The document provides information about various miscellaneous materials that will be covered in a group presentation by Group 7. It includes sections on asbestos, plaster of Paris, abrasives, cork, bitumen, asphalt, and road metal. Asbestos is described as a naturally occurring fibrous mineral. Plaster of Paris is formed when gypsum is calcined, turning it into a powder that can be molded when wet. Abrasives are hard materials used for shaping other materials and come in natural forms like diamond or synthetic forms. Cork comes from oak bark and is light, elastic, and impermeable. Asphalt is a sticky, black petroleum product used mainly for road construction. Road metal refers to broken
5. ASBESTOS
Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral with high tensile
strength, ability to be woven and provide resistance to heat and
most chemicals
Asbestos-Chrysotile
All types of asbestos may break into very tiny fibers
Some fibers maybe up to 700 times smaller than a human hair and
can be identified using a microscope
6. PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos have good tensile strength and may bear greater load
They are flexible
They are Heat resistant and provide good insulation
They provide Electrical resistance
They are chemical resistant
They have Sound proofing/Heat proofing properties
They do not burn rapidly when ignited hence they also have fire
proofing properties
7. TYPES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos is the name given to six naturally occurring minerals that
are mined from the earth
The most common types are :-
Chrysotile – White Asbestos
Amosite – Brown Asbestos
Crocidolite – Blue Asbestos
The other types are :-
Tremolite
Actinolite
Anthophyllite
8. TYPES OF ASBESTOS
The chemical composition of various types of asbestos
(Table 2.1)
SiO2 and MgO are the important molecules which
provide asbestos with a wide range of properties
9. USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos has been used for centuries, its use increased greatly
during World War II, It became an element for the construction of
ships providing insulation
It can be used as reinforcement in Fibro-cement sheets
It can be used for fireproofing
It can be used for roofing and flooring
10. USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos mixed with cement
and sprayed forms a fire-resistant material
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11. USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos can be used for Pipe insulation
Asbestos-cement pipes are used for carrying
underground water
It can be used in plaster for acoustic proofing
It can be used in the manufacture Ceilings and Tiles
12. HEALTH HAZARDS
The diseases caused by asbestos exposure may lead to Lung
Cancer
The diseases caused by asbestos exposure include Asbestosis and
Mesothelmia
The cancer resulting from asbestos exposure spreads very quickly,
eventually resulting in death
It can be caused by very low exposure
Due to these serious health hazards
It’s use declined very quickly after 1981
13. ALTERNATIVES FOR ASBESTOS
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) can be used for replacing asbestos in ceilings
PVA fiber
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) can be used for insulation in walling and
floorings, PVC also provides resistance to chemical attacks
14. ALTERNATIVES FOR ASBESTOS
Polyprylene(PP) fiber in concrete can be used for fire resistance and
toughness, PP fiber proves to be an excellent alternative for
Asbestos
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15. PLASTER OF PARIS
Plaster of Paris is a quick-setting gypsum plaster consisting of fine
white powder (calcium sulfate hemihydrate – CaSO4,1/2 H2O)
It forms a paste when moistened and hardens when allowed to dry
It is known since ancient times, Plaster of Paris is so called because of
its preparation from the abundant gypsum found near Paris.
16. PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING
The raw material gypsum is sorted and washed
with water for removal of sand and other
impurities
The lumps thus obtained are then dried and
powdered.
The dried gypsum powder is calcined(Burnt) in a
rotary kiln at a temperature of 160ºC to 180ºC
The process of calcination is done over a period
of about 2 hours, so that one and half molecules
of water is removed to convert the gypsum
(CaSo4 2 H2O) into Plaster of Paris (CaSo4 ½ H2O)
Plaster of Paris can be moulded into different
shapes when it is moistened, but gypsum
plaster does not have that property
17. PROPERTIES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
It reacts exothermically with moisture/water
Plaster of Paris is easy to spread and level
It is highly fire resistant and nonflammable
It forms a thick surface after drying.
It expands very slightly on setting.
