This document provides information about a course on turbo machines taught by Mr. Thanmay J. S. at VVIET Mysore. The course aims to analyze the energy transfer in radial and axial flow turbo machines using the degree of reaction and utilization factor. It covers general analysis of radial flow compressors and pumps, including velocity triangles and expressions for power, degree of reaction, and the effect of blade discharge angle on performance. It also discusses general analysis of axial flow pumps and compressors, and expressions for degree of reaction and utilization factor in axial flow turbines.
Analysis of Energy Transfer in Radial and Axial Turbo Machines
1. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 1
Turbo Machines
18ME54
Course Coordinator
Mr. THANMAY J. S
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
VVIET Mysore
Module 02: General Analysis of Turbo machines
Course Learning Objectives
Analyze the energy transfer in Radial and Axial flow Turbo machine with degree of reaction
and utilization factor
Course Outcomes
At the end of the course the student will be able to analyze the energy transfer in Turbo machine
with degree of reaction and utilization factor for Radial and Axial flow type Turbo Machines.
2. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 2
Contents
Modal 02: Question Number 4 a & 4 b General Analysis of Turbo machines
i. Radial flow compressors and pumps โ general analysis,
ii. Effect of blade discharge angle on energy transfer
iii. Expression for degree of reaction,
iv. Effect of blade discharge angle on degree of reaction,
v. Effect of blade discharge angle on performance,
vi. General analysis of axial flow pumps and compressors,
vii. Expression for degree of reaction and Utilization factor in Axial Flow Turbine
viii. Derivation of General Equations
Previous Year Question papers
3. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 3
i. Radial flow compressors and pumps โ general analysis
In a radial flow machine, the two ends of the rotor blade have different linear velocities. The velocity
triangles are constructed with these blade velocities as the bases. In general, the velocity triangle at
the smaller radius is made up of lower velocities and that at the larger radius is made up of higher
velocities. When U is small, V and Vr are also comparatively small; when U is large, V and Vr are
also large. This is how the pumps and compressors are evolved with radially outward flow, with higher
energy at the outlet, at the outer radius. For the same reason, the radial flow turbines are inward flow
turbines, with discharge velocities of smaller magnitudes and therefore with lower values of exit
losses.
General Velocity Triangle
Radial Flow Machines:(Centrifugal Pumps, Centrifugal Blowers and Centrifugal Compressors)
Radial flow compressors and pumps are radial outward flow turbomachines, here fluid flows across
the rotor blades radially from inner radius (hub radius) to outer radius (tip radius) of the rotor.
Therefore radial compressors and pumps are also known as centrifugal turbomachines.
The velocity triangles for the blade of an impeller of a radially outward flow machine are generally of
the form as shown in figure below. (The variations from this general form may be considered step-by-
step.) The absolute fluid velocity (๐ฝ๐) at the inlet is shown at (๐ถ๐ = ๐๐ยฐ) o to the blade
velocity(๐ผ๐). In compressors or pumps of smaller sizes, guide vanes are not present to direct the fluid
into the impeller at any particular angle. Hence, the fluid enters the impeller in a radial direction,
giving rise to (๐ฝ๐๐ = ๐) . Since the fluid enters and leaves the rotor at different radius
(๐ผ๐ โ ๐ผ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ผ๐ > ๐ฝ๐๐). In centrifugal compressor or pump usually the absolute velocity at the
entry has no tangential component.
Velocity Triangle for Radial Flow Compressor and Pump
Radial Flow Compressors and Pumps: (Power Absorbing Turbo Machines)
๐๐ฒ ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐๐ซโ๐ฌ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ช๐ฎ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ท = (๐ฝ๐๐. ๐ผ๐ โ ๐ฝ๐๐. ๐ผ๐)
๐๐๐ ๐ฝ๐๐ = ๐
โด ๐ = (๐๐ข2. ๐2)
๐ค๐ ๐๐๐๐ค ๐กโ๐๐ก ๐ = ๐2 โ ๐๐ข2
๐ถ๐๐ก ๐ฝ2 =
๐
๐๐2
โซ ๐ฟ = ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ช๐๐ ๐ท๐
๐โ๐๐ ๐๐ข2 = ๐2 โ ๐๐2 ๐ถ๐๐ก ๐ฝ2
โด ๐ = (๐๐ข2. ๐2) ๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ค๐๐๐ก๐ก๐๐ ๐๐
๐ท = ๐ผ๐(๐ผ๐ โ ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ช๐๐ ๐ท๐)
Or
๐ท = (๐ผ๐
๐
โ ๐ผ๐ . ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ช๐๐ ๐ท๐)
4. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 4
ii. Effect of blade discharge angle on energy transfer
a) When ฮฒ2 is less than 90o
, that is, when the blades are bent backward to the direction of
rotation of the rotor, the slope of the line is negative. As the flow rate increases, Vf2
increases, and along with it, Vu2 decreases. Consequently, the specific work (or head)
reduces as the flow rate is increased.
b) When ฮฒ2 is equal to 90o
, the variation in the flow rate or the variation in Vf2 does not
affect Vu2. The specific work (or head) remains constant.
c) When ฮฒ2 is more than 90o
, that is, when the blades are bent forward, the slope of the line
is positive. As the flow rate is increased, Vu2 also increases. Therefore, the specific work
(or head) also increases.
