The document provides an extensive overview of cell structure and function, detailing types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), organelles, and their roles in cellular processes such as metabolism, respiration, and division. It further discusses the four major types of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous), their subtypes, and functions in the body. Additionally, it describes the organization of cells into tissues and the role of organs in performing specialized functions.

1. Represented by : Sonu Sharma
Roll No. :- 504/16
B.Sc Radiography & Imaging Technology.
Department of Radio Diagnosis
Pt. B.D.Sharma University of Medical Science
PGIMS ROHTAK, HARYANA.

2. Cell
is the
structural &
functional unit
of living organismHUMAN
CELL

3. Type of Cell
On the basis of the structure of nucleus
Cell is of two types :-
Prokaryotic cell ( e.g. Bacteria)
Eukaryotic cell ( e.g. Human cell)
On the basis of physiological function
Cell is of two types
Somatic Cell ( e.g. Body cell)
Sex Cell ( Reproductive cell)

4. Function of a cell
Ingestion & assimilation – the process by which food
substances are taken into the cells of the body after they have
been digested and absorbed.
Growth & repair – Development & regeneration of organs.
Metabolism – The sum of all the chemical & physical changes
that takes place within the body.
Respiration – the process of gaseous exchange.
Excretion – elimination of wastes product from the body.

5. CELL
Cell is the structural & functional unit of living organism

6. CELL STRUCTURE
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Plasmid
Vacuole
Ribosome
Centrioles
Endoplasmic reticulum (E.R)

7. Components of Cell
A cell Consists of :-
Cell membrane – a semipermeable membrane
covering protoplasm.
Protoplasm– it consist of Cytoplasm & Nucleus.
Cytoplasm – Except nucleus the rest of cell body is
called Cytoplasm.

8. Components of Cytoplasm
Mitochondria: Rod-like structure & is called power house of
cell. Energy stored as ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate).
Endoplasmic Reticulum : Participate in protein
synthesis.
Golgy Body : Canal – like structure that helps in synthesis of
carbohydrate cell membrane.
Lysosome: Are vesicular in shape. It helps to digest intracellular
substances.

9. CELL MEMBRANE
1)-The cell membrane
(Plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane)
is a biological membrane that separates the
interior of all cells from the outside environment.
2)-It is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and
controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.
3)-The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from
its surroundings.
4)- The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring
the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching to the
extracellular matrix and other cells to hold them together to form
tissues.

11. CYTOPLASM
1)- Basically cytoplasm is the substance that fills the cell.
2)- It is a jelly-like substance and it is made up of eighty percent water and is
usually clear and colourless.
3)- It serves as a molecular soup, it is in the cytoplasm where all the cellular
organelles are suspended and are bound together by a lipid bilayer membrane.
4)- The peripheral zone of cytoplasm is thick and jelly-likesubstance, known as
the plasmogel. The surroundingarea of the nuclear zone is thin and liquefied in
nature and is known as the plasmosol
5)- The cytoskeleton of the cytoplasm provides shape to the cell and it also
facilitates movement. It forms aframework for the movement of organelles
around the cytoplasm - most of the organelles are attached to the cytoskeleton.

12. Nucleus
Centrally located a round mass is called nucleus.
It is separated from cytoplasm by a nuclear
membrane.
Function of Nucleus :
It produces Ribosome,
Synthesize RNA & protein
Parts of Nucleus :
Nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm Nucleolus
Nuclear reticulum
or chromatin.

13. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R)
->>E R is a type of organelle in the
eukaryotic cells that forms an
interconnected network of
flattened, membrane-enclosed
sacs or tube-like structures known
as cisternae.
->>The membranes of the ER are
continuous with the outer nuclear
Membrane
->>It is of two types; smooth
ER(absence of ribosome at outer
surface)and rough ER (presence of
ribosome at outer surface)

14. GOLGI APPARATUS
1)- The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi
body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in
most eukaryotic cells
2)- The Golgi apparatus is a major collection and dispatch station
of protein products received
from the endoplasmic reticulum
3)- A major function is the
modifying, sorting and packaging of
proteins for secretion
4)-It is also involved in the
Transport of lipids around the cell,
and the creation of lysosomes
5)-The sacs or folds of the
Golgi apparatus are called cisternae