It does not cause cracking of surfaces. It gives a decorative interior
finish
It has a lower chemical reactivity and is resistant to many chemicals
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18. USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
Plaster of Paris is a building material that is used for protective
coating on walls and ceilings
Used to fill small gaps on walls & roofs
It is used as a casting agent decorative elements. It is used to give
aesthetic finishing touches to the buildings
19. USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
It is used as a fireproofing material and for making
chalks
Used for false ceilings and other decorative patterns
as it can be easily moulded to any shape
Used in hospitals for immobilizing the affected part in
case of bone fracture or sprain
20. ABRASIVES
An abrasive is a hard material , that is used to shape or finish a
workpiece through rubbing/Polishing, this leads to part of the
workpiece being worn away by friction
Abrasive materials maybe used in the form of abrasive wheels or
sand paper
Abrasives may be classified as either natural or synthetic
21. TYPES OF ABRASIVES
Natural Abrasives :-
Natural Abrasives occur as rocks
or minerals in the earth crust,
which are :-
Diamond
Garnet
Corundum
Quartz
Quartz Mineral
Diamond
Corundum
23. FORMS OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives maybe used both in Block form and
powdered form
Block form are pieces cut in suitable shapes from the
abrasive material
Block form are generally used as
grindstone, whetstone
The powdered form is generally used in
manufacturing of abrasive wheels and
sand paper
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24. PROPERTIES OF ABRASIVES
Abrasive materials are hard having greater strength
They have sharp and angular corners which help in
shaping and polishing of a material
They are water resistant
Chemically inert
High Melting point
Their hardness remains same at Room and Elevated
temperatures
25. APPLICATIONS OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives offers a wide range of domestic as well as
industrial applications
They are used for polishing and shaping of a material
They may be used for sharpening of knives in domestic
use
They may be used for cutting of fragile materials
26. USES OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives may be used in welding works for cutting
purpose
They may be used for cutting metals and polishing of
cars in Automobile industry
They may be used in cutting of reinforcements in
building constructions
28. INTRODUCTION
Cork is the natural, renewable and
sustainable construction raw-material
Cork has an unusual combination of
properties making it suitable for application
in buildings and infrastructures
For example
Insulation, wear-resistance and durability.
These properties provide designers,
Architects and engineers to meet some of
the Green Building demands.
29. INTRODUCTION
It is a light, elastic material that is practically
impermeable to liquid and gas, as well as being a
thermal and electrical insulator.
30. COMPOSITION OF CORK
Cork is the bark of the oak tree.
Cork is composed of dead cells that
accumulate on the outer surface of the
cork oak tree
It has structure similar to a honey comb
Cork is a component of the bark
peeled from the cork oak tree is
primarily composed of suberification
cells .
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31. APPLICATION OF CORK
Different types of cork materials are commonly used
in insulation for ceilings, floors, and walls
Cork are used for interior decoration of building
It offers soundproofing elements
Cork can be used for countertop
It provide thermal insulation simultaneously between
the two levels
34. DEFINITION :
ASPHALT IS A HIGHLY, STICKY AND BLACK VISCOUS
LIQUID OR SEMI SOLID FORM OF PETROLEUM.
It is used as a glue or binder mixed with aggregate
particles to form an Asphalt concrete.It may be found
natural deposits or may be a refined product.
Until the 20th century, the asphaltium was also used.
The term bitumen was also used for asphalt.
The main difference between Asphalt and Bitumen is
that the Bitumen is generally used for naturally occurring
material while Asphalt is generally used for
manufactured material i.e obtained from destructive
distillation of coal. In American English, generally the term
Asphalt is used.
35. NORMAL COMPOSITION :
The components of Asphalt include four main classes
of compounds.
Naphthalene : consisting of polycyclic aromatic
compounds.
Polar Aromatics : consisting of high molecular weight
Phenols and Carboxylic acid.
Saturated Hydrocarbons : the percentage of
saturated compounds in asphalt correlates with its
softening point
Asphaltenes : consisting of high molecular weight
Phenols and Heterocyclic compounds.
