Global Climate And Its Variability

1. Global Climate And Its Variability The processes occurring in the upper ocean are important for interpreting the global climate and its variability. The upper ocean is often referred to as the ocean mixed layer (ML). It is a quasi– homogeneous layer of oceanic tracers regulated by turbulence due to air–sea exchanges of heat and momentum fluxes. The thickness of the ML modulates its heat capacity and controls the evolution of sea surface temperature (SST), which is important for understanding climate dynamics. Therefore, the mean state and seasonal cycle of ocean mixed layer depth (MLD) and the relative roles of net heat flux (NHF), wind–stress and freshwater flux on the ML require to be explored over the global ocean. Insufficient attention has been given to the role of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The annual mean MLD over most open ocean regions (away from sea ice and shallow coastal regions) follows the heat and wind forcing. The annual mean wind forcing strength appears to be most strongly related to the annual mean MLD, while the relative seasonal cycle strength of MLD mostly follows the seasonality in heating. However, there are a few regions in which neither of the atmospheric forcings seems to match the annual mean or seasonal cycle characteristics of the MLD; indicating that the relationship is more complex. The analysis, based on the ocean reanalysis and ACCESS–KPP model datasets, suggests that oceanic processes independent of the local atmospheric forcing contribute to the stratification of the upper ocean and thus the MLD in significant ways. The relationship between the anomalies of MLD and atmospheric forces tends to become stronger when the atmospheric forces lead by about one month during the fall and winter. This is consistent with a larger inertia of the MLD when it is deeper. The representation of the MLD and its variability related to the local atmospheric forcings in the CMIP5 models are mostly consistent with the observed. The seasonal variability of MLD is strongly modulated by the atmospheric heat flux seasonality. This has caused deeper MLDs over a wider extratropical domain during winter in the multi–model mean. Further, the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

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3. Global Warming And Global Climate Change The topic of global climate change has been a much debated topic over the years. There is no real scientific consensus on global warming. However, much destruction has happened to the earth that questions the scientific or empirical link between extreme weather and global climate change. There are a lot of events that happens around the globe such as floods, increased precipitation, sea–level rise, and hurricanes that questions the theory of global climate change. Without any clear cut evidence, it would be hard to determine whether greenhouse gases (GHG) and deforestation are the cause of global climate change. There are many researchers around the who use scientific findings to prove that there is a link between extreme weather and global climate change. Korstanje and Babu (2012) write about climate changes environmental effects, they write "global warming has in recent years, begun to pose a global threat to all cultures and nations" (p.333). In their article Korstanje and Babu (2012) writes that countries are fighting global warming by implementing carbon taxations in hopes that it will lessen the effect of pollution (p.333). Currently, the country with the highest carbon taxation is Norway (Korstanje & Babu, 2012, p.333). Rather than overlooking environmental destruction, Norway taxes companies at high rates for their carbon emissions. Hopefully by charging companies for their emissions they will add less pollution to Norway's environment. Climate change is a ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

5. Global Warming And Climate Change There are two terms that many people have been concerned about for many years now, which some people firmly believe will be the downfall of the Earth's survival. Those terms are global warming and climate change. Although both terms are used interchangeably by some, they cover two different subjects that go hand in hand. There is extensive research done on both terms, with plenty of scientific evidence proving that both are occurring and are major problems. However, there is still an uncanny amount of people who claim that climate change and global warming is not real, and their reasoning is usually either unscientific or at times completely unreasonable. Their reasons are usually political, religious, or due to some form of being misinformed. This skepticism is a major problem because global warming is a threat and must be dealt with. Before discussing skepticism, it's important to know what global warming and climate change are. Global warming is essentially the change in the Earth's surface temperature due to the increasing use of greenhouse gases. Climate change on the other hand also focuses on the Earth's temperature change, but does not primarily focus the effect of greenhouse gases, and is more tuned towards the long term changes of climate. Climate change can be studied through ice cores to show the history of the Earth 's climate by examining air bubbles that were trapped by snow and preserved in these ice cores. CO2 concentrations have varied between 180–330 ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

7. The Warming Of Global Climate Change Global climate change is going to change with or without the help of humans because we have to use fossil fuels to survive. Global Climate change is the warming of the average temperature On Earth's surface, caused mainly by the increased concentration of Greenhouse Gases in the atmosphere causing weather patterns to change. Man–made gases are not the only contributing factor to Global Climate change because such things as sunspots eating at the atmospheric layers, causing more radiation to come through, increased water vapor due to Carbon Dioxide induced warming as indicated by NASA, and Permafrost, which is solid, frozen soil which constitutes about 25% of land area in the Northern Hemisphere. Sunspots form On the sun's surface due to strong magnetic field lines coming up within the sun trough, solar surface, and are visible as dark spots compared to surrounding. Sunspots are generally bigger than the Earth and are always dark and much cooler than it's surroundings. Large sunspots can have a temperature of 3700 degrees Celsius, which isn 't much compared to the temperature of the photosphere of the sun which is about 5500 degrees Celsius. Sunspots are a very common sight during the solar maximum; Solar maximum is the period of greatest solar activity which lasts about eleven years (SpaceWeatherLive.com. 2015). Sunspots occur because the sun isn 't a rock like Earth and the inner planets.The sun is a ball of continuously circulating hot gases that doesn 't move all in one ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