15. 1)-The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a
double membrane-bound organelle found in
all eukaryotic organisms, although some cells in some
organisms may lack them (e.g. Red blood cells)
2)-The main job of mitochondria is to perform cellular
respiration. This means it takes in nutrients from the cell,
breaks it down, and turns it into energy
3)-This energy is then in turn used by the cell to carry out
various functions
4)- Also known as power house of cell because they generate
most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
used as a source of chemical energy.
5)-The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely
by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood
cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have
more than 2000
MITOCHONDRIA

16. LYSOSOMES
1)- A lysosome is a membrane-bounded
organelle found in most animal cells.
2)- They are spherical vesicles which
contain Hydrolytic enzymes that
Can break down virtually
all kindsof biomolecules.
3)- It is One of the key organelles
involved in digestion
and waste removal as they
containdigestive enzymes.
4)-the interior of the lysosomes
is acidic compared to the
slightly basic cytosol

17. PLASMID
1)- A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a
cell that is physically separated from
a chromosomal DNA and can replicate
Independently
2)- They are most commonly found
in bacteria as small circular, doublestranded
DNA molecules; however,
plasmids are sometimes present
in eukaryotic organisms
3)- plasmids often carry genes that may benefit
the survival of the organism, for
example antibiotic resistance
4)-plasmids usually are very small and contain
only additional genes that may be useful to
the organism under certain situations or
particular conditions
5)- Plasmids are much used in the laboratory
manipulation of genes.

18. RIBOSOME
1)- The ribosome is a complex
molecular machine,found within
all living cells, that serves as the
site of biological protein synthesis
2)- Ribosomes link amino acids
together in the order specified by
messenger RNA(mRNA) molecules.
3)-Ribosomes can be found floating
within the cytoplasm or attached to
the endoplasmic reticulum
4)- Ribosome also called
organell within organell .
It is smallest organell in a cell.

19. CENTRIOLE
1)- a centriole is a cylindrical cell structure composed mainly of a
protein called tubulin that is found in most eukaryotic cells.
2)- Centrioles are involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle
and in the completion of cytokinesis
3)- The position of the centriole determines the position of the nucleus
and plays a crucial role in the spatial arrangement of the cell.
4)- The main function of the centriole is
to help with cell division in animal
cells

20. MITOTIC CELL DIVISION

21. INTERPHASE
1)- Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in
which a typical cell spends most of its life.
2)- During this phase, the cell copies its
DNA in preparation for mitosis
3)- There are three phases in interphase
4)- G (Gap 1), in which the cell grows and
functions normally. During this time,
a high amount of protein synthesis occurs
and the cell grows (to about double its
original size) - more organelles are
produced and the volumeof the
cytoplasm increases.
5)- Synthesis (S), in which the cell
duplicates its DNA
6)- G2 (Gap 2), in which the cell resumes
itsgrowth in preparation for division. The
mitochondria divide and the cell continues
to grow until mitosis begins

22. PROCESS OF CELL DIVISION

23. PROPHASE
 chromosomes condense and
thicken
 Each duplicated
 chromosome appear as two
 identical sister chromatids
 The mitotic spindle begins
to form.
METAPHASE
 In metaphase, the
centromeres of the
 chromosomes convene
themselves on
 The metaphase plate

24. ANAPHASE
 The spindle fibers begin
 To contract
 This starts to pull the sister
 chromatids spart
 At the end of anaphase a
complete set of daughter
 chromosomes is found in
each pole
TELLOPHASE & CYTOKINESIS
The nuclear membrane and
nucleolus disintegrating , are
reversed.
Two daughter nuclei form in each
daughter cell.
The chromosomes reach the poles
as the nuclear membranes re-form
around each set of chromatids, the
nucleoli also reappear

25. TISSUE

26. Tissue
Collection of cell having similar structure &
performing a common physiological
function is called tissue.

27. Types of Tissue
Epithelial tissue :
Covering the external & internal body surfaces. e.g.- Skin, internal
covering of GIT.
Connective tissue :
Connects different structures
of the body
& also helps
to Provide framework of the body.
e.g.- Blood, Bones.

28. Muscular tissue :
Muscular tissue make up the major part of the soft tissues of
the body & by means of its contraction power helps in
locomotion. e.g.- Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle.
Nervous tissue :
Nervous tissue is highly specialized tissue which controls and
co-ordinates the body functions by forming nervous system.
e.g. White matter, Grey matter.

