This Slide is Making about industrialization period.

1. The Industrial
Revolution
The Industrial Revolution is when people
stopped making stuff at home and
started making stuff in factories!

2. • The Industrial Revolution was a period from the
18th to the 19th century where major changes
in agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and technology had a profound
effect on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions of the times
• Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural
(farming) economy to one based on industry
(manufacturing)

3. Pre-Industrial Revolution
• Village life dominated –
families were nearly
self-sufficient
• Most villagers were
farmers

4. Making Cloth Before Machines
• Cottage Industry
• Slow process
•
• Business involving
people who worked
at home

5. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
• Agricultural Revolution – improved the quality and quantity
of food
– Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop rotation to get
higher yields
– This led to a surplus of food = fewer people died from hunger = rapid
growth in population
• Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure: the process
of taking over and consolidating land once shared by
peasant farmers (farm output and profits rose)
• New technologies and new sources of energy and materials
(e.g., James Watt’s steam engine became a key source of
power)

6. Industrial Revolution Begins In Great
Britain
Stable Government
• No wars
• Had capital (money) to invest in businesses
• Had overseas markets (colonial empire)
Natural Resources
• Coal (energy for machines)
• Iron ore (for tools)
• Large network of rivers to move products
Labor Supply
• Growing population
• Ready workforce
New Technology
• Invention and improvement of steam engine

7. Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe
and the United States

8. Enclosure One thing Led to Another
• Farmers gained pasture land for animals
• Raised more sheep
• Wool output increased
• Larger fields
• Able to cultivate product more efficiently
• Farm out-put increased
• Profits rose

9. Push Factors:
Where did all the people go?
• Fewer worker
needed on the lands
• Farmers forced off
their lands
• Small owners could
not compete
• Villages shrank
• Cities grew – and
GREW!!
Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c. 1870.
Shows the densely populated and polluted
environments created in the new industrial
cities

10. • Urbanization: the
movement of people to
cities
• Changes in farming,
soaring population, and
an increase in demand for
workers led people to
move from farms to the
cities to work in factories
• Small towns near natural
resources and cities near
factories boomed
instantly
Urbanization
Migration to Cities

11. How did Industrialization lead to
Urbanization?
• People started to move
close to their factory jobs.
This movement led to
bigger cities.
• Urbanization is an effect
of Industrialization.

12. The Social Impacts of
Industrialization: Factories
• The factories had a huge impact on the moving
population
– Promise of Job
• Factory Towns
– Built in country side
– So many people
– New Lankark-cotton mill town
• Robert Owen*- Factory town owner; tried to make good
conditions for workers because he thought if he treated
them right then they would be good, rational, human
people; against physical punishment; For education

13. The Social Impacts of
Industrialization: Overpopulation
• So many jobs- so many people
• Strangers forced to live/ work together
– Cramped
– Disease
– Crime

14. First Major Industry to Form
TEXTILE!
The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with
others for the supplies to make it. This raised a problem for
the consumer because the products were at a higher cost.
The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper then
products made by hand (which took a long time to create),
therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the consumer.

15. Growth of Industry
• Growth of factories
– As demand for cloth grew,
inventors came up with
new machines (e.g., flying
shuttle, spinning jenny)
– To house these new
machines, manufacturers
built the first factories
– New machines and
factories increased
production
– By the 1850s, factories
began to be powered by
coal and steam engines

17. Technology
• The Industrial Revolution was built on
rapid advances in technology
• Which of these three inventions most
changed the way that raw materials,
goods, and people moved?

18. The Impact of the Railroad
•Transportation
innovation that most
changed the way raw
materials, goods, and
people moved
•Allowed
communication and
trade between places
previously deemed too
far

19. The factory system changed the world of work;
Mass Production = the production of large amounts of standardized
products, especially on assembly lines
• Mass production began in
U.S.
• Elements:
– Interchangeable parts
– Assembly line
• Production and repair faster
and more efficient
Mass Production
• Dramatic increase in
production
• Businesses charged less
• Affordable goods
• More repetitious jobs
• Soon became norm
Effects
Factories and Mass Production

20. Assembly Line
• Workers on an assembly line add parts to a
product that moves along the belt from one
work station to the next
• A different person performs each task along
the assembly line
• This division of labor made production faster
and cheaper, lowering the price of goods

21. First Assembly Line:
Henry Ford - Automobiles

22. Where employees worked
 Major change from cottage industry
 Had to leave home to work (travel to cities)
Life in factory towns
 Towns grew up around factories and coal mines
 Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes = sickness
 Rapid population growth
 Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory buildings divided into
apartments)
Working in a factory
 No safety codes = dangerous work for all
 Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c, dirty, smelly, cramped)
 Long workdays (12-14 hours)
 Little pay (men compete with women and children for wages)
 Child labor = kept costs of production low and profits high
 Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all day every day)
 Owners of mines and factories exercised control over lives of laborers
Factories and Factory Towns

23. Conditions in
Factories
Dirty
Cramped spaces
Monotony
Dangerous
Machinery

24. Women and Child Labor
• Many women and children were employed in
industry because they were the cheapest
source of labor.
• Women and children worked in harsh
conditions up to 14 hours a day.
• Families were dependent on the child’s
income.