9. Climate Change And Global Warming The terms climate change and global warming have caused much confusion. Climate change is the change in global or regional climate patterns. Global warming is the idea that the world is being heated by a few degrees every year brought on by an increase in carbon dioxide levels from the growing use of fossil fuels. Together these two issues have begun to change the habitats as humanity knows them and could devastate the world if allowed to continue. Many studies support the idea of the changing climate, and people now realize the significance of the issue. The US Government and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as many governmental agencies around the world, have released many bulletins on changes that are currently taking place. Each has projected that it will only continue to escalate to the point that humankind will have a minuscule chance of survival. Many people resist the idea that people are causing the shut–down of the climates. Climate change is now a much–debated topic in political circuits. Scientific studies have again and again concluded the climate change is a measurable reality. Opponents continue to profess the cold snaps, ironically predicted by the generally accepted models, are proof that climate change does not exist. Many still resist idea that the venting of chemicals common in spray can propellants and refrigeration is breaking down the ozone layer that protects us from radiation in the atmosphere. Some scientists refuse to accept that ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

11. Global Climate And Global Warming Essay Introduction Uncertain earth climate brings about unpredictable natural hazards; therefore it is necessary to acknowledge if the earth is getting warmer or cooler, what truly causes these changes, and is there a casual relationship between the increase of carbon dioxide and global warming. Only when these study results are reasonable and accurate, relevant forecast and clear polices can be made and implemented. In other words, those biased studies results might point out an opposite direction to protect earth environment and even make current situation get worse. For example, the original aim of Earth Hour is to reduce carbon emissions and balance climate change; however, according to Luke Weston's lab experiment (2008), the candle burned during Earth Hour, shows that greenhouse gas emissions are increased by 9.6 g of carbon dioxide over electric lighting. Therefore, some misguided results might bring about inappropriate propose and run in opposite directions. This paper examines the trend of global climate by looking at existing studies on fluctuations of global average temperature. Average temperature is calculated by averaging temperatures over times. Global temperature mainly depends on the energy atmosphere keeps within the surface of earth. Therefore, different from reports of regional average temperatures, which may merely present changes of temperature within certain area, and fluctuate significantly due to local human activities or local natural variability, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

13. Global Health And Climate Change The most significant global health issue in the United States (U.S.) and one that poses the most danger is climate change. Climate change is a major global health issue that many of us do not understand, do not take seriously, nor do not consider to be a major health concern. The link between global health and climate change has been confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a risk to the health of the population and is now classified as one of the greatest health risks of the 21st century (WHO, 2016). Climate change is not just a danger to the environment, but a global threat to our health and it must be recognized as an emergent issue as our climate is becoming altered progressively faster than expected. At this time, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Extreme heat threatens public health and increases the rate of deaths. Reduced air quality: Fine particulate matter, exhausts, burning of fossil fuels, and pesticides are a few things that exert greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere affecting the climate change. Reduced air quality poses a great risk to public health and has been linked to asthma, heart and lung damage, respiratory diseases, and premature deaths. Wildfires: The incidence of wildfires in the western U.S. has increased over the years. Climate changes are driving up temperatures effecting the levels of precipitation and moisture; thus, increasing the prevalence of wildfires. The smoke exposure from wildfires increase respiratory and cardiovascular infections. Wildfires also account for increased fatalities. Vector–borne infectious disease: As the climate changes, temperatures increase, and precipitation levels rise, causing species patterns to change, such as those of mosquitos and ticks. In addition, it too introduces new pests and pathogens into new regions, such as the Zika virus, which has shown to be fatal to the human population. Increased precipitation/food and waterborne diarrheal diseases: As we have seen recently with West Virginia, increasing precipitation can have devastating and deadly effects on the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

15. Global Warming And Global Climate Change In the last twenty years, the issues surrounding global climate change have become increasingly dominant in the international community, as the implications associated with the global issue pose many threats to the environment and humanity as a whole. Beginning in the 1970's, scientific research regarding pollution led scientists to discover that chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) where destroying the ozone layer, posing threats to plant and animal life, and humans as a rise in skin cancer followed. Luckily, the world community came together to make the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which established a common goal of reducing and eventually eliminating the use of CFC's, leading to the restoration of the ozone layer. Unfortunately, the world community has yet to fully collaborate on a universal approach to global warming. Since discovering that the burning of fossil fuels increases levels of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere and ultimately causes a rise in the earth's temperature, successful collaboration between states has been limited. The global climate change regime has had many diplomatic problems due to the varying levels of resources within each state, different opinions regarding the weight of the issue, along with other cultural factors that make cooperation hard to achieve. The three main perspectives of international relations, realist, liberal, and identity, offer contrasting approaches to preventing the progression of global warming and other pressing climate ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