iii. Expression for Degree of Reaction
๐๐ข๐ก ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐ ๐ผ๐๐๐๐ก ๐ถ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐1 = ๐
๐1 ๐ ๐ ๐1
2
= ๐
๐1
2
= ๐
๐2
2
๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ข๐ก๐๐๐ก ๐2
2
= ๐๐2
2
+ ๐
๐2
2
โด ๐ =
๐2 ๐๐2 โ
( ๐๐2
2
+ ๐๐2
2
โ ๐๐1
2
)
2
๐2 ๐๐2
= ๐2 ๐๐2 โ
( ๐๐2
2
+ ๐๐2
2
โ ๐๐1
2
)
2๐2 ๐๐2
โด ๐น = ๐ โ (
๐ฝ๐ผ ๐
๐๐ผ๐
)
5. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 5
iv. Effect of blade discharge angle on degree of reaction,
๐ค๐ ๐๐๐๐ค ๐กโ๐๐ก ๐ท๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐ = 1 โ (
๐๐2
2๐2
) ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐น๐๐๐ค ๐๐ข๐๐๐ ๐๐๐โ๐๐๐๐
๐๐ข๐ก ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ = ๐ผ๐ โ ๐ฟ
๐คโ๐๐๐ cot(๐ฝ2) = (
๐๐๐
๐ ๐๐
) =
๐ด๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก ๐ ๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ก๐ ๐ ๐๐๐
=
๐
๐๐2
โด ๐ฟ = ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐๐จ๐ญ(๐ท๐)
๐ ๐, ๐๐2 = ๐2 โ ๐ โซ ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ = ๐ผ๐ โ ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐๐จ๐ญ(๐ท๐)
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐ = 1 โ (
๐๐2
2๐2
) โซ ๐ = 1 โ (
๐2 โ ๐๐2 cot(๐ฝ2)
2๐2
)
๐๐ฆ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ ๐ค๐ ๐๐๐ก ๐น =
๐
๐
[๐ + (
๐ฝ๐๐
๐๐ผ๐
)๐๐จ๐ญ(๐ท๐)]
๐โ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐๐ก ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ผ1 = 90ยฐ ๐ ๐ ๐กโ๐๐ก ๐1 = ๐น2 = ๐1 ๐๐๐ ๐๐ข1 = 0
a) When ฮฒ2, in the above conditions, becomes equal to
158.2o
, the degree of reaction reduces to zero, the
machine becomes impulse type, and the centrifugal
head balances the relative velocity head.
(R = 0 at ฮฒ2 =158.2o
)
b) If the reference values of ฮฒ1 and D2/D1 were chosen
then the nature of variation of R would be the same, but
the values would be different
(W = 0 at ฮฒ2 = 26.5o
; R = (2 + cot ฮฒ2)/4.
v. Effect of blade discharge angle on performance,
๐ท = (๐ผ๐
๐
โ ๐ผ๐ . ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ช๐๐ ๐ท๐)
In a Power Absorbing Turbo Machines like a pump, a blower, or a compressor is usually run
by a motor of constant speed N, Hence, ๐ผ๐ =
๐ ๐ซ๐ต
๐๐
is also a constant.
Further(๐ฝ๐๐), the flow component, can be written as(
๐ธ
๐จ๐
), where๐จ๐is the exit area of the
impeller and (๐ธ) is the volume flow rate. This results
๐ท = (๐ผ๐
๐
โ ๐ผ๐ . ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ช๐๐ ๐ท๐) โซ (๐ผ๐
๐
โ ๐ผ๐ . (
๐ธ
๐จ๐
) ๐ช๐๐ ๐ท๐)
= (๐ช๐ โ ๐ช๐. ๐ธ) โซ
Where ๐ช๐ = ๐ผ๐
๐
and๐ช๐ = (
๐ผ๐
๐จ๐
) ๐ช๐๐ ๐ท๐.
๐ท = (๐ช๐ โ ๐ช๐. ๐ธ)
The performance of a machine is the totality of the specific work or energy transfer, the
reaction, the power consumption, the efficiency, and so on. Equation (๐ท) represents the energy
transfer (W) in a radial flow pump or compressor. In a pump, the head developed may be
written as (W/g). In a compressor, the pressure developed may be written as (W x ฯ). Either
way, (W) is identified as a function of the flow rate (Q).
6. Asst Proff Mr THANMAY J S, Department of Mechanical Engineering VVIET Mysore Page 6
The flow rate (Q) is taken as an independent variable that can be varied by the operation
of a valve at the outlet. In practice, the flow rate is as per โdemandโ or โload.โ A plot of (W)
(or P or H or E to a different scale) on the base of the flow rate (Q), therefore, represents one
of the important characteristics of the machine.
For a given value of the flow rate, there is one more important effect of variation of the
blade outlet angle. For any outlet velocity triangle, as the height of the triangle, (๐ฝ๐๐) remains
constant, (๐ฝ๐๐) keeps on increasing as the blade outlet angle (๐ท๐) increases. This can easily
be seen in Fig. 4.4. This can also be substantiated by above equation where the magnitude of
(๐ท) increases as (๐ท๐) increases.
The specific work (๐ท) will gradually reduce to zero when
๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ช๐๐ ๐ท๐ = ๐ผ๐ ๐. ๐.,
๐ช๐๐ ๐ท๐ =
๐ผ๐
๐ฝ๐๐
Above figure shows the characteristic in the form of three lines with different slopes.
The lines represent the cases of different values of the blade exit angle(๐ท๐). Equation (๐ท) and
graph shown above are the outcome of the starting from Eulerโs equation.
The energy transfer, as discussed, is due to the โvane-congruent flow.โ The expression for the
actual energy transfer can be obtained when the factors causing the deviation from the vane-
congruent flow are considered.