
Inhibitors: Corrosion inhibitors are chemicals that are added to the environment surrounding the metal to reduce its corrosion rate. Inhibitors work by adsorbing onto the metal surface, forming a protective layer that blocks corrosive agents from reaching the metal. Common inhibitors include organic compounds, chromates, and phosphates.
Alloying: Alloying involves mixing the base metal with other elements to improve its corrosion resistance. For example, stainless steel contains chromium, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from corrosion.
Design Modification: Sometimes, corrosion can be mitigated through design modifications that minimize exposure to corrosive environments or improve drainage to prevent the accumulation of moisture.
Each protection method has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of method depends on factors such as the material, the environment, cost considerations, and the required durability. In many cases, a combination of protection methods may be employed to provide optimal corrosion resistance.
Overall, effective corrosion protection is essential for maintaining the integrity and longevity of
1. The TextBox control allows you to capture input the user has type.pdf
1. The TextBox control allows you to capture input the user has typed on the keyboard.
2. txt is commonly used prefix for TextBox control names.
3. String concatenation means that one string is appended to another.
4. A variable is a storage location in the computer\'s memory, used for holding information while
the program is running.
5. A variable declaration is a statement that causes Visual Basic to create a variable in memory.
6. A variable\'s datatype determines whether a variable can hold a string, an integer, a date, or
some other kind of data.
7. A local variable is declared inside a procedure.
8. When Option Strict is set to ON only widening conversions are permitted.
9. A function is a specialized routine that performs a specific operation and then returns a value.
10. A CInt function converts an expression to an integer.
Solution
1. The TextBox control allows you to capture input the user has typed on the keyboard.
2. txt is commonly used prefix for TextBox control names.
3. String concatenation means that one string is appended to another.
4. A variable is a storage location in the computer\'s memory, used for holding information while
the program is running.
5. A variable declaration is a statement that causes Visual Basic to create a variable in memory.
6. A variable\'s datatype determines whether a variable can hold a string, an integer, a date, or
some other kind of data.
7. A local variable is declared inside a procedure.
8. When Option Strict is set to ON only widening conversions are permitted.
9. A function is a specialized routine that performs a specific operation and then returns a value.
10. A CInt function converts an expression to an integer..
1. In the above diagram C arteriol blood which carries oxyginated bl.pdf
1. In the above diagram C arteriol blood which carries oxyginated blood from left vetricle to
body parts, The partial pressure PO2 is 80-100 and partial pressure of PCO2 is 40.
2.E represents veinus blood, which carries deoxyginated blood from tissues to heart. The partial
pressure PO2 is 40-50 and partial pressure of CO2 PCO2 is 45.
3. Hyberbaric setting are used in medical treatment in which ambient pressure is greater than sea
level. It is used in hyberbaric oxygen theraphy.
4. This helps to increase the higher of concentration of oxygen in tissues. But higher pressure of
xygen may cause toxicity. It causes temporary blurred vision.
B. Differece in Partial pressure gradient between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood, and
systemic capillary blood and surrounding tissue.
Ability of oxygen to bind haemoglibin is called affinity for oxygen. Fetal haemoglobin has more
greater affinity to oxygen.
Solution
1. In the above diagram C arteriol blood which carries oxyginated blood from left vetricle to
body parts, The partial pressure PO2 is 80-100 and partial pressure of PCO2 is 40.
2.E represents veinus blood, which carries deoxyginated blood from tissues to heart. The partial
pressure PO2 is 40-50 and partial pressure of CO2 PCO2 is 45.
3. Hyberbaric setting are used in medical treatment in which ambient pressure is greater than sea
level. It is used in hyberbaric oxygen theraphy.
4. This helps to increase the higher of concentration of oxygen in tissues. But higher pressure of
xygen may cause toxicity. It causes temporary blurred vision.
B. Differece in Partial pressure gradient between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood, and
systemic capillary blood and surrounding tissue.
Ability of oxygen to bind haemoglibin is called affinity for oxygen. Fetal haemoglobin has more
greater affinity to oxygen..
More Related Content
Similar to Answer A] Water solventates any substances that .pdf
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to.pdf
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to influence their water
solubility.
1.Compounds that can hydrogen bond
2. Compounds that are polar but cannot hydrogen bond
3. Compounds that are non-polar
4. Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.
Thank you so much.
