cbse class 10 economics

3.  Human development is defined as the
process of enlarging people's freedoms and
opportunities and improving their well-
being. Human development is about the real
freedom ordinary people have to decide who
to be, what to do, and how to live.
The human development concept was
developed by economist Mahbub ul Haq.

4.  Human development is development of
overall situation of human being such as
health, education, income, life expectancy
etc. The variables such as human
development index (HDI) per capita income
(PCI), literacy rate, life expectancy at birth
etc are regarded as indicators of Human
Development.

5.  When we think of a nation or a region,
besides average income, public facilities are
equally significant attributes.
 Public Facilities: These are the services
provided by the government to its citizens.
Some of the important public facilities
include infrastructure, sanitation, public
transport, health care, water, etc.

6.  1. What people desire are regular work, better wages
and decent price for their crops or other products
that they produce. In other words, they want more
income.
2. People also seek things like equal treatment,
freedom, security, and respect for others.
3. In some cases, these may be more important than
more income or more consumption because material
goods are not all that you need to live.
4. Money, or material things that one can buy with it,
is one of the factors on which our life depends on
non-material things mentioned above.
5. There are many things that are not easily
measured but they mean a lot to our lives. These are
often ignored.
6. However, it would be wrong to conclude that what
cannot be measured is not important.
7. Similarly, for development people look at a mix of
goals.
8. The developmental goals that people have are not
only about better income but also about better
income but also about other important things in life.

7.  The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in
a population. In most sexually reproducing
species, the ratio tends to be 1:1. This tendency
is explained by Fisher's principle. For various
reasons, however, many species deviate from
anything like an even sex ratio, either
periodically or permanently.
 Sex Ratio in India
According to the United Nations, Sex ratio is
defined as the number of males per 100 females.
Sex Ratio of India is 108.176, i.e., 108.176 males
per 100 females in 2020. It means that India has
924 females per 1000 males

8.  Infant mortality is the death of young
children under the age of 1. This death toll is
measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR)
 Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of
deaths per 1,000 live births of children
under one year of age. The rate for a given
region is the number of children dying under
one year of age, divided by the number of
live births during the year, multiplied by
1,000.

9.  is characterized as the proportion of the
quantity of people in the official age-
category going to any instructive foundation
in a specific class-gathering to the total
number of people in the same age-group.
 Net Attendance Ratio
36.55 %
Net Enrolment Ratio (%) in India was reported
at 36.55 % in 2012, according to the World
Bank

10.  Total number of literate persons in a given age group, expressed
as a percentage of the total population in that age group. The
adult literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged 15
years and above, and the youth literacy rate measures literacy
among persons aged 15 to 24 years.
 How are literacy rates measured?
Literacy rates are computed by dividing the number of people aged
15–24 years who are literate by the total population in the same
age group, the result is then multiplied by 100.
 Literacy Rate of the World
86.3%
The global literacy rate for all people aged 15 and above is 86.3%.
The global literacy rate for all males is 90.0% and the rate for all
females is 82.7%
 Literacy Rate of India
69.1 per cent
The overall literacy rate in India is 69.1 per cent. The number
includes the literacy rate in both rural and urban India.

11. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a
person's weight in kilograms divided
by the square of height in meters. A
high BMI can be an indicator of high
body fatness. BMI can be used to
screen for weight categories that
may lead to health problems but it
is not diagnostic of the body fatness
or health of an individual.

13.  Gross National Product (GNP)
the totalvalue ofgoodsproducedandservices provided byacountryduringone year,
equalto thegrossdomestic productplusthe netincome fromforeigninvestments
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
isthe broadestquantitativemeasureofa nation'stotaleconomicactivity.More
specifically,GDPrepresents themonetaryvalue of allgoodsandservices produced
withina nation'sgeographic bordersover a specified periodoftime.
 Gross National Income (GNI)
is a measurementofacountry'sincome.It includesall the incomeearnedbya country's
residentsandbusinesses,including anyincomeearnedabroad.

15.  Sustainable development can be defined
as development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
... The economic development brought by
such organized principles and practices in an
economy is called Managed Sustainable
Development (MSD).

16.  Sustainable development is defined as
development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations. Scientists have been
warning that the present type, and levels, of
development are not sustainable. Some of
the examples are:
 Overuse of ground water
 Exhaustion of natural resources

17.  SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENTS:
1. Since the second half of the twentieth
century, a number of scientists have been
warning that the present type, and levels, of
development are not sustainable.
2. Resources are replenished by nature as in the
case of crops and plants.
3. In the case of groundwater, if we use more
than what is being replenished by rain then we
would be overusing this resources.
4. Consequences of environmental degradation
do not respect national or state boundaries; this
issue is no longer region or nation-specific.
5. Sustainability of developments comparatively
a new area of knowledge in which scientists,
economists, philosophers and other social
scientists are working together.

18.  1. What is the main criterion used by the
World Bank in classifying different countries?
What are the limitations of this criterion, if
any?
2. In what respects is the criterion used by
the UNDP for measuring development
different from the one used by the world
bank.
3. Why is the issue of sustainability
important for development?