17. Climate Change : Global Warming One of the biggest problems the world is facing today is climate change. Climate change in the world can be caused by numerous activities including human activities. Climate change occurs when the temperature rises significantly, which leads to many different changes happening on Earth such less snow in the winter. These changes include floods, drought, or intense rain, as well as severe heat waves. One of the biggest problems is rising sea level, other cases are melting of glaciers, heating, and acidity of oceans. The earth's climate changed plural times in the past due to natural causes but the current climate is different because human activities are the main cause. Ever since the Industrial Revolution humans have been releasing more and more carbon dioxide, which is accumulated in the atmosphere, this leads to the creation of the greenhouse, this disrupts our Earth's climate. The greenhouse effect is when the energy from the sun drives the earth's weather and climate and heats the earth's surface, in turn the earth will radiate that energy back into earth which will cause a rise in temperature on earth because the gasses retain some of the outgoing energy trapping heat. Greenhouses gasses are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrox oxide water vapor and other gasses. These gasses originate from burning fossils which explain their capacity to produce energy. At first greenhouse effect was considered as a positive aspect but when greenhouse gases increase, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

19. Global Climate Change And The Global Environment The environmental security is one of the biggest concerns for human society in these days as stability and natural resources preservation have become essential elements of international relations and domestic security. By looking to the current situation of global environmental security, it seems that the rate of destruction to the world's environment by humans is increasing and the damage is faster than it can be recovered (Fiona Harvey, 2016). There are many factors which play a fundamental role in destroying the global environment. The most visible one is the human's incorrect activity that resulted in climate change which can be viewed as an enormous threat to environmental security. It is believed that the current local and global climatic changes have been impacted by the increase of greenhouse gases emissions which may effect on reducing the food and water as they are the main elements for environmental and human security. This paper gives an outline of the theory and practice of global climate change and a brief history of the international negotiations on the issue done by United Nations and argues how successful they have been. Then it reviews the impact of climate change on Australia's environment and explains its national polices and international commitments, as well as the role of both USA and China, the largest contributors in emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, in reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. At the end it explains the way in which ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

21. Global Climate Change : The Global Warming The Global Climate Change Currently when human life is growing, human activities impact on the environment and climate to lead to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and that is the big challenge for human kind. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it? Climate change is the change of weather, climate, may be due to human or natural causes. The specific expression that we often hear about is the phenomenon does not stop warming the earth, the greenhouse effect, melting ice. Environment includes all factors abiotic and biotic impacts, affecting directly or indirectly the health and life of humans. Therefore, each of us needs to realize and understand that environmental protection is to protect our lives. Nowadays, people with the invention of modern science and technology, there are more devoted to humanity, but the effect it has little impact on the environment such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution ... man himself is quietly changing climate without knowing. From about 100 years of human impact on this sensitive balance between the natural greenhouse effect and solar radiation. The change in the concentration of greenhouse gases over the past 100 years. Climate change is the change in the Earth 's climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, lithosphere present and future by natural causes and man–made. According to research by scientists in the world, climate change has occurred on a global ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

23. Climate Change And The Global Warming Campaign analysis Introduction Climate change has been an important issue for the past century brought about by human activities. As humans aim at growing economically, environment issues are always been overlooked, especially in some developing countries, like China and India. In other words, it is the trade–off between the speed of economic growth and environmental sustainability. (LoÌpez & Toman, 2006) Meanwhile, with increasing use of dirty energy source, for example, petroleum and coal, a mass of greenhouse gases is discharged into atmosphere, which would lead to greenhouse effect. And greenhouse effect is the main reason of climate change. Scientists have raised the issue of climate change by providing scientific evidence to show ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The campaign calls the public to action by stating that the increased rate of climate change has led to a significant problem, increased extinction of the species. Over the last several years, researchers have identified an increasing rate of global temperatures. But in fact, the rate of change is higher than the rate at which the different species inhabiting the ecosystem can adopt putting them at risk of death thus extinction. (MALCOLM, LIU, NEILSON, HANSEN & HANNAH, 2006) There have been a lot of scholars studying this campaign as well as global warming. Dr Tina Tin had analysed this campaign in 2009. She mentioned that the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) set out an overwhelming body of scientific evidence which demonstrate climate change is human–induced beyond any doubt in 2008. Additionally, the IPCC was also awarded the Nobel Peace prize for recognizing climate change as a major challenge to the security of mankind in the 21st century during 2007. (Tin, 2009) Dr Tin defined present climate change as "stronger than expected, sooner than forecast". She drawn this conclusion from following aspects. Firstly, recent 30 or more years, The Arctic Ocean is losing sea ice. (Stroeve, Holland, Meir, Scambon & Serreze, 2007) It means ocean water would be warmed more by the sun. And it would cause a vicious circle that the Arctic Ocean could be ice–free quickly during the summer, as well as difficult to form and to retain sea ice during the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