Solution
Compounds that can hydrogen bond
Water tends to disassociate into H+ and OH- ions. In this disassociation, the oxygen retains the
electrons and only one of the hydrogens, becoming a negatively charged ion known as
hydroxide. Pure water has the same number (or concentration) of H+ as OH- ions. Acidic
solutions have more H+ ions than OH- ions. Basic solutions have the opposite. An acid causes an
increase in the numbers of H+ ions and a base causes an increase in the numbers of OH- ions.
Water, which not only dissolves many compounds but also dissolves more substances than any
other liquid, is considered the universal solvent. A polar molecule with partially-positive and
negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules. Water is therefore referred to as a
solvent: a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds.
The charges associated with these molecules form hydrogen bonds with water, surrounding the
particle with water molecules. This is referred to as a sphere of hydration, or a hydration shell,
and serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water.
Compounds that dissociate into cations and anions.-When ionic compounds are added to water,
individual ions interact with the polar regions of the water molecules during the dissociation
process, disrupting their ionic bonds. Dissociation occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break
off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride): when NaCl
crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions, and spheres
of hydration form around the ions. The positively-charged sodium ion is surrounded by the
partially-negative charge of the water molecule\'s oxygen; the negatively-charged chloride ion is
surrounded by the partially-positive charge of the hydrogen in the water molecule.
Compounds that are polar and non-polar-
-Since many biomolecules are either polar or charged, water readily dissolves these hydrophilic
compounds. Water is a poor solvent, however, for hydrophobic molecules such as lipids.
Nonpolar molecules experience hydrophobic interactions in water: the water changes its
hydrogen bonding patterns around the hydrophobic molecules to produce a cage-like structure
called a clathrate. This change in the hydrogen-bonding pattern of the water solvent causes the
system\'s overall entropy to greatly decrease, as the molecules become more ordered than in
liquid water. Thermodynamically, such a large decrease in entropy is not spontaneous, and the
hydrophobic molecule will not dissolve.
-Polar substances tend to dissolve well in other polar substances, but not nonpolar substances,
whil.
Ionic Compounds Think of an ionic compound as a .pdf
Ionic Compounds: Think of an ionic compound as a sea of ions. All these ions are
carefully arranged in some sort of 3D pattern with positive and negative ions in specific locations
in the pattern. Take common table salt, Sodium Chloride, as an example. In Sodium Chloride,
there aren\'t specific NaCl molecules, but a mix of Na+ ions and Cl- ions. Each Na+ ion is
surrounded by Cl- ions, and each Cl- ion is surrounded by Na+ ions. The whole structure is held
together by the attraction between the positive and negative ions. Molecular Substances: A
molecule is a group of atoms which are sharing electrons with one another through covalent
bonds. Because the sharing results in a lower energy state, the atoms are more stable together
than alone. When a sample of a molecular substance is looked at, say water (H2O), within the
substance each molecule is being attracted to other molecules. These attractive forces are called
intermolecular forces and they are much weaker than covalent bonds or ionic bonds. For a
substance to melt and then boil, the forces which hold the substance together must be broken.
When water boils, the intermolecular forces between H2O molecules are broken and the
molecules separate from one another. (Note that the covalent bonds are NOT broken, the gas is
still made up of H2O molecules, they\'re just not \"sticking\" to one another anymore.) As you
can imagine, the ionic forces holding an ionic compound together are MUCH stronger than the
intermolecular forces holding a molecular substance together. A lot more energy is required to
break the ionic bonds. So, ionic substances melt at very high temperatures and boil at even
higher temperatures.
Solution
Ionic Compounds: Think of an ionic compound as a sea of ions. All these ions are
carefully arranged in some sort of 3D pattern with positive and negative ions in specific locations
in the pattern. Take common table salt, Sodium Chloride, as an example. In Sodium Chloride,
there aren\'t specific NaCl molecules, but a mix of Na+ ions and Cl- ions. Each Na+ ion is
surrounded by Cl- ions, and each Cl- ion is surrounded by Na+ ions. The whole structure is held
together by the attraction between the positive and negative ions. Molecular Substances: A
molecule is a group of atoms which are sharing electrons with one another through covalent
bonds. Because the sharing results in a lower energy state, the atoms are more stable together
than alone. When a sample of a molecular substance is looked at, say water (H2O), within the
substance each molecule is being attracted to other molecules. These attractive forces are called
intermolecular forces and they are much weaker than covalent bonds or ionic bonds. For a
substance to melt and then boil, the forces which hold the substance together must be broken.
When water boils, the intermolecular forces between H2O molecules are broken and the
molecules separate from one another. (Note that the covalent bonds are NOT broken, the gas is
still made u.
