Psychoanalysis

SYED MD. SAJJAD KABIRSYED MD. SAJJAD KABIR UNIVERSITY OF CHITTAGONGUNIVERSITY OF CHITTAGONG
PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
Approach to PersonalityApproach to Personality

Psychoanalysis ApproachPsychoanalysis Approach
to Personalityto Personality
Bangladesher Samajtattwa (Sociology of Bangladesh). Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100;

f Bangladesh). Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100; smskabir218@gmail.comf Bangladesh). Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100; smskabir218@gmail.com
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) developed a collection of theories which have formed theSigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) developed a collection of theories which have formed the
basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology.basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology.
 Our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected byOur behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by
unconscious motives.unconscious motives.
 Our behavior and feelings as adults (including psychologicalOur behavior and feelings as adults (including psychological
problems) are rooted in our childhood experiences.problems) are rooted in our childhood experiences.
 All behavior has a cause (usually unconscious), even slipsAll behavior has a cause (usually unconscious), even slips
of the tongue. All behavior is determined.of the tongue. All behavior is determined.
 Personality is made up of three parts (i.e. tripartite): thePersonality is made up of three parts (i.e. tripartite): the
id, ego and super-ego.id, ego and super-ego.
3

 Behavior is motivated by two instinctual drives: Eros (the sexBehavior is motivated by two instinctual drives: Eros (the sex
drive & life instinct) and Thanatos (the aggressive drive &drive & life instinct) and Thanatos (the aggressive drive &
death instinct). Both these drives come from the “id”.death instinct). Both these drives come from the “id”.
 Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are inParts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are in
constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (theconstant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the
ego). This conflict creates anxiety, which could be dealt withego). This conflict creates anxiety, which could be dealt with
by the ego’s use of defense mechanisms.by the ego’s use of defense mechanisms.
 Personality is shaped as the drives are modified by differentPersonality is shaped as the drives are modified by different
conflicts at different times in childhood (during psychosexualconflicts at different times in childhood (during psychosexual
development).development).
4

Sigmund Freud believed that behavior and personalitySigmund Freud believed that behavior and personality
derives from the constant and unique interaction ofderives from the constant and unique interaction of
conflicting psychological forces that operate at threeconflicting psychological forces that operate at three
different levels of awareness-different levels of awareness-
• Conscious mind includes everythingConscious mind includes everything
that we are aware of.that we are aware of.
• Unconscious mind is a reservoir ofUnconscious mind is a reservoir of
feelings, thoughts, urges, andfeelings, thoughts, urges, and
memories that outside of our consciousmemories that outside of our conscious
awareness.awareness.
• Preconscious mind represents ordinaryPreconscious mind represents ordinary
memory. We can retrieve it and pull itmemory. We can retrieve it and pull it
into consciousness when needed.into consciousness when needed.
5

SEA LEVEL
BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
VALUES – STANDARDS –VALUES – STANDARDS –
JUDGMENTSJUDGMENTS
ATTITUDEATTITUDE
MOTIVES – ETHICS - BELIEFSMOTIVES – ETHICS - BELIEFS
KNOWN TO OTHERSKNOWN TO OTHERS
UNKNOWN TO OTHERS
The top of the iceberg that you canThe top of the iceberg that you can
see above the water represents thesee above the water represents the
conscious mind.conscious mind.
The part of the iceberg that isThe part of the iceberg that is
submerged below the water but is stillsubmerged below the water but is still
visible is the preconscious.visible is the preconscious.
The bulk of the iceberg lies unseenThe bulk of the iceberg lies unseen
beneath the waterline and representsbeneath the waterline and represents
the unconscious.the unconscious.
Each person also possesses a certainEach person also possesses a certain
amount of psychological energy thatamount of psychological energy that
forms the three basic structures offorms the three basic structures of
personality: the id, the ego, and thepersonality: the id, the ego, and the
superego. These three structuressuperego. These three structures
have different roles and operate athave different roles and operate at
different levels of the mind.different levels of the mind.
Dynamics of PersonalityDynamics of Personality
6

Structure of PersonalityStructure of Personality
ID, EGO, and SUPEREGOID, EGO, and SUPEREGO
The id (or it)The id (or it)
 The only component of personality that is present from birth.The only component of personality that is present from birth.
 It consists of all the inherited (i.e. biological) components of personality,It consists of all the inherited (i.e. biological) components of personality,
including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), andincluding the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and
aggressive (death) instinct - Thanatos.aggressive (death) instinct - Thanatos.
 It is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediateIt is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate
gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are notgratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not
satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety or tension.satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety or tension.
 The id engages in primary process thinking, which is primitive, illogical,The id engages in primary process thinking, which is primitive, illogical,
irrational, and fantasy oriented.irrational, and fantasy oriented.
7

The Ego (or I)The Ego (or I)
 The ego is the component of personality that isThe ego is the component of personality that is
responsible for dealing with reality.responsible for dealing with reality.
 According to Freud, the ego develops from the id andAccording to Freud, the ego develops from the id and
ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed inensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in
a manner acceptable in the real world.a manner acceptable in the real world.
 The ego functions in both the conscious, preconscious,The ego functions in both the conscious, preconscious,
and unconscious mind.and unconscious mind.
 It engages in secondary process thinking, which isIt engages in secondary process thinking, which is
rational, realistic, and orientated towards problemrational, realistic, and orientated towards problem
solving.solving. 8

