industrialization

1. Unit 3INDUSTRIALIZATION

2. BEGINNINGS OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Section 1

3. Beginnings of Industrialization
• Industrial Revolution transformed how people
worked
• Machines replaced animal and human power to
produce goods
• Began in England and spread to the rest of Europe
and the United States by the middle of the 1800’s
I. Early 1700’s farmers in England improved
farming methods to grow larger amounts of crops
✓ Farmers began to rotate crops to keep the soil
productive
✓ Livestock breeders improved their methods of breeding
animals and their weight increased
✓ More food led to better living conditions
✓ Caused population of England to grow rapidly
II. Large landowners forced smaller landowners off
of their land and many moved to the cities across
England
✓ Many who moved to cities became factory workers
✓ Increased population in cities increased demand for
food and manufactured goods

4. Beginnings of Industrialization
Why the Industrial Revolution began in England
I. Extensive natural resources
• Coal
• Iron ore
• Rivers for transporting goods
II. Expanding economy
• Developed banking system made it easy to borrow money
to improve industry
III. Over seas colonies and trading partners supported
by the most powerful navy in the world
IV. Parliament passed laws to encourage and protect
businesses
V. Had all of the factors of production (land, labor,
capital or wealth)

5. Beginnings of Industrialization
• Inventions helped fuel industrial expansion
• Textile (cloth) industry was the first to be
transformed
• Inventions increased the work that could be
done in one day
• 1733 flying shuttle developed that made weaving
cloth easier
• 1764 Spinning wheel developed that increased
production
• 1769 Arkwright water frame developed that used
water power to drive these two machines
• Textile manufacturers began to house all parts
of production in factories built near rivers and
streams
• Cotton for textile mills came from the
American south
• 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to speed
up production of separating cotton fiber from
seeds

6. Beginnings of Industrialization
• Steam power was developed by James
Watt as a source of power to run
factories
• Steam power was also used propel boats
• 1807 American inventor Robert Fulton’s
steamboat Claremont makes its first
successful voyage
• Faster water transportation cut the cost of
transporting raw materials and finished
goods
• Early 1800’s Robert McAdam improves
the way roads are built
• Private investors build roads and charge
fees to people using them

7. Beginnings of Industrialization
• 1804 first steam powered rail engine
• 1821 first rail line built in England
• By middle of 1830’s railroads connected many parts
of England
• Locomotive had four major effects
1) Gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport goods
2) Created thousands of new jobs
3) Boosted agriculture and fishing industries, it made it
easier to transport these products to markets
4) Encouraged people to take distant city jobs

8. INDUSTRIALIZATION
Section2

9. Industrialization
• Industrialization led to an increased standard of
living, people had better clothes, better food and
earned higher wages in factories than on farms.
• Change to machine production caused human
suffering when it first began
• Rapid industrialization caused unhealthy living
conditions, child labor abuse and led to class tension
• After 1800 balance of population in Europe was
moving to cities (urbanization)
• 1800-1850 the number of cities with more than 100,000
people went from 22 to 47
• Most urban areas doubled in size

10. Industrialization
• Factories and cities developed near
coal and water resources
• Poor sanitation, no building codes, lack of
education, police and fire protection were
major problems in cities
• Streets were unpaved and trash and animal
waste piled up
• Workers lived in dark, dirty houses
• Sickness was widespread
• Cities had no plans to deal with rapid
growth
• The wealthy merchants and middle
class moved out of the cities to the
suburbs

11. Industrialization
• To increase production and profit
factory owners kept machines running
as many hours as possible
• Average worker worked 16 hours per
day, 6 days a week
• Work remained the same week after week
• Factories were not well lit or clean and
there was a high rate of accidents
• There were no government programs to
help people injured on the job
• Women and children were the cheapest to
employ and had some of the worst
working conditions

12. Industrialization
• Growing middle class
• Industrial Revolution created
enormous wealth and led to the
development of a middle class
• Middle class was made up of skilled
workers, professionals, business
people
• Factory owners, shippers, and
merchants were part of a growing
middle class
• Middle class enjoyed a comfortable
standard of living
• Took political power from wealthy
landowners and aristocrats
• Wealthy looked down on by these
groups, “business” was seen as vulgar

13. Industrialization
The Working class
• Laborers, factory workers saw little
improvement in their standard of
living and working conditions
• Many saw their jobs disappear as
machines took over for them
• One group that resisted
mechanization was the Luddites
• These groups destroyed factory
machines and organized worker riots
because of poor living and working
conditions

14. Industrialization
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
A. Created jobs for workers
• Demand for engineers and managers increased
B. Created wealth for the nation
• Created tax revenue that allowed cities and countries to improve
urban areas
C. Allowed for technological progress and invention
D. Raised the standard of living, provided hope for
improvement in peoples lives
• Better food
• Better educational opportunities
• Created cheaper mass produced goods
E. Laborers eventually won better wages and working
conditions after they formed labor unions