25. Climate Change And Global Warming CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Climate change and global warming has been warned to no longer be viewed lightly. These changes are considered to be one of the biggest threats that being faced by nature and humanity today. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), climate change can be defined as the changes of climate which is attributed either directly or indirectly towards human activities which also able to change the composition of the global atmosphere. As an addition to this matter, the natural climate changes seemed to change over comparable period of time. Generally, Malaysia might be one of the lucky countries that do not experience extensive damages due to extreme climate changes. However, mild climate related disasters are quite frequent to happen lately. These refer to occurrence of landslides due to excessive rainfall and strong winds happened at the hilly and the latter, at the coastal areas causing severe damage (MET, 2010). Environmentally, climate change in Malaysia means increase in total heavy rain falls, rising mean sea level and possibly extreme weather. Extreme weather can be fierce and destructive. According to the fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced significantly, the rise in global temperature will be about 2Âº C towards the end of century. However, if no action should be taken due to this matter, the temperature might increase up ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

27. Global Climate Change Global climate change is no big secret––things are heating up and humans are starting to see the implications of the global warming phenomena. As these consequences have begun to impinge upon our realities of a healthy, functioning world, scientists have been hard pressed to find a solution, a save all for mother Earth called geoengineering. One side of these solutions is in carbon dioxide removal tactics that target the disease of too much carbon in the atmosphere (Hamilton, 20). One of the most largely supported arguments for CO2 removal iron fertilization. Global warming is also a hot topic of political debate because the problem is now so extensive that effective action is needed on a global scale (20). It's time for humans assume responsibility of our own self–created mess, and also ponder the ramifications of our past, present, and future Fertilizing the Ocean: adding iron, sequestering carbon The ocean is a massive carbon repository. Scientists looking combat global warming thought that carbon from the atmosphere could be moved into the oceans, where it would stay for millennia. The man accredited for this idea is the late John Martin, who discovered that in many regions of the ocean, iron has been found to be the limiting nutrient for growth (NASA). Iron, a macronutrient, is needed for photosynthesis to occur and has been linked to phytoplankton blooms (see image 2) and ice ages (Martinez–Garcia). It reaches the ocean in the form of dust ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

29. Global Warming : Global Climate Change Brooke Bogan Carol Dale, M.Ed. 1301 Dual Credit English IV November 4, 2015 WA #6– Global Climate Change Global climate change is a topic that had been hotly debated across the country for years. Though not many people believe it, scientists have proved the global warming is in fact partly caused by man. The greenhouse effect is gradually increasing the temperature of the earth because humans are constantly burning natural gases and oils, greenhouse gases being trapped in the atmosphere, deforestation, and the lower–level atmosphere is expanding exponentially. These every day routines may not seem as if they are effecting anything, but in the end this change in the global climate could harm the lives of all people and living organisms. According to the Environmental Protection Agency "Carbon Dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities."(par. 1). The burning of fossil fuels for energy and transportation, such as coal, natural gas and oil, are the actions that produce the most carbon dioxide. People need some way to light and heat their homes and businesses. To do so they burn fossil fuel to turn them into certain forms of energy to produce electricity. The burning of gas and diesel to allow transportation of goods and people accounts for the second largest source of carbon dioxide emissions (par. 4). Methane gas is also a contributor to the amount of carbon dioxide released into the air. "In 2013, methane accounted for about 10% of all U.S. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

31. Global Climate Change Triggered By Global Warming The article, Global Climate Change Triggered by Global Warming by Stuart D. Jordan, seeks to provide evidence that global climate change caused by global warming is currently in affect and requires immediate attention and action. Jordan claims that the Earth's climate has been undergoing significant and alarming changes for the past thirty years. He provided evidence based on observations, theoretical models, and calculations made by other researchers. The article addressed the increase in temperature over the years and claimed 2005 to be the warmest year in the last century. There is much fear, as temperature continues to increase, that possible ice reduction and melted ice sheets and glaciers in the Artic, Antarctica, and Greenland may occur and cause a rise in sea levels. If the Antarctic ice sheet melts, the sea level is calculated to rise two hundred feet, while if the ice sheet in Greenland melts, the sea level is calculated to rise seven meters, approximately twenty feet. The rise in sea level is affecting coastal areas. Many coastal areas are expected to sooner or later be flooded or below sea level. This can have terrible consequences for high populated coastal areas. Another problem that global warming may have on the world's oceans is the possible change in the "global oceanic conveyor belt". The conveyor belt controls the ocean's currents which has impact on regional climate change. However, scientists have yet to agree on whether or not reduction of flow has ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