It is basically slides of corrosion andr
Corrosion is a natural process that deteriorates materials, commonly metals, due to chemical or electrochemical reactions with their environment. It's a significant concern across various industries, including infrastructure, manufacturing, and transportation. The effects of corrosion can range from minor aesthetic damage to catastrophic structural failure, leading to enormous economic costs and safety hazards.
Several factors influence corrosion, including environmental conditions such as moisture, temperature, pH levels, and the presence of corrosive agents like oxygen, sulfur compounds, and salts. Additionally, the material's composition and microstructure play crucial roles in its susceptibility to corrosion.
To mitigate corrosion and prolong the lifespan of materials, various protection methods are employed:
Barrier Protection: This involves applying coatings or barriers to physically isolate the material from its environment. Common barrier materials include paints, polymer coatings, and enamels. These coatings create a protective layer that prevents corrosive agents from reaching the underlying material.
Cathodic Protection: This method involves making the metal to be protected the cathode of an electrochemical cell, thus reducing its corrosion rate. Cathodic protection can be achieved through sacrificial anodes, where a more reactive metal (such as zinc or magnesium) is connected to the metal to be protected, sacrificing itself to protect the base metal.
Anodic Protection: Conversely, anodic protection works by polarizing the metal to be protected to make it the anode in an electrochemical cell. This method is suitable for metals that exhibit passivity, such as stainless steel. By maintaining the metal in its passive state, its corrosion rate is significantly reduced.
Inhibitors: Corrosion inhibitors are chemicals that are added to the environment surrounding the metal to reduce its corrosion rate. Inhibitors work by adsorbing onto the metal surface, forming a protective layer that blocks corrosive agents from reaching the metal. Common inhibitors include organic compounds, chromates, and phosphates.
Alloying: Alloying involves mixing the base metal with other elements to improve its corrosion resistance. For example, stainless steel contains chromium, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from corrosion.
Design Modification: Sometimes, corrosion can be mitigated through design modifications that minimize exposure to corrosive environments or improve drainage to prevent the accumulation of moisture.
Each protection method has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of method depends on factors such as the material, the environment, cost considerations, and the required durability. In many cases, a combination of protection methods may be employed to provide optimal corrosion resistance.
Overall, effective corrosion protection is essential for maintaining the integrity and longevity of
Similar to Answer A] Water solventates any substances that .pdf (20)
Investigation Of The Thermal Decomposition Of Copper...
Investigation Of The Thermal Decomposition Of Copper...
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to.pdf
Explain how water interacts with the following types of compounds to.pdf
Properties Of Matter Elements Compounds And Bonding
Properties Of Matter Elements Compounds And Bonding
Ionic Compounds Think of an ionic compound as a .pdf
Ionic Compounds Think of an ionic compound as a .pdf
More from anilart346
1. The TextBox control allows you to capture input the user has type.pdf
1. The TextBox control allows you to capture input the user has typed on the keyboard.
2. txt is commonly used prefix for TextBox control names.
3. String concatenation means that one string is appended to another.
4. A variable is a storage location in the computer\'s memory, used for holding information while
the program is running.
5. A variable declaration is a statement that causes Visual Basic to create a variable in memory.
6. A variable\'s datatype determines whether a variable can hold a string, an integer, a date, or
some other kind of data.
7. A local variable is declared inside a procedure.
8. When Option Strict is set to ON only widening conversions are permitted.
9. A function is a specialized routine that performs a specific operation and then returns a value.
10. A CInt function converts an expression to an integer.
Solution
1. The TextBox control allows you to capture input the user has typed on the keyboard.
2. txt is commonly used prefix for TextBox control names.
3. String concatenation means that one string is appended to another.
4. A variable is a storage location in the computer\'s memory, used for holding information while
the program is running.
5. A variable declaration is a statement that causes Visual Basic to create a variable in memory.
6. A variable\'s datatype determines whether a variable can hold a string, an integer, a date, or
some other kind of data.
7. A local variable is declared inside a procedure.
8. When Option Strict is set to ON only widening conversions are permitted.
9. A function is a specialized routine that performs a specific operation and then returns a value.
10. A CInt function converts an expression to an integer..
1. In the above diagram C arteriol blood which carries oxyginated bl.pdf
1. In the above diagram C arteriol blood which carries oxyginated blood from left vetricle to
body parts, The partial pressure PO2 is 80-100 and partial pressure of PCO2 is 40.
2.E represents veinus blood, which carries deoxyginated blood from tissues to heart. The partial
pressure PO2 is 40-50 and partial pressure of CO2 PCO2 is 45.