29. TYPES OF TISSUE
SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
TRANSITIONAL
EPITHELIUM
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE

30.  SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
It has surface whose outermost
(apical) layer consists of thin, flat
cells.They may be composed of
one layer of cells, in which case it
is called simple squamous
epithelium, or it may possess
multiple layers,so called
stratified squamous epithelium.
Squamous epithelial cells have a
polygonal appearance when
viewed from above.
 CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
cuboidal epithelia are
epithelial cells having a
cube-like shape; that is,
their width is approx equal
to their height.They may
exist in single layers
(simple cuboidal
epithelium) or multiple
layers (stratified cuboidal
epithelium) depending on
their location (and thus
 function) in the body.

31.  COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Columnar epithelial cells are
epithelial cells whose height are at
least four times
theirwidth.Columnar epithelia are
divided into simple
(or unilayered) and stratified
(or multi-layered) They are found in
the inner lining of the intestine.
They secrete digestive enzymes and
 absorb digested food.
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
Transitional epithelium is a type of
tissue consisting of multiple layers of
epithelial cells which can contract
and expand. This tissue structure
type is found in urothelium,
including that of the urinary bladder,
the ureters, and the superior urethra
and gland ducts of the prostate.They
also functions as barrier between the
lumen,or inside hollow space, of the
tract that it lines and the
bloodstream.

32. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
SUPPORTING
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
FLUID
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
PROPER
DENSE
LOOSE BLOOD
LYMPH
CARTILAGE
BONE

33. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
The different types of connective tissue maintain the form of organs throughout the body
Connective tissues provide a matrix that supports and physically connects other tissues
and cells together in organs
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
 it is categorised into two:
 1) Loose: includes areolar
tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose
tissue.It holds organs in place and
attaches epithelial tissue to other
underlying
 Tissues.It may be found in tissue
sections from almost every part of
the body
 2) DENSE: also called dense
fibrous tissue.It is is a type of
connective tissue with fibers as its
main matrix element forms strong,
rope-like structures such as
tendons and ligament

34. FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 1) BLOOD is considered a
connective tissue for two basic
reasons: (1) embryologically, it
has the same origin
(mesodermal) as do the other
connective tissue types and (2)
blood connects the body
systems .The cell found in
greatest abundance in blood is
the erythrocyte, responsible for
transporting oxygen to body
tissues
 2) LYMPH is a clear fluid that
is similar to plasma but contains
less protein.It flows through
lymphatic vessels throughout
the
 body and includes chemicals
and cells whose composition
varies according to location
within
 the body.

35. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1) CARTILAGE is a resilient
and
 smooth elastic tissue, covering and
 protecting the ends of thelong bones
at joints, and is a structural
component of the rib cage, the ear,
the nose, the bronchial tubes, the
intervertebral discs, and many more
other body components
It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it
is stiffer and less flexible than muscle
2) BONE tissue is the major
structural and supportive connective
tissue of the body.Bone tissue forms
the rigid part of the bones that make
up the skeleton. Supports muscles,
organs, and soft tissues.
 It is formed by cells, called
osteoblasts

36. MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal
bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.It is formed
during embryonic development through a process known as
myogenesis.Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the
body.

37. MUSCLE TISSUE
 SMOOTH MUSCLE
is an involuntary,non-striated
muscle.Smooth muscle is found within
the walls of blood vessels.Smooth
muscle is also found in lymphatic
vessels, the urinary bladder, uterus,
male and female reproductive tracts,
gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract,
the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye
 SKELETAL MUSCLE
It is a form of striated muscle tissue
which is under the voluntary
control of the somatic nervous
system.Most skeletal muscles are
attached to bones by bundles of
collagen fibers known as tendons.
Muscle fibres, or muscle cells, are
formed from the fusion of
developmental myoblasts in a
process known as myogenesis

38. CARDIAC MUSCLE
Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is an involuntary, striated muscle that is found in
the walls and histological foundation of the heart, specifically the
myocardium.These three types of muscle all form in the process of myogenesis.
The myocardium is the muscle tissue of the heart, and forms a thick middle layer
between the outer epicardium layer and the inner
endocardium layer. Cardiac muscle cells, unlike most other tissues in the
body, rely on an available blood and electrical supply to deliver oxygen and
nutrients and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide.

39. NERVOUS TISSUE
Nervous tissue or nerve tissue is the
main tissue component of the two parts of the
nervous system; the brain and spinal cord of
the central nervous system (CNS), and the
branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral
nervous system (PNS), which regulates and
controls bodily functions and activity.
The function of nervous tissue is to form the
communication network
of the nervous system by
conducting electric signals
across tissue.It is composed
of neurons, or nerve cells,
which receive and
transmit impulses.

40. Organ
Collection of tissues united together to
perform a particular function is called
organ.