2. SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
o Definition of learning
o Nature and characteristics of
learning
o Types of learning
o Domains of learning
o Factor influencing learning
o Theory of learning
3. DEFINITION OF LEARNING
Gates (1946) – learning is the modification of behaviour
through experience.
Woodworth (1945) – any activity can be called learning
so far as it develops the individual (in any respect,
good or bad) and makes his later behaviour and
experiences different from what they would otherwise
have been.
4. NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
LEARNING
1. Learning is the change in behaviour.
2. Learning is a continuous life long process.
3. Learning is a universal process.
4. Learning is purposive and goal directed.
5. Learnring involves reconstruction of experiences.
6. Learning is the product of activity and environment.
5. TYPES OF LEARNING
1. Motor learning:
Most of our activities in our day-to-days life refer to motor
activities. The individual has to learn them in order to
maintain his regular life, for example walking, running,
skating, driving, climbing, etc. All these activities involve
the muscular coordination
2. Verbal learning:
This type of learning involves the language we speak, the
communication devices we use. Signs, pictures, symbols, words,
figures, sounds, etc, are the tools used in such activities. We use
words for communication.
6. 3. Problem solving:
This is a higher order learning process. This learning
requires the use of cognitive abilities-such as thinking,
reasoning, observation, imagination, generalization, etc.
This is very useful to overcome difficult problems
encountered by the people.
4.Attitudelearning:
Attitude is a predisposition which determines and
directs our behavior. We develop different attitudes
from our childhood about the people, objects and
everything we know. Our behavior may be positive or
negative depending upon our attitudes. Example:
attitudes of nurse towards her profession, patients, etc.
7. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
There are three core concepts at the heart of social
learning theory. First is the idea that people can
learn through observation. Next is the notion that
internal mental states are an essential part of this
process.
Finally, this theory recognizes that just because
something has been learned, it does not mean that
it will result in a change in behavior.
8. OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORY
BEHAVIOUR IS THE FUNCTION OF CONSQUENCES
THROUGH CONSEUENCES MAN LEARNS WHAT IS
DESIRABLE AND WHAT IS NOT DESIRABLE. IN OTHER
WORDS, HE LEARNS TO BEHAVE EITHER TO GET
SOMETHING OR AVOID SOMETHING,WHICH MAY INVOLVE
PUNISHMENT .
OPERANT CONDITIONING MAY BE STATED AS AS SITUATION IN
WHICH THE CONDITIONING LEADS TO A BEHAVIOUR, WHICH
MAY REWARD OR PREVENT PUNISHMENT TO THE INDIVIDUAL.
9. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Classical conditional is a passive phenomenon wherein
with the happening of a certain event, we react in a
specific way. It may be stated as a reflexive behaviour
merely reflexive behaviour is only one aspect of the total
dynamics of behaviour. Dilating further on this aspect
skinner feels that most human behaviour operates in the
environment, which is learned through operant
conditioning.