3. Hyberbaric setting are used in medical treatment in which ambient pressure is greater than sea
level. It is used in hyberbaric oxygen theraphy.
4. This helps to increase the higher of concentration of oxygen in tissues. But higher pressure of
xygen may cause toxicity. It causes temporary blurred vision.
B. Differece in Partial pressure gradient between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood, and
systemic capillary blood and surrounding tissue.
Ability of oxygen to bind haemoglibin is called affinity for oxygen. Fetal haemoglobin has more
greater affinity to oxygen.
Solution
1. In the above diagram C arteriol blood which carries oxyginated blood from left vetricle to
body parts, The partial pressure PO2 is 80-100 and partial pressure of PCO2 is 40.
2.E represents veinus blood, which carries deoxyginated blood from tissues to heart. The partial
pressure PO2 is 40-50 and partial pressure of CO2 PCO2 is 45.
3. Hyberbaric setting are used in medical treatment in which ambient pressure is greater than sea
level. It is used in hyberbaric oxygen theraphy.
4. This helps to increase the higher of concentration of oxygen in tissues. But higher pressure of
xygen may cause toxicity. It causes temporary blurred vision.
B. Differece in Partial pressure gradient between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood, and
systemic capillary blood and surrounding tissue.
Ability of oxygen to bind haemoglibin is called affinity for oxygen. Fetal haemoglobin has more
greater affinity to oxygen..
1. Activation of helicase and phosphorylation of iniator proteins2.pdf
1. Activation of helicase and phosphorylation of iniator proteins
2. origin of replication is bound by ORC
(ORC serves as the foundation for the assembly of pre-replicative complex)
3. S-cdk is activated
(S-cdk is a part of pre replicative complex)
4. helicase and helicase loader bind to origin, forming pre-replicative complex.
(DnaA hydrolyzes ATP, DnaB-helicase, DnaC-helicase loader, SSBP- stabilize single strands,
DnaG- primase- recruits polymerase)
5. Dna replication begins
6. pre-RC disassembles
(CDKs prevent formation of the pre-RC in late G1, S, and G2 phases by transporting MCM2-7
and Cdt1 from the nucleus, degrading Cdc6)
Solution
1. Activation of helicase and phosphorylation of iniator proteins
2. origin of replication is bound by ORC
(ORC serves as the foundation for the assembly of pre-replicative complex)
3. S-cdk is activated
(S-cdk is a part of pre replicative complex)
4. helicase and helicase loader bind to origin, forming pre-replicative complex.
(DnaA hydrolyzes ATP, DnaB-helicase, DnaC-helicase loader, SSBP- stabilize single strands,
DnaG- primase- recruits polymerase)
5. Dna replication begins
6. pre-RC disassembles
(CDKs prevent formation of the pre-RC in late G1, S, and G2 phases by transporting MCM2-7
and Cdt1 from the nucleus, degrading Cdc6).
The link to constants is dead. .pdf
The link to constants is dead.
Solution
The link to constants is dead..
O has a lone pair of electrons .pdf
O has a lone pair of electrons
Solution
O has a lone pair of electrons.
Magnesium has 12 electrons in its ground state. W.pdf
Magnesium has 12 electrons in its ground state. When it forms anionic compound,
it loses its 2 valence electrons to nitrogen. Itnow has 10 electrons, and it has the electron
configuration ofneon. Thus, the highest energy level is 2, and there are 8electrons there.
Solution
Magnesium has 12 electrons in its ground state. When it forms anionic compound,
it loses its 2 valence electrons to nitrogen. Itnow has 10 electrons, and it has the electron
configuration ofneon. Thus, the highest energy level is 2, and there are 8electrons there..
d. sugar only sugar is a compound, the others are.pdf
d. sugar only sugar is a compound, the others are mixtures
Solution
d. sugar only sugar is a compound, the others are mixtures.
True.Gases have a larger entropy than liquids as they have a lower.pdf
True.
Gases have a larger entropy than liquids as they have a lower density (hence larger specific
volume).
So the gas molecules have more possible energy configurations and a higher entropy.
Solution
True.
Gases have a larger entropy than liquids as they have a lower density (hence larger specific
volume).
So the gas molecules have more possible energy configurations and a higher entropy..
The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all e.pdf
The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all economic transactions
between the residents of a country and the rest of the world. BOP presents a classified record of
all receipts on account of goods exported, services rendered and capital received by residents and
payments made by them on account of goods imported and services received from the capital
transferred to non-residents or foreigners.