36. PROPERTIES
Some of the desirable properties of Asphalt are;
Stability (its ability to resist heavy loads)
Durability (its ability to resist such factors such as weather,
traffic etc)
Flexibility (its ability to adjust gradual settlements and
movements without Cracking)
Fatigue resistance (its ability to resists repeated loads
under high wheel loads. Air voids and binder viscosity
have significant effect on fatigue resistance.)
Skid resistance (its ability to minimize skidding or slipping
of vehicle tires particularly when wet.)
37. Impermeability (ability to resists the passage of water and
air through it.)
Workability (mixtures with good workability are easy to
place and compact)
38. USES OF ASPHALT:
The primary use of asphalt about
70% is in Road construction,
where it is used as a glue or
binder mixed with aggregate
particles to create an asphalt
concrete.
Some of the uses of Asphalt
concrete are ;
Highways
Airport Runways
39. Car parks
Footways
Racetracks
Roofing
Dams
Sound proofing
Pipes coating
Cable coating
Building water proofing
Newspaper ink production
40. DISADVANTAGES OF
ASPHALT
Care and use; (Asphalt
construction needs more proper
care and maintenance than
concrete)
Breaks; (when asphalt is not
properly laid it tends to cracks
and finally break)
Equipment; (Asphalt
constructions requires heavy
equipment to install and is very
expensive)
42. INTRODUCTION :
The broken stones or cinders used in making and
repairing of roads or railroads are referred to as
Road Metal
Road metal later became the name of the Road
surfacing material. Nowadays we call them Road
surfacing material.
A wide variety of materials are used in the road
surfacing material such as natural soil,
aggregates(fine or coarse aggregates), lime,
bituminous materials, cement etc for improved
performance of roads under heavy loads and traffic.
43. MATERIALS USED IN ROAD
CONSTRUCTION SURFACES
Gravel
Gravel is a practical, affordable and usually used for
low traffic volume particularly in rural areas. These are
invariably derived by breaking the naturally occurring
rocks to the required sizes. They are also used as part
of bituminous mixes and cement concrete.
Disadvantages of gravel:
Develops cracks during hot weather
Rough and noisy
Generates dust and stones
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44. Asphalt :
Almost all newly constructed roads and highways
are surfaced with asphalt. These type of roads are
built to handle high traffic volumes and heavy loads.
The primary use of asphalt about 70% is in road
construction. However it costs more than gravel
because it has high performance ratio than gravel.
Quick to apply, fast drying.
Relatively low road noise
Easy to repair
Recyclable
Can last over 40 years
Flexible load distribution
45. Concrete
Concrete road surfaces are composed from cement
and other materials such as aggregate and chemical
admixtures. One of the major advantage of concrete
pavement is that they are typically stronger and more
durable than Asphalt roadways. They may be
constructed directly over a compacted well soil
subgrade. It long as 30 to 50 years.
Highly compressive strength
Durability and maintenance free life
Vehicles consumes less fuel
Resistant to fire and extreme weather
Eco friendly process
46. Also wide variety of other materials are used in the
construction of roads surface such as soil , bitumen,
composite pavements etc.
Desirable properties of road
aggregates :
Strength
Hardness
Toughness
Durability
Adhesion with bitumen
Shape of aggregates
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47. TYPES OF ROADS
Earth road (used where traffic level is rare)
Kankar road (impure form of limestone is used in these
type of roads)
Murram road (obtained from igneous rocks, low cost
road and similar to gravel road)
Brick aggregate road (Burnt bricks are used as an
aggregate)
Concrete road
Bituminous road
Gravel Road
Brick Road
Murram
49. INTRODUCTION
Rubber is a material which can shrink and stretch
It is sticky elastic solid produced from natural sources or can be
synthesized on an industrial scale
It is also known as elastomer
E.gs are gloves, tires, plugs and masks
50. TYPES OF RUBBER :
NATURAL RUBBER
Natural Rubber :-
From HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (TREE)
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
Synthetic Rubber :-
From PETROLEUM Feed stock
There are many different kinds of
Rubber But they all fall into two Broad
types :-
51. NATURAL RUBBER (NR)
Natural rubber is made from a runny milky white liquid
called LATEX that oozes from certain plants when you
cut them
Common Dandelions produce latex if you snap off
their stem
NR is a polymer of isoprene also known as (2-
methylbuta-1,3-diene)
52. LATEX :-
Latex is a sticky, milky white sap drawn off by making
incisions In the bark of rubber tree
In most plants, latex is white, but some have yellow,
orange or scarlet latex
Latex is natural polymer of Isoprene
53. Chemical process for converting rubber into more
durable materials by adding Sulphur or equivalent
materials
Vulcanization normally results in increased elasticity,
strength , durability and also increased resistance to
chemical agents
VULCANIZATION :-
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54. SYNTHETIC RUBBER :-
Rubber produced by artificial chemical process is
known as Synthetic Rubber
Synthetic Rubber is derived from petroleum
byproducts.