33. Climate Change And Global Warming When it comes to the phenomenon of global warming, we are not talking about the temperature of the hot summer this year than last year, but we are talking about climate change, the major changes affecting the environment, atmosphere and climate in general. Climate change is affecting ecosystems on earth and directly impacts the daily lives of people. The warming of the global climate can cause serious consequences. The ecosystem is destroyed. Climate change and carbon dioxide are increasing challenges of our ecosystem. The consequences of such shortages of fresh water, polluted air, energy and fuel scarcity, and health issues related not only affects our lives but also the problem of birth. Climate change causes the loss of biodiversity. Earth 's temperature is currently making the species disappeared or are in danger of extinction. About 50% of animal and plant species would face the risk of extinction if temperatures in 2050 increased from 1.1 Earth to 6.4 Â° C again. This loss is due to loss of habitat for fallow land, deforestation and warmer sea water. The biologists found that there were some animals migrated to the poles to habitat suitable temperature. For example, the red fox, previously they often live in North America, it has moved up to the Arctic. Man is not outside influence. Condition wild land and rising sea levels threaten our habitat. And while plants and animals lost synonymous with food, fuel and our income are gone. The climate change also causes the war ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

35. Global Warming And Climate Change Global Climate Change Global climate change refers to the long–term alterations in the world 's average leading weather conditions such as precipitation, temperature, and the wind. In the view of the most authoritative climate watchdog, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the global average climatic conditions are drastically changing due to many factors. The body cites greenhouse gas (GHC) emissions as the primary of all the possible causes. The GHC emissions develop a glass roof that blankets the earth hence tapping and containing the heat that would easily escape to the space (Bradley, Keimig, Diaz, and Hardy). The assessment of global climate change relies on the changing precipitation and temperatures. Even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Nonetheless, a survey conducted by the George Mason University reveals that the terms are synonymous for Republicans ("What's In A Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change"). Accordingly, neither phrase is more appealing than the other, even though in several cases, global warming produces a stronger sense of negative influence and more definite opinions of familial and personal threat among Republicans. In the eyes of the American Democrats, liberals/moderates, Independents, and a variety of subgroups of men, women, minorities, different generations, and political/partisan lines, the two terms represent a contrasting opinion (Pew Research Center). In several cases, the variations in the effect of the two phrases are broad. These groups of people see global warming as the biggest distracter on the peaceful nature of the world. Indeed, their perception connotes that global warming is an atrocious present meteorological mistake as opposed to climate change. Besides, it emerges as a personal danger that can culminate into their families. As a matter of fact, these people admit that global warming is already hurting Americans and the rest of the world. Consequently, many people world over are joining hands to persuade their leaders to counteract the fiercely the global warming rather than the climate change. Contemporarily, the phrases global climatic change and global warming may vary from each other in meaning not only in the midst of environmental experts but ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

37. Climate Change And Global Warming The Average temperature of the Earth have increased by 1.4 Â°F over the past 100 years, and it is expected to increase approximately another 2 to 11.5 Â°F over the next century. Little changes in the average temperature of the Earth can result into big and possibly to dangerous shifts in climate and weather. Rising temperatures around the world have been accompanied by differences in weather and climate. A lot of places have already seen changes in rainfall which resulted in an increase in floods, droughts, or intense rain, as well as more continual and dangerous heat waves. The Earth's oceans and glaciers have also experienced some great changes – oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, ice caps are melting, and sea levels are rising. As these and other changes become more pronounced in the coming decades, they will likely present challenges to our society and our environment. Climate change has been a big debate in today's world. At the center of this debate is the conflict over the cause of climate change, also referred to as global warming. Many argue that the climate is changing because of global industrialization, while others argue that climate changes occur in a cyclical pattern which has happened throughout the history of the planet. Approximately every 100,000 years Earth 's climate warms up temporarily. These warm periods are called interglacial periods which lasts up to about 15,000 to 20,000 years before it returns back to a cold ice age climate. This leads ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

39. Global Character of Climate Change The global character of climate change, its probable adverse effects and manmade character, qualify it as a collective problem. In Garrett Hardin's (1968) Tragedy of the Commons it is argued that such problems need collective action to solve them; if individuals uninhibitedly chase their self–interest, they come to a result that is not in their common interest and which they would not prefer given their possibilities. Working together by agreement they can come to a result that in the end will much better serve their (common) interests. But where Hardin focused on commons shared by a group of peasants, climate change affects the different climates around the globe, involving the world population and the various societies within it. We can therefore characterise climate change as the tragedy of a global common, but averting this risk might ask for a different approach to collective action. The structure of the Prisoner's Dilemma (Kreps, Milgrom, Roberts & Wilson, 1982) and the solutions offered to it can be said to be more or less the way in which states have organised the creation and protection of collective goods. We pay tax to build a dam to protect us from the water, and get sanctioned if we do not. It also seems to be the manner in which (international) environmental governance was – and often still is – largely organised. Within the rationality of game theory, regarding the risk of climate change, one should simply extent the game to a plurality of persons that ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