It adopts a double-entry book-keeping system. It has two sides: credit side and debit side.
Receipts are recorded on the credit side and payments on the debit side.
Current account of BOP
BOP on current account is a statement of actual receipts and payments in short period. It includes
the value of export and imports of both visible and invisible goods. There can be either surplus or
deficit in current account.The current account includes:- export & import of services, interests,
profits, dividends and unilateral receipts/payments from/to abroad. BOP on current account
refers to the inclusion of three balances of namely – Merchandise balance, Services balance and
Unilateral Transfer balance.
Capital Account of BOP
The capital account records all international transactions that involve a resident of the country
concerned changing either his assets with or his liabilities to a resident of another country.
Transactions in the capital account reflect a change in a stock – either assets or liabilities. It is
difference between the receipts and payments on account of capital account. It refers to all
financial transactions. The capital account involves inflows and outflows relating to investments,
short term borrowings/lending, and medium term to long term borrowing/lending.
Solution
The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all economic transactions
between the residents of a country and the rest of the world. BOP presents a classified record of
all receipts on account of goods exported, services rendered and capital received by residents and
payments made by them on account of goods imported and services received from the capital
transferred to non-residents or foreigners.
It adopts a double-entry book-keeping system. It has two sides: credit side and debit side.
Receipts are recorded on the credit side and payments on the debit side.
Current account of BOP
BOP on current account is a statement of actual receipts and payments in short period. It includes
the value of export and imports of both visible and invisible goods. There can be either surplus or
deficit in current account.The current account includes:- export & import of services, interests,
profits, dividends and unilateral receipts/payments from/to abroad. BOP on current account
refers to the inclusion of three balances of namely – Merchandise balance, Services balance and
Unilateral Transfer balance.
Capital Account of BOP
The capital account records all international transactions that involve a resident of the country
concerned changing either his asset.
REITs are Real Estate Investment Trusts. REITs are considered as a u.pdf
REITs are Real Estate Investment Trusts. REITs are considered as a unique vehicle for studying
capital structure decisions due to the fact that REITs do not use the conventional models and
approaches like the net income approach or the net operating income approach or the Modigliani
and Miller approach to determine their capital structure. Their capital structure usually exhibits
use of low leverage with use of debt that has longer maturity. REITs maintain a much higher
proportion of fixed rate debt and tend to avoid or reduce its dependence on secured debts. REIT
shuns the use of variable rate debt and there exists an inverse relationship between the value of
REIT and leverage.
Research and empirical studies suggests that the optimal capital structure of REITs is one that
has the highest “q ratio”, low leverage, and higher proportion of fixed rate debts.
Solution
REITs are Real Estate Investment Trusts. REITs are considered as a unique vehicle for studying
capital structure decisions due to the fact that REITs do not use the conventional models and
approaches like the net income approach or the net operating income approach or the Modigliani
and Miller approach to determine their capital structure. Their capital structure usually exhibits
use of low leverage with use of debt that has longer maturity. REITs maintain a much higher
proportion of fixed rate debt and tend to avoid or reduce its dependence on secured debts. REIT
shuns the use of variable rate debt and there exists an inverse relationship between the value of
REIT and leverage.
Research and empirical studies suggests that the optimal capital structure of REITs is one that
has the highest “q ratio”, low leverage, and higher proportion of fixed rate debts..
Please follow the code and description Software Test Manager T.pdf
Please follow the code and description :
Software Test Manager :
The role of Test manager commonly refers to the activity of managing and checking the
computer software adn its components testing process.They generallu use some management
tools so as to manage the tests that have been implemented in a test procedure.
Roles and Responsibilities :
1) The effective software test managers need to understand the discipline of testing and the
process respectively.
2) They are also need to be able to manage and implement a effective testing process in their
organizations. So thei basically needs the team leading skills, with effective communication
skills.
3) One needs to understand the testing efforts and the implementations by analyzing the
requirements of project before hand.
4) This step ivolves the estimatation of the management support for the time required, witht the
available resources and the budget required to perform the testing to complete the process
successfully.
5) Need to Organize the meetings regularly so as to get the clear picture of the present situation
of the testing process.
6) Build a testing team of professionals with appropriate skills, attitudes and motivation.
7) Identification of the training requirements and forward it to the Project Manager.
8) Develop the test plan for the tasks, dependencies and participants required to mitigate the risks
to system quality and obtain stakeholder support for this plan.
9) Arrange the Hardware and software requirement for the Test Setup. Assignment of the tasks to
all Testing Team members and ensure that all of them have sufficient work in the project.
