Infection in advanced nursing practice

1. SEMINAR ON INFECTION
ANEEZ. K
IST Year MSc. Nursing
EMS CON

2. DEFINITION
The entry and development or multiplication of an
infectious agent in the body of man or animals.

3. LEVELS OF INFECTION
Colonization (e.g. S.aureus in skin and normal nasopharynx)
Sub clinical or in apparent infection: Infection is active but does
not produce noticeable symptoms (e.g. Polio)
Latent infection: Infection that is inactive or dormant (virus of
herpes simplex)
Manifest or clinical infection

4. CLASSIFICATION
Primary & secondary infection: May either refer to succeeding
infections or different stages of the same infection such as in acute
herpes labialis infection.
Occult infection or asymptomatic infection: Is medical
terminology for a “hidden” infection, that is, one that presents no
symptoms verifiable & recognizable by a doctor.

5. TYPES OF INFECTION
Local infection: limited to specific part of the body where the
microorganisms remain.
Systemic infection: If the organisms spread & damage different
parts of the body.
Acute infection: Generally appear suddenly or last a short time
Chronic infection: May occur slowly, over a very long period
$may lasts months or years.

6. Exogenous infection: Infection from external source
Endogenous infection: Infection by organism harbored by
individual.
Re-infection: Subsequent infection by same organism.
Nosocomial infection: Patient receiving broad spectrum
antibiotic get colonized by resistant pathogen and infection
produced by them.

7. CHAIN OF INFECTION
IN CHART

8. ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
The extent to which any microorganism is capable of
producing an infectious process depends on the no. of organism
present, virulence and potency of organism, the ability of
microorganism to enter the body, susceptibility of host and ability
of micro organism to live in hosts body.

9. KOCH’S POSTULATES
A microorganism can be accepted as the causative agent of
an infectious disease only if the following conditions are satisfied,
The bacterium should be consistently associated with the lesions
of the disease
It should be possible to isolate the bacterium in pure culture from
the lesions
Inoculation of such pure culture into suitable laboratory animals
should reproduce the lesions of the disease.
It should be possible to re isolate the bacterium in pure culture
from the lesions produced in the experimental animals.

10. KOCH’S POSTULATES
These criteria first indicated by Henle, were enunciated
by Koch and are known as KOCH’S POSTULATES.

11. RESERVOIR
Reservoirs are source of microorganisms. Common
sources are human, clients on microorganisms, plants animals etc.

12. PORTAL OF EXIT FROM RESERVOIR
Paths by which infectious agent leaves the reservoir

13. MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

14. PORTAL OF ENTRY INTO THE HOST
Before person can infect, microorganism must enter the
body, ie.it is the path by which the infectious agent enters the
human body. It include respiratory tract, GI tract, direct infection
of mucous membranesbreak in skin, parental (via blood,) Trans
placental, conjunctiva.

15. SUSPECTIBLE HOST
Factors influencing susceptibility:
Number of organisms to which host is exposed, duration of
exposure.
Age genetic constitution, general physical mental, emotional,
nutritional status of host.
Status of hematopoietic system, efficiency of recticuloendothelial
system.
Absent or abnormal immunoglobins.

16. STAGES OF INFECTIOUS PROCESS
Infection response
Localized infection
Systemic response

17. CLINICAL EFFECTS OF INFECTION ON THE
BODY
ACUTE
CHRONIC

18. DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
Blood, urine, and sputum, pus cultures
Stool analysis
Chest x-rays and
Spinal fluid analysis

19. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
Breaking the chain of infection
Body’s normal Defences against Infection
Normal Floras
Body System Defences
Inflammation
Vascular and Cellular Responses
Inflammatory Exudate
Tissue Repair

20. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
CONT…
Antimicrobial resistance
Universal precautions

21. HEALTH CARE FACILITY
RECOMMENDATION
In Hand out

22. NURSING PROCESS
ASSESSMENT
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Risk for infection
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
Impaired oral mucous membrane
Risk for impaired skin integrity
Impaired tissue integrity
Readiness for enhanced immunization status
Social isolation

23. PLANNING
Preventing exposure to infectious organisms
Controlling or reducing the extent of infection
Maintaining resistance to infection
Verbalizing understanding of infection prevention and
control techniques (e.g., hand hygiene)

24. IMPLEMENTATION
Health Promotion
Acute Care
Asepsis
Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization
Isolation and Isolation Precautions
Infection Prevention and Control for Hospital Personnel
Patient Education
EVALUATION

25. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Fundamentals of Nursing, Eighth Edition - Patricia A. Potter, Perry PAGE NO. 405-410
 Fundamental of nursing concepts, Process and practice, Barbara Kozier, Glanova Erb,
Audrey Berman, Karen Burke, 7th edition, Pearson Education Publication, Page No.
669-677
 Fundamentals of Nursing, Caring and clinical judjement, 3rd Edition, Helen Harkreader,
Mary Ann Hogen, Marghelle Thobaben, Saunder’s Elsevier Publication, Page no. 497-
510
 Fundamentals of Nursing, The art and science of nursing care, Carol Taylor, Carol Lillis,
Priscilla Lemone, 5th edition, Lipincott Williams and wilkins publications, Page no. 652
 http://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553%2814%2901132-8/abstract
 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1410863?query=featured_infectious-
disease.