Modal 03: Question Number 5 a & 5 b
i. Reaction Turbine (Parsons’s turbine)
ii. Degree of Reaction for Parsons’s turbine
iii. Condition for maximum utilization factor,
iv. Reaction staging.
v. Numerical Problems.
Previous Year Question papers
18 me54 turbo machines module 03 question no 6a & 6b
1. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 1
Turbo Machines
18ME54
Course Coordinator
Mr. THANMAY J. S
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
VVIET Mysore
Module 03: Steam Reaction turbine
Course Learning Objectives
Analyze various designs of Reaction turbine and their working principle.
Course Outcomes
Classify, analyze and understand various type of Reaction turbine..
2. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 2
Contents
Modal 03: Question Number 5 a & 5 b
i. Reaction Turbine (Parsons’s turbine)
ii. Degree of Reaction for Parsons’s turbine
iii. Condition for maximum utilization factor,
iv. Reaction staging.
v. Numerical Problems.
Previous Year Question papers
3. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 3
Introduction
Classification of Steam Turbine, based on basic working principle
a) Impulse turbine and
b) Reaction turbine
The machine for which the change in static head in the rotor is zero is known impulse machine. In these
machines, the energy transfer in the rotor takes place only by the change in dynamic head of the fluid.
In reaction turbine energy transfer in the rotor takes place by change in static and dynamic head of the
fluid.
In reaction turbine 𝑉𝑟2 > 𝑉𝑟1 and generally 𝑉f1 = 𝑉f2 (i.e. flow velocity is constant)
Reaction Turbine (Example: Parson’s Turbine)
In the case of reaction turbine, the moving blades of a turbine are shaped in such a way that the steam
expands and drops in pressure as it passes through them. As a result of pressure decrease in the moving
blade, a reaction force will be produced. This force will make the blades to rotate.
The combined velocity diagram for an axial flow reaction turbine is as shown in figure below.
From data given in the problem, Vf1=Vf2=Vf.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑟′
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠: 𝑃 = 𝑚(𝑉𝑢1. 𝑈1 ± 𝑉𝑢2. 𝑈2)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈 ∴ 𝑷 = 𝒎𝑼(𝑽𝒖𝟏 + 𝑽𝒖𝟐)
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛽1 =
𝑉𝑢1
𝑉𝑓1
∴ 𝑽𝒖𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜷𝟏 × 𝑽𝒇𝟏
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 =
𝑋2 − 𝑈
𝑉𝑓1
∴ 𝑽𝒖𝟐 = 𝑿𝟐 − 𝑼 = (𝑽𝒖𝟐 + 𝑼) − 𝑼 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜷𝟐 × 𝑽𝒇𝟐
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑈(𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑢2) = 𝑚𝑈(𝑉𝑢1 + (𝑋2 − 𝑈)) = 𝑚𝑈(𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛽1 × 𝑉𝑓1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝛽2 × 𝑉𝑓2)
𝑷 = 𝒎 𝑼 𝑽𝒇(𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜷𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜷𝟐)𝑎𝑠 𝑽𝒇𝟏 = 𝑽𝒇𝟐 = 𝑽𝒇
6. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 6
Condition for maximum utilization factor,
𝑼𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝝐) =
𝟏
𝟐
[(𝑽𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑽𝟐
𝟐
) + (𝑼𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑼𝟐
𝟐
) + (𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝟐
)]
𝟏
𝟐
[(𝑽𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑽𝟐
𝟐
) + (𝑼𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑼𝟐
𝟐
) + (𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝟐
)] +
𝟏
𝟐
(𝑽𝟐
𝟐
)
𝑼𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝝐) =
𝟏
𝟐
[(𝑽𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑽𝟐
𝟐
) + (𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝟐
)]
𝟏
𝟐
[(𝑽𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑽𝟐
𝟐
) + (𝑽𝒓𝟏
𝟐
− 𝑽𝒓𝟐
𝟐
)] +
𝟏
𝟐
(𝑽𝟐
𝟐
)
∴ 𝑼𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝝐) =
𝑷
𝑷 +
𝟏
𝟐
(𝑽𝟐
𝟐
)
Reaction staging
Reaction staging the expansion of steam and enthalpy drop occurs both in fixed and moving blades.
Due to the effect of continuous expansion during flow over the moving blades, the relative velocity of
steam increases i.e., Vr2>Vr1.
Parsons stages of steam turbines have a degree of reaction (R) equal to 0.5. One stator blade-ring
followed by a rotor blade-ring together make up the one stage. The blades are designed so that the
passages between the blades act like nozzles in both the stator and rotor. The expansion of steam takes
place in both the rings.
The areas of flow have to be increased continuously to accommodate the increased volume flow rates.
The velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet of every rotor blade ring become symmetrical. The usual
practice is to have the same geometry (α1, α2, β1, β2) of the blades with continuously increasing heights.
The same set of velocity triangles and analysis hold good for a few of the rotor rings in succession.
When the increase in the height of blades becomes limited after a few rings, the mean diameter of rotor
rings can be increased so that another set of velocity triangles and analysis can hold good for another
series of rotor rings.
For Parson’s (axial flow 50% reaction) turbine, α1=β2 and α2=β1 and also V1=Vr2 and V2=Vr1, then
the velocity triangles are symmetric.
Work done or Power developed is:
𝑷 = 𝑼(∆𝑽𝒖) = 𝑈(𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑢2) = 𝑼(𝑽𝒖𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 − 𝑼)
𝑽𝒖𝟏 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶𝟏
𝑋2 − 𝑈 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 − 𝑈
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜶𝟏 = 𝜷𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝒓𝟐
∴ 𝑿𝟐 − 𝑼 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶𝟏 − 𝑼
∴ 𝑃 = 𝑈(𝑉𝑢1 + 𝑋2 − 𝑈) = 𝑈(𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 + 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 − 𝑈)
𝑷 = 𝟐𝑼𝑽𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶𝟏 − 𝑼𝟐