Synthetic Rubbers are superior to Natural rubbers
in two major respects, thermal stability and
resistance to oil and related compounds
55. EXAMPLES
Some Examples of Manufactured Synthetic Rubbers
Butyl Rubber
Neoprene Silicon Rubber
< Polyisoprene >
56. PROPERTIES
Highly amorphous material and randomly oriented
High tensile strength
They are flexible and has energy storing ability
Chemical Resistant
It is elastic, strong and tough
It is highly impermeable to both water and air
Bad conductor of heat
When two fresh surfaces of milled rubber are pressed together,
they coalesce to form a single piece. This property (known as
tackiness)
57. APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER
Some of the common applications of rubber are
given below :-
Daily use items
Automotive Industry
Adhesive Materials
Sealing agents
Insulation Materials
Sports goods
59. A BLACK VISCOUS MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS OBTAINED
NATURALLY OR AS A RESIDUE FROM PETROLEUM DISTILLATION.
IT IS USED FOR ROAD SURFACING AND ROOFING.
TYPES OF BITUMEN
There are different types of bitumen available with different
properties, specifications
Penetration Grade Bitumen
Bitumen Emulsion
Cut-Back Bitumen
Blown Bitumen
Plastic Bitumen
60. 01- PENETRATION GRADE BITUMEN
The penetration grade bitumen is refinery
bitumen that is manufactured at different
viscosities
The penetration test is carried out to
characterize the bitumen, based on hardness.
Penetration Grade Bitumen is usually used in
Paving essential for road construction and for
the production of asphalt pavements with
superior properties .
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61. 02-BITUMEN EMULSION
It is a liquid compound which
contains a large amount of
bitumen in aqueous medium
It is suspended by some
appropriate stabilizing agents in the
aqueous medium.
Bitumen emulsion are used
extensively in bituminous road
construction
Other than this they are used for
maintenance and repair work.
62. 03- CUT-BACK BITUMEN
These are a grade of bitumen
that comes under penetration
grade bitumen. This type of
bitumen has a temporarily
reduced viscosity
It is generally derived from coal
tar.
Cut-back bitumen can be used
as bitumen paint in cold.
63. 04- BLOWN BITUMEN
Blown bitumen are produced by passing
air under pressure at high temperature
This process gives the bitumen more
rubbery properties than its original formula
and they are simply harder bitumen.
Used for the manufacture of roofing tents
and waterproofing industries, for sound
proofing and dampening, sealing of oil
and gas pipe joints
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64. 05- PLASTIC BITUMEN
It comprises of bitumen thinner and
appropriate inert reagent (about 40%)
The plastic waste coated aggregate is
mixed with hot bitumen and the
resulting mix is used for road
construction
Plastic bitumen can be used for filling
cracks, leakages , in masonry
structures etc
65. PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
They are extremely Hard and have greater
Strength
They have adhesive properties and hence easily
bind
They are Viscous and not easy to flow , However
this property is temperature dependent
Chemical resistant and also show resistance to
water
Ductile and can be molded into thin sheets during
road constructions
They have greater durability and may last longer
then concrete and other members
66. APPLICATION OF BITUMEN
Road construction
Basins, Dam linings
Water barriers, waterproofing, Drainage
gutters etc.
Damp proofing