10) Document, implement, monitor, and enforce all processes for testing as per standards defined
by the organization. Check / Review the Test Cases documents frequently.
11) Keep track of the new requirements / change in the requirements of the Project. Escalate the
issues about project requirements to the higher authorities.
12) Organize the status meetings and send the Status Report to the Client. Attend the regular
client call and discuss the weekly status with the client.
13) Tracking and preparing the report of testing activities like test testing results, test case
coverage, required resources, defects discovered and their status, performance baselines.
14) Ensure the timely delivery of different testing milestones in the near future.
15) Prepares / updates the metrics dashboard at the end of a phase or at the completion of project.
Quality Assurance Manager :
In general Quality assurance is a way of preventing mistakes or defects persisted in the
manufactured products/softwares and avoiding the problems when delivering solutions or
services to the respecitve customers. A QA Manager basically looks after the assurance and the
perfect delivery of the product/software in the stipulated and to maintain the customer
satisfaction.
Roles and Responsibilities :
1) Determining, negotiating and agreeing the available in-house quality proced.
Part DGASTRULA----answerAmid gastrulation cells move to the insi.pdf
Part D
GASTRULA----answer
Amid gastrulation cells move to the inside of the blastula, hence framing two (in diploblastic
creatures) or three (triploblastic) germ layers. The developing life amid this procedure is known
as a gastrula. The germ layers are alluded to as the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. In
diploblastic creatures just the ectoderm and the endoderm are available .
Among various creatures, distinctive blends of the accompanying procedures jump out at place
the cells in the inside of the developing life:
Epiboly ,Ingression ,Invagination archenteron ,Delamination and Involution
Polar expansion - Cells at the polar closures of the blastula/gastrula multiply, for the most part at
the creature shaft.
===============================================================
Part E
What happens to a cell during the process of differentiation
Answer : option a
It undergoes a change towards a more specialised form or function
===========================================================
Part F
child is born without a fully developed pancreas. He is normal in all other respects & thus
doctors believe the problem began in early development. Which part of development did the
problem probably occur?
endoderm formation-answer
pancreas:
It is a glandular organ in the stomach related framework and endocrine arrangement of
vertebrates. In people, it is situated in the stomach cavity behind the stomach. It is an endocrine
organ creating a few imperative hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and
pancreatic polypeptide which course in the blood. The pancreas is additionally a stomach related
organ, discharging pancreatic juice containing stomach related chemicals that help assimilation
and ingestion
Solution
Part D
GASTRULA----answer
Amid gastrulation cells move to the inside of the blastula, hence framing two (in diploblastic
creatures) or three (triploblastic) germ layers. The developing life amid this procedure is known
as a gastrula. The germ layers are alluded to as the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. In
diploblastic creatures just the ectoderm and the endoderm are available .
Among various creatures, distinctive blends of the accompanying procedures jump out at place
the cells in the inside of the developing life:
Epiboly ,Ingression ,Invagination archenteron ,Delamination and Involution
Polar expansion - Cells at the polar closures of the blastula/gastrula multiply, for the most part at
the creature shaft.
===============================================================
Part E
What happens to a cell during the process of differentiation
Answer : option a
It undergoes a change towards a more specialised form or function
===========================================================
Part F
child is born without a fully developed pancreas. He is normal in all other respects & thus
doctors believe the problem began in early development. Which part of development did the
problem probably occur?
endoderm formation-answer
pancreas:
It is a glandul.
AnswerThe given experiment is related to the bacterial transforma.pdf
Answer:
The given experiment is related to the bacterial transformation. Bacterial transformation is the
transfer of foreign genetic material (either DNA or RNA) into the recipient cell through direct
uptake from the environment. It is a process involves exchange of genetic material between of
two organisms through non-reproductive mode in contrast to the traditional reproduction
(vertical transfer through sexual or asexual reproduction). It results to the change in the genotype
of the recipient cell due to incorporation of newly acquired DNA into the recipient genome
through either recombination or insertion.
The transformants can be identified using a selective medium. The identification of the
transformants (containing the vector/foreign molecule) require the presence of a suitable marker
genes on the vector molecule, whose expression provides a means of identifying cells containing
it (transformants). The most popular marker used for it are: a) Antibiotic resistant gene, b) colour
substance developing gene, c) galactosidase gene complementation.