25. Young women in the textile mills of
Massachusetts died at an average age of 26,
constantly inhaling cotton dust, working long
hours in unventilated rooms lit by oil lamps

26. Child Labor
•Young children
•Long hours
•Poor treatment
•Dangerous conditions

28. Life in Factory Towns
Cramped Tenements
Pollution
Poor
Sanitation
Rapid Population Growth

29. Housing
Tenement = a substandard, multi-family dwelling,
usually old and occupied by the poor
• Built cheaply
• Multiple stories
• No running water
• No toilet
• Sewer down the middle of street
• Trash thrown out into street
• Crowded (5+ people living in one room)
• Breeding grounds for diseases
• Pollution from factory smoke

30. The Social Impacts of
Industrialization: Living-Problems
• Landlords build cheap Tenements
– Tenements= cheaply built, overcrowded, dirty
• Fetch water from outside wells
– Spread disease
• Food expensive
– Corn laws hurt
• Disease and problems
– Cholera and Typhoid now common
– Asthma and Tuberculosis
• Outside
– Black from soot
– Clothing dirty

31. Cont’d
• Problem Solving… fail
– Build chimneys higher so wind could carry
pollution away
• Result in pollution spread further out
• More problems
– Mining is hurting ground
• Then… Bring toxic to surface
• Rain wash poison into river
– People have to drink the poison water
• Life expectancy was not high

32. Rise of Labor Unions
• Encouraged worker-organized
strikes to demand increased
wages and improved working
conditions
• Lobbied for laws to improve
the lives of workers, including
women and children
• Wanted workers’ rights and
collective bargaining between
labor and management

33. The Jungle
Upton Sinclair
– Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the working
class and the corruption of the American meatpacking
industry in the early 20th Century
– Depicts poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant
living and working conditions, and hopelessness
prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted
with the deeply-rooted corruption of those in power

34. Legislation Resulting from The Jungle
• Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (sanitary
standards)
• Pure Food and Drug Act (food and drug tests,
labels on food products)

35. Large Gaps between Rich & Poor
The “HAVES”
Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial
Revolution
The “HAVE-NOTS”
The Poor, The Over-Worked,
and the Destitute

36. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

37. New Ways of Thinking:
Economic Patterns
Capitalism vs. Socialism

38. Capitalism
• Economic system in which the means of
production are privately owned and operated
for a private profit
• Free-market economy: decisions regarding
supply, demand, price, distribution, and
investments are made by private actors
• Profit goes to owners who invest in the
business
• Wages are paid to workers employed by
companies and businesses

39. Stereotypeof theFactory Owner

40. The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists
 People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals
 Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few
 Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]

41. Karl Marx: Communism
• Wrote: The Communist Manifesto, 1848
• A response to the injustices of capitalism; argued
that capitalism would produce internal tensions
which would lead to its destruction
• Communism = a political philosophy that aims for a
classless and stateless society structured upon
common ownership of the means of production
and an end to private property
“Class struggle between employers and employees is
inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its emphasis
on greediness and selfishness, the new society
ruled by the proletariat (working class) will ensure
social, economic, and political equality for
everyone.”

42. Capitalism vs. Communism
• Capitalism:
– an economic and social system in which
capital
is privately owned
– labor, goods and capital are traded in
markets; and
– profits distributed to owners or invested
in technologies and industries.
• Communism:
– a social structure in which classes are
abolished
– property is commonly controlled
– A dictatorship of the workers
• Capitalism “Re-Definitions”
• Communism “Re-
Definitions”

43. How did industrialization change the
way of life?
Changes brought by
industrialization
Cities
Living Conditions Working Conditions
Class Tensions
Factories
Size ↑
No safety
codes
Sickness
Long hours,
Little pay
Dangerous
conditions
Large gaps
between the
rich and the poor
The rise of the
middle class

44. Positive Effects
• Increased world productivity
• Growth of railroads (faster and more
efficient transportation of goods and
people)
• New entrepreneurs emerged (more
money = more technology/inventions)
• New inventions improved quality of life
for many
• Labor eventually organized (unions) to
improve working conditions
• Laws were enacted to enforce health and
safety codes in cities and factories
• New opportunities for women
• Rise of the middle class – size, power, and
wealth expanded
• Social structure becomes more flexible

45. Negative Effects: Factory Life
• Child labor used in factories &
mines
• Miserable (dirty, cramped) and
dangerous (fingers, limbs, & lives
lost) working conditions
• Monotonous work with heavy,
noisy, repetitive machinery
• Long working hours – six days a
week, with little pay
• Rigid schedules ruled each day
• Gas, candle & oil lamps created
soot and smoke in factories
• Diseases such as pneumonia &
tuberculosis spread through
factories

46. Negative Effects: Labor Practices & Housing
Issues
• Labor unrest leads to
demonstrations (sometimes
violent)
• Strikes take place
• Women were paid less than men
(were actually preferred)
• Indentured workers
• Employers had a more
impersonal relationship with
employees
• Tenement housing was poorly
constructed, crowded, and cold
• Human and industrial waste
contaminated water supplies –
typhoid and cholera spread

47. Negative Effects: Worldwide
• Air pollution increased over
cities and industrial areas
• Technological changes
eroded the balance of power
in Europe
• Contributed to the growth of
imperialism and communism
(Marx’s & Engels’ theories)
• Produced weaponry that
gave Western nations a
military advantage over
developing nations

48. Not Necessarily Good or Bad
• The location of work places changed as more
goods were produced away from the home
environment (towns/factories)
• Educational systems emphasized more
science, technology, and business
• A global economy began to emerge (trade)

49. How did Industrialization lead to
Immigration?
• Workers from all over
the world, but mostly
Ireland, China, and
Japan came to
America looking for
work/opportunity.
• America became a mix
of many cultures.

50. How did Industrialization lead to
Consumerism (Shopping)?
• Machines make things
faster and cheaper.
• Steamboats, trains, and
canals mean they are
moved faster and cheaper.
• People can now buy more.