ABOUT FEW BUILDING MATERIALS

1. BUILDING MATERIALS
UNIT - 1

2. Building material is any
material which is used for
construction purpose.

3. A building can be defined as a structure broadly consisting of walls ,
floors and roofs , erected to provide covered space for different uses
such as :
-Residential
-Educational
-Business,
-Industries,
-Warehouse,
-Hospitals,
-Entertainment,
-Worship etc
ROOF
EXTERNAL WALL
CEILING – TOP SLAB
FLOOR
– BOTTOM SLAB
FOUNDATION

6. CEMENT is a powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay.
(calcine - reduce, oxidize, or desiccate by roasting or exposing to
strong heat)
It mixed with water and sand to form mortar
CEMENT + WATER + SAND = CEMENT MORTAR
OR
It is mixed with sand, gravel, and water to make concrete.
CEMENT + WATER + SAND + GRAVEL = CEMENT CONCRETE
MORTAR is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks
together and fill the gaps between them.
The blocks may be of mud or stone or clay or cement.
Mortar becomes hard when it sets, resulting in a rigid structure.

7. Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and
mineral particles.
Gravel is often produced by quarrying and crushing rocks.

8. Masonry is the building of structures
from individual units laid in and bound
together by mortar.

9. BRICK MASONRY is the process of constructing a building from
individual bricks laid in a specific pattern and bound together, usually by
mortar.
http://gosmartbricks.com/10-most-popular-types-of-brick-bonds/
STRETCHER BOND
HEADER BOND

11. STONE MASONRY TYPES
In ashlar masonry, all the stones are cut and dressed, or worked, so they have the
same shape, size and surface texture. ... The stone blocks used in ashlar masonry are
very different than random uncut stones, which are sometimes called rubble. In fact,
ashlar masonry is sometimes referred to as 'dressed stone'.

12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNpZ4oMQRQg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0RNQq3mgg4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7-iFPdr3hQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7IpjW_tcTA

13. PLASTER is a dry powder that is mixed with water to form a paste which liberates heat and
then hardens.
•Walls constructed with mud, stone, clay, cement bricks are normally plastered
•The term plaster can refer to plaster of Paris (also known as gypsum plaster), lime plaster, cement
plaster, mud plaster.
•Unlike mortar , plaster remains quite soft after drying, and can be easily manipulated with metal
tools or even sandpaper.
•These characteristics make plaster suitable for a finishing, rather than a load-bearing material.
•Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand (or other inert fillers). Carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere causes the plaster to set by transforming the calcium hydroxide into calcium
carbonate (limestone).
•Lime plaster is used for true frescoes.
•Cement plaster is a mixture of suitable plaster, sand, portland cement and water which is normally
applied to masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth surface.
•Interior surfaces sometimes receive a final layer of gypsum plaster.

14. BAMBOO is a sturdy, self-sustaining plant
that grows in a wide variety of climates.
-Bamboo is a member of the grass family.
-The primary source of bamboo is Asia,
though it can be found growing in many
climates and regions.
-Bamboo has been used for centuries as
raw material for a variety of products.
-The Chinese use bamboo to treat
infections.
-Bamboo has been used to make
household items, weapons, as a weaving
material, and as a key ingredient in Asian
cooking.

15. HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
BAMBOO FOR FURNITURE
Bamboo for furniture is harvested from mature
trees and checked for imperfections before
being transported to a plant where the raw
bamboo will be treated.
It's best to harvest bamboo during the driest part
of the season.
Bamboo poles are cut to uniform lengths and
tied together in clumps.
The treatment process involves standing the
bamboo poles straight up with their leaves intact
and soaking them in a copper sulphate solution
that prevents insect and fungal attacks.
The bamboo poles are then dried slowly and
prepared for export.

16. CONSTRUCTING BAMBOO FURNITURE
Bamboo poles are cut and glued together
for reinforcement, then pieced together to
form the furniture
Sometimes the bamboo furniture is
adorned with hemp or rope not only for
aesthetic reasons but also for strength.
Bamboo comes in a variety of natural
shades that range from dark, earthy tones
to warm, golden tones, but properly cured
bamboo holds stain well, allowing furniture
makers to offer bamboo in almost any color
while still retaining the natural beauty of the
bamboo.

17. Benefits of using bamboo furniture
Bamboo is the fastest-growing plant in the world, so
harvesting it has almost no negative impact on our
environment, making it ideal as a raw material.
bamboo furniture is lightweight and durability.