41. Climate Change And Global Warming Climate change and global warming are terms often tossed around in common parlance by non– scientists in the western world as having a singular meaning: that the planet is warming up, that humans may (or may not) have caused it; that something must be done at once. Climate change is presented and discussed as a single phenomenon, disingenuous to its multifaceted nature. Complicated and sometimes seemingly random, climate change is both chaotic and complex, characterized by nonlinearity, feedback loops and emergent phenomena. Rind (1999) defines a complex system as one where there are "multiple interactions between many different components." Earth's climate is the same way: clouds, wind, precipitation, sunlight and geography–each affect climate, but each also affects the other, and so forth–interactions that form an intricate latticework of mutual dependency. As a web of interconnected parts, climate can be characterized by several factors. It is chaotic, in the sense that it is composed of simple systems that exhibit complex behaviour, but it is also complex, in the sense that entirety of the system is complicated, but demonstrates readily identifiable behaviours. A changing climate is readily observable. For example, one can surmise that sea levels will rise as ice caps melt. The relationship between melting ice caps and rising sea levels is intuitive, and thus emergent–the process by which it happens is inherently complex, yet out of complexity is born large observable ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

43. Global Climate Changes Happen? Global climate changes happen. This however is not always the best thing though. When some people think of the terms "global climate change", they think of just a temperature change and not always the bad things that can happen to our environment and living things as well. There are many things that cause the climate changes. I want to talk about three reasons that climate change happens. First, you have the "greenhouse effect", which is warm air being trapped in the lower atmosphere. Secondly, the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The third issue is deforestation, or the clearing of land and burning of forests. How are all three of these issues impacting our environment? The Earth is becoming warmer which can hurt certain places and animals who cannot adapt to the warmer weather. With more heat comes more evaporation causing the sea levels to rise. Also, farms are being hurt to not being able to successfully grow a lot of the things that they are used to growing with their climate. Some crops cannot live in warmer temperatures but instead need cooler climates. While the Earth is heating up, these crops are having a lot of difficulty surviving. I feel that the United States could be doing a lot more to help prevent the climate changes. Producing oil and coal to better our economy seems to be the main focus rather than making the changes necessary to take some effective action. Europe has more interest ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

45. Global Warming And Climate Change Defining the Issue Global warming is defined as the recent increase in the world 's temperature that is believed to be caused by the increase of certain gases (such as carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere. There are many different theories on whether global warming is similar or not to climate change. Simplistically, climate change is different because climate change is defined as a change in global or regional climate patterns or, in particular, a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels, having been measured over long periods of time, due to the changes in Earth's orbit and organic carbon which reflect sunlight. Global warming and climate change are not to be confused because global warming is caused mainly by anthropogenic factors like the emission of carbon dioxide gas and use of fossil fuels whereas climate change is completely natural, however, according to Milan Radovanovic, "it is clear that the anthropogenic factors dominate the increasing temperature and the natural ones have the maximum influence..." (Radovanovic). Therefore, "the contribution to global warming from natural forcings and from natural internal variability is in the range between –0.2 to 0.2 [degrees] celsius over the period 1951–2010..." (Radovanovic). Natural factors have had the most effect on global temperature in the past 59 years totaling a 0.4 degrees celsius increase in ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

47. Climate Change And Global Warming The greater Himalayas hold the largest mass of ice outside Polar Regions and are the source of the ten largest rivers in Asia. Rapid reduction in the volume of Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is occurring, (Wilkes & Eriksson, 2009). With a highly heterogeneous geography, the region has a great climatic variability and forms a barrier to atmospheric circulation for the summer monsoon and winter westerlies. The regions climatic zones contain a rich diversity of species and ecosystems that exist along a pronounced humidity gradient, (Wilkes & Eriksson, 2009). Vegetation changes from subtropical semi desert and thorn steppe formation in the northwest to tropical evergreen rainforests in the southeastern Himalayas, (Wilkes & Eriksson, 2009). Climate change impacts are already occurring in the Greater Himalayas, the most widely reported effect is the rapid reduction of glaciers, which has implications of future downstream water supplies, (Wilkes & Eriksson, 2009). The Himalayas as a whole are very sensitive to global climate change. Progressive increases in warming at high elevations are occurring at approximately three times the global average, (Wilkes & Eriksson, 2009). The intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has projected that average annual mean warming will be about three degrees warmer by 2050 and about five degrees warmer in 2080 over the Asian land mass, (Wilkes & Eriksson, 2009). Given that current discussions about dangerous climate change are ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

49. Global Warming And Global Climate Change Global warming and global climate change has been a consistent news headline and global topic for the past two decades. From a political standpoint, there has been great debate as to whether or not humans are completely to blame, partially to blame, or to blame at all for the changes we are seeing in the Earth's climate. However, from a scientific perspective, this is not the case. From the Kyoto Protocol, to dummy–downed explanation like in Al Gore's "An Inconvenient Truth", to NASA's comprehensive monitoring of the Earth's "vital signs", the idea that the human race has had a gigantic and irreversible effect on the global climate is the consensus among the scientific community. According to one major study, ninety–seven percent of climate scientists–those who solely focus on studying the earth's climate–agree that the changes we are seeing are very likely caused by human activity ("very likely" being with at least 95% certainty). (W.R.L. Anderegg) Unfortunately, scientific evidence does not always correlate with proactive measures in society. Taking the United State's government and society as a case study, large–scale projects or changes tend to be reactionary with contemporary issues. While frustrating, this fact can be somewhat understandable for a few major issues like military force or foreign economic aid (due prudence for the best course of action). Unfortunately, this doesn't seem to be the case for the global climate; that is, Mother Nature does not wait for ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

