Calculating Odds Ratio Odds ratio is a measure of association used in epidemiological studies to assess the relationship between disease and exposure. In this exercise, you will calculate and interpret odds ratio using real-world examples. Odds Ratio In case control studies the odds ratio (OR) is the measure of the association between the frequency of an exposure and the frequency of an outcome. The OR is an indirect measure of risk in case control studies because incidence rates cannot be calculated. The formula for odds ratio is: (A/C) ÷ (B/D) or (AD)/(BC). Remember, data from an output source may not be ordered according to the table. Ensure that the output data corresponds to the table, or you will calculate incorrectly when you apply the formula. Disease Status Exposure Status Yes No Total Yes A B A + B No C D C + D Total A+C B+D A+B+C+D For this assignment: 1. Retrieve the "BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool" resource provided in the study materials. 0. Select "Cross Tabulation." 0. Select "2015" for the year. 0. Select "Arizona" for the state. 0. Select "Alcohol Consumption: Binge drinkers (males having five or more drinks on one occasion, females having four or more drinks on one occasion)" for Step 2 Select Row. 0. Select "Chronic Health Conditions: Ever diagnosed with a depressive disorder, including depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression" for Step 3 Select Column. 0. Skip Steps 4 and 5. 0. Select "Sample Size" for Step 6 Select Statistics and run the report for the cross tabulation. Part 1 Using the data from the cross-tabulation results, calculate the odds ratio for depression among those exposed to binge drinking. Refer to the formula provided above. Exposure Status Yes No Total Yes No Total 1. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. Show all calculations. 2. Interpret the odds ratio. In your interpretation, describe the association between the variables and indicate whether there is a positive, negative, or no association. Part 2 Use the study material, "BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool," located on the CDC website, and run a report for two variables of interest to you. Exposure Status Yes No Total Yes No Total 1. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. 2. Interpret the odds ratio. In your interpretation describe the association between the variables and indicate whether there is a positive, negative, or no association. 3. Discuss the public health importance of the association. © 2020. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved. 2 The Business Proposal is the major writing assignment in the course. You are to create and submit a formal proposal that suggests how to change something within an organization. This organization can be large or small, a place of employment now or in the past, or an organization to which the students belong. From past experiences, it is best to use a business with fewer th ...

1. Calculating Odds Ratio
Odds ratio is a measure of association used in epidemiological
studies to assess the relationship between disease and exposure.
In this exercise, you will calculate and interpret odds ratio
using real-world examples.
Odds Ratio
In case control studies the odds ratio (OR) is the measure of the
association between the frequency of an exposure and the
frequency of an outcome. The OR is an indirect measure of risk
in case control studies because incidence rates cannot be
calculated.
The formula for odds ratio is: (A/C) ÷ (B/D) or (AD)/(BC).
Remember, data from an output source may not be ordered
according to the table. Ensure that the output data corresponds
to the table, or you will calculate incorrectly when you apply
the formula.
Disease Status
Exposure Status
Yes
No
Total
Yes
A
B
A + B
No

2. C
D
C + D
Total
A+C
B+D
A+B+C+D
For this assignment:
1. Retrieve the "BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool" resource
provided in the study materials.
0. Select "Cross Tabulation."
0. Select "2015" for the year.
0. Select "Arizona" for the state.
0. Select "Alcohol Consumption: Binge drinkers (males having
five or more drinks on one occasion, females having four or
more drinks on one occasion)" for Step 2 Select Row.
0. Select "Chronic Health Conditions: Ever diagnosed with a
depressive disorder, including depression, major depression,
dysthymia, or minor depression" for Step 3 Select Column.
0. Skip Steps 4 and 5.
0. Select "Sample Size" for Step 6 Select Statistics and run the
report for the cross tabulation.
Part 1
Using the data from the cross-tabulation results, calculate the
odds ratio for depression among those exposed to binge
drinking. Refer to the formula provided above.
Exposure Status
Yes
No
Total

3. Yes
No
Total
1. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your
answer. Show all calculations.
2. Interpret the odds ratio. In your interpretation, describe the
association between the variables and indicate whether there is
a positive, negative, or no association.
Part 2
Use the study material, "BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool,"
located on the CDC website, and run a report for two variables
of interest to you.
Exposure Status
Yes
No
Total
Yes

4. No
Total
1. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your
answer.
2. Interpret the odds ratio. In your interpretation describe the
association between the variables and indicate whether there is
a positive, negative, or no association.
3. Discuss the public health importance of the association.
© 2020. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
2
The Business Proposal is the major writing assignment in the
course. You are to create and submit a formal proposal that
suggests how to change something within an organization. This
organization can be large or small, a place of employment now
or in the past, or an organization to which the students belong.
From past experiences, it is best to use a business with fewer
than 200 employees, and one with which you have personal
experience. It could be a place where you currently work or a
place you have worked or volunteered in the past.