18. Rattanis a climbing vine, which commonly grows to
lengths of 600 feet and diameters between 1/8 inch to
more than 2 inches.
•The harvesting of rattan occurs between 7 to 15 years
from the start of the new growth.
•Rattan is the largest source used in the production of
wicker furniture.
•PROPERTIES OF RATTAN/CANE:
Rattan unlike bamboo has a solid core, this makes it ideal
for use in the making of furniture.
•Even without any wood treatment or added chemicals, it
has the ability to be very resistant against water damage.

19. :
MANUFACTURING OF CANE
Cane is a material that comes from the stem of large rattans.
It is most commonly used to make attractive and
affordable wicker furniture for indoor and outdoor use.
In order to manufacture and produce Cane it must go through
quite a difficult process. After the climbing palm is
harvested it is first cut down and boiled.
This boiling process essentially removes all the sap from the
bark which allows it to have the proper flexibility so that it
can be molded into various shapes for use in a number of
products, but most commonly to create cane furniture.
After the bark is treated and given its flexibility through the
boiling process, it is then split into thin strips.

20. The frame of the furniture is created from the
larger canes while the smaller canes are used
for add on features later on in the process.
The entire manufacturing process for cane
furniture is very time consuming and costly.
The finished cane furniture product is not only
attractive and comfortable but it is very
environmentally friendly.
It is made in a completely natural way and does
need any added chemicals or ingredients to be
made beautiful.

21. WOOD - The hard fibrous material
that forms the main substance of the
trunk or branches of a tree or shrub,
used for fuel or timber.
TIMBER - wood prepared for use in
building and carpentry.

25. CORNER BLIND
MORTISE-TENON
BLIND MORTISE-TENON
THROUGH
MORTISE-TENON
CORNER THROUGH
MORTISE-TENON
MORTISE-TENON
WITH MITERED FACE
HAUNCHED
MORTISE-TENON
ANGLED HAUNCHED
MORTISE-TENON
DOUBLE MORTISE-TENON
DOWELLED
MORTISE-TENON
MORTISE-TENON
JOINTS

26. DOVE TAIL
HALVING
BLIND SECRET MITRE
DOVETAIL
DOVE TAIL
HOUSING
HALF BLIND
DOVE TAIL
DOVETAIL BOX
END TO END DOVETAIL
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
DOVE TAIL JOINTS

27. HALVING JOINTS HOUSING JOINTS
Stopped Housing
Dovetail
- Halving
Tee Halving
Corner-
Halving
Corner- Mitre Halving
Cross-
Halving
Dovetail- Housing joint
Common
Housing

28. BUTT JOINTS MITRE JOINTS
Mortise and Tenon Joint
With Mitered Face
Mitre Halving Joint
Rebated
Butt joint
Corner
Butt joint
PINS
DOWEL
Dowelled
Butt joint

29. TILEis a thin manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as baked clay,
ceramic, stone, metal,or even glass usually square or rectangular in shape.
-They are used for covering roofs, floors, walls, or other objects such as tabletops.

30. Baked Clay Tiles- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24RkMMnSbqI
Ceramic tiles
are made from natural clay that is mixed with water and moulded. Creators apply a glaze
(a thin transparent or semi-transparent layer) to the tile to help protect it from water and
scratches, then fire the clay in a kiln to harden it. Ceramic tiles can come in a wide variety
of colors and sizes, but they must always be glazed for protection.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6UHfRXLwGI
Vitrified Tiles
Vitrified tiles are very similar to ceramic tiles, but are made with slightly different
elements. The clay is mixed with quartz and feldspar before it is heated in the kiln. These
extra ingredients melt, creating a glass element inside the tile. This glass component
makes the vitrified tiles very hard and resistant to any type of absorption.

31. Quartz, most common of all minerals is composed of silicon
dioxide, or silica, SiO2.
It is an essential component of igneous and metamorphic
rocks.
-The size varies from specimens weighing a metric ton to
minute particles that sparkle in rock surfaces.
-Some specimens are transparent; others are translucent.
-In pure form, quartz is colorless, but it is commonly colored
by impurities.
-Rock crystal is a colorless form of quartz .
-Smoky quartz occurs in crystals ranging from smoky yellow
to dark brown.
-Amethyst, a semiprecious variety of quartz, is purple or
violet.