51. Climate Change : Global Warming Climate change is caused due to the release of few carbon compounds into the atmosphere, which drastically brought the weather changes all over the world. Climate change is not confined to a single region. It has become an important issue all over the world for the past few years. Reasons of global climatic change ïƒ˜ Global warming is one of the major reasons in marine pollution. For an instance in year 2010 there was an oil leakage near Mumbai in Arabian Sea. ïƒ˜ Another reason is deforestation. ïƒ˜ Automobiles release the un burnt carbon monoxide due to which ultraviolet rays got a way to enter into atmosphere. Consequences for the global climatic change ïƒ˜ Hurricanes have become very frequent now–a–days, which causes heavy loss. ïƒ˜ Glaciers has disappeared due to increase in global temperatures because of which the water level had drastically increased and its causing flood all over the world ïƒ˜ Forest fire are occurring very frequently now a days, reasons for it are heavy increase in global warning and heavy increase in temperature. Conclusion Degradation of climate is increasing every year due to which the occurrence of natural calamities are growing. We need to save our nature, or else the nature will be disappeared and the natural resources will get depleted. There will be no non–renewable resources left. Climate change is one of the most discussed topics, all over the world as it has adverse effects on our atmosphere that it is causing huge disaster and loss for both ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

53. Global Warming And Global Climate Change It is becoming a less and less contested issue that global climate change is a significant issue. When the idea of global warming first burst onto the main stage in the late 20th century, a majority of Americans were skeptical. Many of the predictions that the original scientists made proved to be incorrect, and often the scientific methods the scientists used were faulty. Since the early stages though, the science behind global climate change has gotten better. We now have more data and better models that are more accurate at computing results and predicting outcomes. That and the widespread support of the scientific community has helped shift the paradigm of how Americans view global climate change. A recent 2016 poll showed that 70% of Americans now believe climate change is a real issue. There is no doubt that if the climate change believers are right, the impact climate change can cause will be devastating. NASA predicts that climate change will cause massive draughts, intense hurricanes, and the average sea level to rise by up to 4 feet. There is no question that all of these results would be terrible, the question is what is causing them? The answer may not be as simple as we think. Most Americans would cite burning fossil fuels as the sole contributor to global climate change. While fossil fuels do play an enormous role, they are not the only contributing factor. Food, yes food, is actually one of the leading causes of global climate change. It is a problem that ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

55. The Global Warming Er Global Climate Change 04/18/2016 The Global Warming Era Our global climate change has not always been a top concern for scientists, politicians or even our very own view on the rapid rates of global warming data. The drastic change and harm that has occurred to the nature around us has become a huge concern that must be dealt with appropriately and done so in a timely manner, with rapid glacier melting that has caused rising sea levels or the .15–degree temperature increase per decade since the 1900`s we can noticeable see the change our earth has endured due to humans. Even the smallest change of a degree in temperature not just in the U.S but globally has effected many aspects of Earth itself. Just a couple of years ago in the year 2014 our planet reached ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The world climate is changing day by day. Many causes of Global Warming are primarily caused by humans with rapid growth of unplanned industries or the day to day traffic that emits harmful fumes into the air. The effects of Global Warming are very dangerous for our existence on Earth it could drastically reduce the amount of agriculture we produce, Each and every aspect of our Earth are important in maintaining an ecological balance, if one thing is to change in our environment there are many negative impacts that would occur so it is important to maintain our ecological balance by decreasing the effects of Global Warming and being able to live, grow, and thrive on Earth. One could explain Global warming by defining it as the warming of the Earth's surface which results while the atmosphere of the Earth traps heat so the more rapidly humans create polluting industries and emitting fossil fuels we are responsible for. The earth is getting warmer. The changes are small, so far, but scientist are expecting this climate change to grow larger and speedup. Within the next fifty to one hundred years, the earth may heat more than it has in the last million years which is very concerning to human existence. As oceans warm and glaciers melt, land and cities along coasts may be flooded. Heat and drought factors like we have seen in recent years in California's rapid rate of drought fires will occur in many areas around the world. One major cause of global warming is the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

57. Global Warming And Climate Change While the authorities, organizations and governments are working to control global warming and climate changes, human activities that create changes is increasing day by day. A change or rise is the average temperature on the surface of the earth is called climate change or global warming. Agriculture has always been extremely depended on climate variations; reason, the crop growth is fair temperature, solar radiations, and precipitation. Typically the period after the industrial revolution, humans has been changing the worldwide climate. The burning of the fossil fuel, increasing greenhouse gases is the main reason for the global climate change and warming. Deforestation and unusual agriculture are another kind of the human activities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The agricultural production pattern has been changed because of the rising temperature, the productivity has been boosted after the increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, 25 per cent of the climate change is by the agriculture itself. All–included, global warming and climate change can consequence in the variety of impacts in agricultures. And, the potential power of microscopic organism does get affected by the ultra violet radiations. Within two decades, the estimated temperature will rise by 2 degree Celsius. Climate change is the main contributing factor for the sea level rising. Polar ice caps are helping to rise the sea level, by the rising temperature the caps are melting every second. The continuous raising of sea level would overwhelm some of the precious agricultural lands around the coast, landslides, erosions and many more. Bangladesh is one of the south Asian country where sea level rise will affect badly after the rise of temperature. With, intense hot temperature and raising sea level, Bangladesh will face extreme cyclones menacing food productions, as well as incomes, and lives and will be forced to live in poverty. An scientific report cited Bangladesh, one of the "potential impact hotspots" and menacing by "extreme river floods, more intense tropical cyclones, rising sea levels and very high temperatures" (the world bank). Reports warns, rainfall will leave many agricultural ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