In the given experiment 3 markers were used:
a) The vector (pGLO plasmid) contain the gene for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and the
ampicillin resistance gene (which codes for beta-lactamase). Because it shares a bidirectional
promoter with a gene for metabolizing arabinose, the GFP gene is expressed in the presence of
arabinose, which makes the transgenic organism express its fluorescence under UV light. GFP
can be induced in bacteria containing the pGLO plasmid by growing them on +arabinose plates.
b) Ampicillin antibiotic, inhibits the cell wall synthesis. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of the
enzyme transpeptidase.
c) Arabinose (as a carbon source for bacteria).
The genetic transformation resulting to the change the phenotype of the organism (E. coli in case
of the given experiment). The results found after the transformation experiment would be in
observed in 4 type of plates.
1) Control plate (Growth medium only)
2) Control plate (Growth medium+ampicillin)
3) Transformant plate (Growth medium+ampicillin+pGLO)
4) Transformant plate (Growth medium+ampicillin+pGLO+arabinose)
The observations of control plate (E. coli cells before transformantion experiment) might provide
reference data to determine if any genetic transformation has occurred. Thus, we have to record
the a) Number of colonies, b) Size of the colony, c) Color of the colonies, d) Distribution of the
colonies on the plate, e) Visible appearance when viewed with ultraviolet (UV) light), f) The
ability of the cells to survive and multiply in the presence of an antibiotic ampicillin.
Expected Results:
*Plate 1: The results would obtained that countable (between 30-300), small, circular, shiny,
colourless colonies of E. coli were distributed throught out the plate. They would be non-
fluorescent when obsered under UV-light.
*Plate 2: No colonies will be developed in the presence of ampicillin because the E. coli is non
resistant .
NaClO is an oxyacid salt. So when it disassociate, the oxy acid part.pdf
NaClO is an oxyacid salt. So when it disassociate, the oxy acid part will be together in the
solution
NaClO =================> Na+ + ClO-
[It is similar with sodium sulphate, it is also an oxy acid salt. so the sulphur and O will be
together]
Na2SO4 =========> 2 Na+ + SO42- ]
Solution
NaClO is an oxyacid salt. So when it disassociate, the oxy acid part will be together in the
solution
NaClO =================> Na+ + ClO-
[It is similar with sodium sulphate, it is also an oxy acid salt. so the sulphur and O will be
together]
Na2SO4 =========> 2 Na+ + SO42- ].
In this case HF is the most ionic because H and F have thelarges.pdf
In this case HF is the most ionic because H and F have thelargest difference in electronegativity.
The value for H is2.1; the value for F is 4.0. The difference is 1.9. All of the other options given
have a lower difference.
Solution
In this case HF is the most ionic because H and F have thelargest difference in electronegativity.
The value for H is2.1; the value for F is 4.0. The difference is 1.9. All of the other options given
have a lower difference..
Here some of the reasons why list instead of a vector(i) Storing .pdf
Here some of the reasons why list instead of a vector:
(i) Storing large data, that is if few elements contains more data then it is inefficient in storing
into
vectors. But this can easily done using lists.
(ii) Iterations, insertning and deleting will take more time in vectors comparitively to lists.
(iii) In lists searching and traversing are inconsequential.
(iv) Splice and merge methods are not available in vectors. If we try to do using vectors then
operation will be more expensive.
Solution
Here some of the reasons why list instead of a vector:
(i) Storing large data, that is if few elements contains more data then it is inefficient in storing
into
vectors. But this can easily done using lists.
(ii) Iterations, insertning and deleting will take more time in vectors comparitively to lists.
(iii) In lists searching and traversing are inconsequential.
(iv) Splice and merge methods are not available in vectors. If we try to do using vectors then
operation will be more expensive..
(1)Through antibiotic resistance, bacteria will resist the action of.pdf
(1)Through antibiotic resistance, bacteria will resist the action of antibiotic and there are
different ways through which bacteria will become antibiotic resistance.
Conjugation: Here the resistant bacteria will transfer genetic material responsible for antibiotic
resistance to another bacterium by forming direct contact with them through sex pilus.
Transduction: The resistance traits of one bacterium will get packed into the head portion of the
virus (bacteriophage) and the release phage progeny from these antibiotic resistant bacteria will
infect susceptible bacteria and transfer the antibiotic resistance genes to them.
Transformation: Here bacteria capable of undergoing transformation will take up short fragments
of naked DNA responsible for antibiotic resistance from the surrounding environment by direct
uptake.
By undergoing genetic mutation: By undergoing genetic mutations, the bacteria will produce
chemicals which will eliminate the action of antibiotics and in some cases the target will be
modified to escape from antibiotic action.