36. METAL is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous
appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
Metals are typically
Malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets)
OR
 Ductile (can be drawn into wires).
Metal may be a
CHEMICAL ELEMENT such as Iron, Aluminium, Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Gold, Chromium, Lead,
Silver, Platinum, Tin
OR
ALLOY - An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.
-Brass = Copper + Zinc
-Bronze = Copper + Tin
-Steel = Iron + Carbon
-Stainless steel = Steel + Chromium

38. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MNa-KkJD8c

39. Cast iron is made from pig iron, which is the product of smelting
iron ore in a blast furnace. Cast iron can be made directly from
the molten pig iron or by re-melting pig iron, often along with
substantial quantities of iron, steel, limestone, carbon (coke) and
taking various steps to remove undesirable contaminants.
Phosphorus and sulphur may be burnt out of the molten iron,
but this also burns out the carbon, which must be replaced.
Depending on the application, carbon and silicon content are
adjusted to the desired levels, which may be anywhere from 2–
3.5% and 1–3%, respectively. If desired, other elements are then
added to the melt before the final form is produced by casting.

40. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MNa-KkJD8c

41. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFRybmXO_Xo

42. Carbon Steel
Carbon Steel can be segregated into three main categories: Low carbon steel
(sometimes known as mild steel); Medium carbon steel; and High carbon
steel.
1.Low Carbon Steel (Mild Steel): Typically contain 0.04% to 0.30% carbon
content. This is one of the largest groups of Carbon Steel due to its strength,
Malleability and affordability. It covers a great diversity of shapes; from Flat
Sheet to Structural Beam. Depending on the desired properties needed,
other elements are added or increased. For example: Structural Steel the
carbon level is higher and the manganese content is increased.
2.Medium Carbon Steel: Typically has a carbon range of 0.31% to 0.60%,
and a manganese content ranging from .060% to 1.65%. This product is
stronger than low carbon steel, and it is more difficult to form, weld and cut.
Medium carbon steels are quite often hardened and tempered using heat
treatment.
3.High Carbon Steel: Commonly known as “carbon tool steel” it typically has
a carbon range between 0.61% and 1.50%. High carbon steel is very difficult
to cut, bend and weld. Once heat treated it becomes extremely hard and
brittle. It is used for making industrial equipment and cutting tools.

43. Wrought iron is an iron alloy with very low carbon content = 0.05%-0.25%.
It is soft, ductile, magnetic, and has high elasticity and tensile strength.
It can be heated and reheated and worked into various shapes.
Although wrought iron exhibits properties that are not found in other forms of ferrous metal, it lacks
the carbon content necessary for hardening through heat treatment i.e. it cannot be Tempered.
Temper means to improve the hardness of metal by reheating.
Wrought iron may be welded in the same manner as mild steel.
The easily visible difference between the wrought iron and mild steel is forged bars. Wrought Iron
literally means "worked iron", which refers to the method of manufacturing the metal by beating
repeatedly under a hammer. Amazing ornate shapes can be manipulated into the metal to create
stunning gate designs with no visible welds. Today the common material of gate fabrication is mild
steel which is a less expensive, readily available and requires a lower skill level to produce gates than
wrought iron. Mild steel is most suitable product primarily on weight and cost. A substantial pair of
wrought iron gates could be as much as 10 times the cost of its mild steel counter parts. It is also
important to take into consideration that “wrought iron” gates are many times heavier and very heavy
duty gate automation will be required. Wrought iron is known for its durability and will last many
hundreds of years, its unique properties allow it to resist corrosion. Wrought iron in heritage sites and
buildings are over 300 years old. Mild steel can last up to 60 years with suitable galvanising.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJWD6Czw9aQ
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2% .
It is used to make pots and pans and all sort of utensils that are used for heating purposes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srlEy4z_hzY

44. Soldering is a process in which two or more items (usually metal) are joined together
by melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a
lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Soldering differs from welding in that
soldering does not involve melting the work pieces.
Welding is a fabrication process that joins metals, by using high heat to melt the parts
together and allowing them to cool causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower
temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not
melt the base metal.
Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined
together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a
lower melting point than the adjoining metal.
Brazing differs from soldering in using higher temperatures for a similar process, while
also requiring much more closely fitted parts than when soldering. The filler metal
flows into the gap between close-fitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is
brought slightly above its melting temperature while protected by a suitable
atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal (known as wetting) and
is then cooled to join the work pieces together. A major advantage of brazing is the
ability to join the same or different metals with considerable strength.