59. Climate Change And The Global Warming Abstract Increasing scientific confidence in estimates of the effects of climate change has recently been catapulted into mainstream media which has forced many to confront the subject of global warming and climate change. A decade ago the subject of global warming was not as widely accepted by the scientific community as it is today. Now, due to recent advances in technology, most scientists agree that climate change and the effects humans are having on it is indeed scientific fact. A different approach has been used, compared to the past, to investigate the small differences in land and sea temperatures. The results have led most scientists to conclude that climate change has significantly increased over the past 200 years. This conclusion was reached based on data collected over 10,000+ years and comparing it to the average normal temperature rise and fall between the centuries and millenniums. Climate Change Climate change and the effect it has had on global warming has been a scientific subject discussed for the last 30 years; however, only recently has it became a highly debated issue in world politics and pop culture. In fact, according to United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), climate change is one of only a few topics that many countries across the world have agreed upon as a potential future cataclysmic issue which must be discussed by world leaders who should also address it with their citizens. The vast majority of scientists are not only ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

61. Climate Change : Global Warming Throughout the earth's history, global climate patterns have fluctuated, with these climate patterns going through glacial retreat and advance (NASA 2014). Currently the earth is experiencing a retreat, this significant trend single handily points to human influence being the dominant cause of the observed temperature rise in global climate patterns since the mid–century (NASA 2014). The warming of global climate systems is undisputable supported by unprecedented observations, based upon direct measurements and remote sensing from satellites and other platforms (IPCC 2013, pg.2). The IPCC (2013) outlines climate change as "a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere". Global warming first became evident during the 19th century when it became evident when temperature increases were beyond constraints of natural variability (AGU, 2013). Climate change was first brought to the public's attention by head U.S. Weather Bureau 's Division of Climate and Crop Weather who reported that the global climate system was experiencing an increase in temperature (Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, 2015). To explore how climate conditions have varied throughout Earth history, paleoclimate reconstructions are used to extend records back hundreds to millions of years (IPCC 2013, pg.2). Long term changes in global climate patterns and variability have been reconstructed through the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

63. Climate Change : Global Warming At the GLACIER Conference, President Obama said, "climate change is no longer some far off problem; it is happening here; it is happening now". President Barack Obama states a good fact; climate change is affecting the world tremendously. The glaciers are melting at an astonishing rate and the surface temperature of the world is only increasing. Currently, scientists argue that climate change intensified because of human activity; however, the circumstance is quite the opposite. Global warming refers to the rising surface temperature, whereas climate change includes warming and the effects – like melting glaciers, heavier rainstorms, or more frequent drought (Kennedy and Lindsey). Human produced gases play a factor in global warming but humans are not responsible for climate change because global warming only represents one aspect of climate change. Although human activity plays a part in global warming, human activity is not primarily responsible for climate change because the fluctuations of the sun's heat is responsible for the increased surface temperature, the levels of human produced CO2 do not correlate with the increase in surface temperature and the computerized climate models display inadequate and incorrect information. Human activity is consistently alleged with warming the earth's surface by 1–1.4Â°F throughout the 20th century; however, the main advocate is shown to be the sun (ProCon). In a span of about 10,000 years, the suns period of which its sunspots ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

65. Global Climate Change : The Global Warming The Global Climate Change Currently, when human life is growing, human activities play an impact on the environment and climate, which leads to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and therefore remains a huge challenge for life on Earth. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it change? Climate change is caused by natural causes or by humans which possibly fluctuates the cycle of change in weather and climate. The specific expression that we often hear about is known as the phenomenon of global warming, the greenhouse effect, and the ice melting in the Northern/Southern hemispheres. The environment includes all factors of abiotic and biotic impacts, affecting directly or indirectly in every day human life. Therefore, each of us needs to realize and understand that protecting the environment is to protect our lives the prolonged existence of humankind. Nowadays, people with the invention of modern science and technology, are more devoted to humanity, but the effect it has, has little impact on the environment such as air pollution, water pollution, light pollution and noise pollution... man himself is quietly changing the climate without knowing all the impact mankind makes in everyday life. About 100 years of human impact on sensitive balance between the natural greenhouse effect and solar radiation has been researched and documented. Which lead to the change in the concentration of greenhouse gases over the past 100 years. Climate ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

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