5. The change can be specific to a unit or can apply to the whole
organization; it can relate to how important information is
distributed, who has access to important information, how
information is accessed, or any other change in practices the
students see as having a benefit. The proposal should be
directed to the person or committee with the power to authorize
the change. However, if you are working within a large
organization, and asking for a small organizational change,
communicating with a CEO or president may not make the most
sense. You need to think about who within the organization
might be the best person for the type of change suggested.
For the submission, you are to follow the guidelines for formal
proposals available in Chapter 10 of the text. You can review
10.1, 10.4, and 10.19 for more information about specific
components for a well-written formal business proposal. A
complete proposal must have all required sections of a formal
report excluding the copy of an an RFP and the Authorization.
The final draft of the proposal should be 1500 – 2000 words,
and include the following necessary formal proposal
components:
· Letter of transmittal
· Executive summary
· Title page
· Table of contents
· List of illustrations
· Introduction
· Background: Purpose/problem
· Proposal: plan, schedule, details
· Staffing
· Budget
· Appendix
Formatting does matter for this assignment, and you are to
check the text for details about how to format and draft the
different proposal segments. Proposals don't just have text;
graphics and charts are necessary, too. In addition, research is
important, and footnotes and references must be included. All

6. content should be concise, clear, and detailed. The proposal
should be well-written with appropriate grammar, spelling, and
punctuation.
Odds Ratio Interpretation
1.0
or
(≈ 1.0)
Means that the odds of exposure among cases is the same the
odds of exposure among controls
The exposure is
not associated
with the disease
> 1.0
Means that the odds of exposure among cases is greater than the
odds of exposure among controls and positively associated with
the outcome
The exposure may be
a risk factor
for the disease.
< 1.0
Means that the odds of exposure among cases is lower than the
odds of exposure among controls and negatively associated with
the outcome
The exposure may be
protective
against the disease.

7. © 2020. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
Rubic_Print_FormatCourse CodeClass CodeAssignment
TitleTotal PointsPUB-540PUB-540-O500Calculating Odds
Ratio100.0CriteriaPercentage1: Unsatisfactory (0.00%)2. Less
Than Satisfactory (74.00%)3. Satisfactory (79.00%)4. Good
(87.00%)5. Excellent (100.00%)CommentsPoints
EarnedCriteria100.0%Part 1: Table10.0%The table is not
completed.N/AThe table is complete but incorrect values are
placed in the cells.N/AThe is complete and accurate.Part 1:
Odds Ratio Calculation15.0%Odds ratio is not calculated or
presented.Odds ratio is calculated but is not correct or is
incomplete.Odds ratio is calculated and mostly correct but
shows a slight misunderstanding.N/AOdds ratio is correct.
Calculations are provided and correct.Part 1: Odds Ratio
Interpretation15.0%Odds ratio interpretatio n is not
presented.Odds ratio interpretation and association among
variables are presented but are not correct.Odds ratio
interpretation is presented, but slight misunderstanding is
apparent. The association between the variables is summarized
but shows a slight misunderstanding.Odds ratio interpretation is
presented and accurate. The association between the variables is
adequate.Odds ratio interpretation is thoroughly presented and
accurate. The association between the variables is accurate. An
in-depth understanding of the odds ratio is apparent.Part 2:
Table10.0%The table is not completed.N/AThe table is complete
but incorrect values are placed in the cells.N/AThe is complete
and accurate.Part 2: Odds Ratio Calculation15.0%Odds ratio is
not calculated or presented.Odds ratio is calculated but is not
correct or is incomplete.Odds ratio is calculated and mostly
correct but shows a slight misunderstanding.N/AOdds ratio is
correct. Calculations are provided and correct.Part 2: Odds
Ratio Interpretation15.0%Odds ratio interpretation is not
presented.Odds ratio interpretation and association among
variables are presented but are not correct.Odds ratio

8. interpretation is presented, but slight misunderstanding is
apparent. The association between the variables is summarized
but shows a slight misunderstanding.Odds ratio interpretation is
presented and accurate. The association between the variables is
adequate.Odds ratio interpretation is thoroughly presented and
accurate. The association between the variables is accurate. An
in-depth understanding of the odds ratio is apparent.Importance
of Association to Public Health15.0%The public health
importance of the association is not discussed.The public health
importance of the association only partially discussed.The
public health importance of the association is summarized.
Some support is needed.The public health importance of the
association is discussed. Minor detail is needed for accuracy or
clarity.The public health importance of the association is
discussed and well supported.Mechanics of Writing (includes
spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use)3.0%Surface
errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of
meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is
employed.Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the
reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word
choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not
varied.Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are
not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence
structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.Prose
is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be
present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence
structures and figures of speech.The writer is clearly in
command of standard, written, academic English.Documentation
of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc.,
as appropriate to assignment and style)2.0%Sources are not
documented.Documentation of sources is inconsistent or
incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous
formatting errors.Sources are documented, as appropriate to
assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be
present.Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment
and style, and format is mostly correct.Sources are completely

9. and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and
style, and format is free of error.Total Weightage100%