(2) The genetic code is universal and bacterial cell will try to translate the gene to produce the
protein, but the proteins will not similar to human proteins because
Bacteria are lacking splicing mechanism it cannot splice out the introns from exons and thus it
will try to transcribe and translate the gene with both introns and exons giving different proteins.
In addition to this the proteins produced by bacteria will be different form human cells because,
bacteria used 70S ribosomes and the translation it does is different from the human ribosome and
another thing is codon usage is different in bacteria and we will have different genomic tRNA
pool and the post-translation modification present in human cells is missing in bacteria.
(3) Not all bacteria present in environment can be culturable, what you can see through
microscope will far outweigh the number of colonies that grow on a Petri plate and this shows
that you cannot culture all the bacteria. Through sophisticated microscopic techniques you can
identify the unculturable bacteria and through molecular techniques, such as metagenomic
sequencing will help you to get more details about this.
Solution
(1)Through antibiotic resistance, bacteria will resist the action of antibiotic and there are
different ways through which bacteria will become antibiotic resistance.
Conjugation: Here the resistant bacteria will transfer genetic material responsible for antibiotic
resistance to another bacterium by forming direct contact with them through sex pilus.
Transduction: The resistance traits of one bacterium will get packed into the head portion of the
virus (bacteriophage) and the release phage progeny from these antibiotic resistant bacteria will
infect susceptible bacteria and transfer the antibiotic resistance genes to them.
Transformation: Here bacteria capable of undergoing transformation will take up short fragments
of naked DNA responsible for antibio.
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D. Role Based Access Control (RBAC) allows specific people to be assigned to specific roles
with specific privileges. It allows access to be assigned to groups and works well where there are
high levels of turnover.
Solution
D. Role Based Access Control (RBAC) allows specific people to be assigned to specific roles
with specific privileges. It allows access to be assigned to groups and works well where there are
high levels of turnover..
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- 1. Answer: A] Water solventates any substances that may dissociate into charged ions. Taking salt for example (NaCl), the water will allow the solid salt to dissociate into Na+ and Cl- ions. How does it do this chemically? Water molecules are polar. Hence, they surround the ions in something called a hydration shell. Water is H2O, the hydrogens have a positive dipole whereas the oxygen has a negative dipole. The negative sides of the water molecule (oxygen) will all surround and face the positive charged Na+ ions. The positive sides of the water molecule (hydrogens) will surround the negatively charged Cl- ions. B] A hydrogen bond is formed between an hydrogen atom on one molecule and an electronegative atom on another molecule (oxygen, flourine, nitrogen, etc.). The hydrogen atom on the first molecule must be covalently binded to an electronegative atom as well. Overall hydrogen bond: O-H...O (dotted line is the hydrogen bond). In water, these bonds are rapidly formed and destroyed. It is not a covalent bond, but sort of an interaction force between water molecules. Physically, this may be seen with ice. Ice forms crystal-like structures due to the neat organization of these hydrogen interactions. C] Water will tend to isolate hydrophobic substances. Water is polar and hence likes to mix with other polar substances. Since hydrophobic substances are non-polar, the water will physically separate out the hydrophobic substances in solution. In chemical terms, the water will just form clatherates (organized shells of water) around any hydrophobic substance. This can be seen if you add oil to water. It just doesn't mix. Solution Answer: A] Water solventates any substances that may dissociate into charged ions. Taking salt for example (NaCl), the water will allow the solid salt to dissociate into Na+ and Cl- ions. How does it do this chemically? Water molecules are polar. Hence, they surround the ions in something called a hydration shell. Water is H2O, the hydrogens have a positive dipole whereas the oxygen has a negative dipole. The negative sides of the water molecule (oxygen) will all surround and face the positive charged Na+ ions. The positive sides of the water molecule (hydrogens) will surround the negatively charged Cl- ions. B] A hydrogen bond is formed between an hydrogen atom on one molecule and an electronegative atom on another molecule (oxygen, flourine, nitrogen, etc.). The hydrogen atom on the first molecule must be covalently binded to an electronegative atom as well. Overall hydrogen bond: O-H...O (dotted line is the hydrogen bond). In water, these bonds are rapidly formed and destroyed. It is not a covalent bond, but sort of an interaction force between water molecules. Physically, this may be seen with ice. Ice forms crystal-like structures due to the neat organization of these hydrogen interactions. C] Water will tend to isolate hydrophobic substances. Water is polar and hence likes to mix with other polar substances. Since hydrophobic substances are non-polar, the water will physically separate out the hydrophobic substances in solution. In chemical terms, the water
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