The Superego (or above I)The Superego (or above I)
 It is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalizedIt is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized
moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents andmoral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and
society - our sense of right and wrong.society - our sense of right and wrong.
 According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around ageAccording to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age
five.five.
There are two parts of the superego -There are two parts of the superego -
 The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors.The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors.
These behaviors include those which are approved of by parental andThese behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and
other authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings ofother authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of
pride, value and accomplishment.pride, value and accomplishment.
 The conscience includes information about things that are viewed asThe conscience includes information about things that are viewed as
bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden andbad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and
lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt andlead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and
remorse.remorse.
9

Developing Personality/ Stages of Personality
Oral Stage/ DependencyOral Stage/ Dependency
Age RangeAge Range: Birth to about 15 months: Birth to about 15 months
Erogenous ZoneErogenous Zone: Mouth: Mouth

During the oral stage, the infant's primary source ofDuring the oral stage, the infant's primary source of
interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rootinginteraction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting
and sucking reflex is especially important. Becauseand sucking reflex is especially important. Because
the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakersthe infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers
(who are responsible for feeding the child), the(who are responsible for feeding the child), the
infant also develops a sense of trust and comfortinfant also develops a sense of trust and comfort
through this oral stimulation.through this oral stimulation.
Oral stage drivesOral stage drives: Only the id is present at this: Only the id is present at this
stagestage
Freud’s theory of psychosexual development is dividedFreud’s theory of psychosexual development is divided
into five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.into five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
10

Anal Stage/ Potty TrainingAnal Stage/ Potty Training
Age RangeAge Range: 15 months to about 3 years: 15 months to about 3 years
Erogenous ZoneErogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control: Bowel and Bladder Control

The major conflict at this stage is toilet training -The major conflict at this stage is toilet training -
the child has to learn to control his or her bodilythe child has to learn to control his or her bodily
needs. Developing this control leads to a sense ofneeds. Developing this control leads to a sense of
accomplishment and independence. Freud believed thataccomplishment and independence. Freud believed that
positive experiences during this stage served as thepositive experiences during this stage served as the
basis for people to become competent, productive andbasis for people to become competent, productive and
creative adults.creative adults.
Anal stage drivesAnal stage drives: Random elimination (as demanded: Random elimination (as demanded
by the id) incurs parental displeasure, yet withholdingby the id) incurs parental displeasure, yet withholding
elimination (as requested by the parents) is denyingelimination (as requested by the parents) is denying
the demands of the id. The resolution of this conflictthe demands of the id. The resolution of this conflict
requires the development of the ego.requires the development of the ego.
11

Age RangeAge Range: 3 to about 5 Years: 3 to about 5 Years
Erogenous ZoneErogenous Zone: Genitals: Genitals
During the phallic stage, the primary focus of theDuring the phallic stage, the primary focus of the
libido is on the genitals. At this age, children beginlibido is on the genitals. At this age, children begin
to discover the differences between males andto discover the differences between males and
females.females.
Phallic stage drivesPhallic stage drives: Freud implies that the major: Freud implies that the major
conflict faced during this stage is theconflict faced during this stage is the
Oedipal/Electra conflict. Resolution of this conflictOedipal/Electra conflict. Resolution of this conflict
should result in the attachment to the parents,should result in the attachment to the parents,
most notably the same sex parent and themost notably the same sex parent and the
development of a superego.development of a superego.
Result of phallic stage disturbanceResult of phallic stage disturbance: According to: According to
Freud, the conflicts may result in homosexuality,Freud, the conflicts may result in homosexuality,
authority problems, and rejection of appropriateauthority problems, and rejection of appropriate
Phallic Stage/ Oedipus or Electra ComplexesPhallic Stage/ Oedipus or Electra Complexes
12

Age RangeAge Range: About 5 years to Puberty: About 5 years to Puberty
Erogenous ZoneErogenous Zone: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive
The stage begins around the time that childrenThe stage begins around the time that children
enter into school and become more concerned withenter into school and become more concerned with
peer relationships, hobbies and other interests.peer relationships, hobbies and other interests.
During this stage children interact and play mostlyDuring this stage children interact and play mostly
with same sex peers.with same sex peers. This stage is important in theThis stage is important in the
development of social and communication skills anddevelopment of social and communication skills and
self-confidence.self-confidence.
Latency stage drivesLatency stage drives: The development of the ego: The development of the ego
and superego contribute to this period of calm. Theand superego contribute to this period of calm. The
drives that have been responsible for gratificationdrives that have been responsible for gratification
in the previous stages appear relatively inactive.in the previous stages appear relatively inactive.
Result of latency stage disturbanceResult of latency stage disturbance: Freud suggests: Freud suggests
that these repressed drives may be redirected intothat these repressed drives may be redirected into
Latency Stage/ Repression Sexual DrivesLatency Stage/ Repression Sexual Drives
13

Age RangeAge Range: Puberty to Death: Puberty to Death
Erogenous ZoneErogenous Zone: Maturing Sexual Interests: Maturing Sexual Interests
During the final stage the individual develops aDuring the final stage the individual develops a
strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. If thestrong sexual interest in the opposite sex. If the
other stages have been completed successfully, theother stages have been completed successfully, the
individual should now be well-balanced, warm andindividual should now be well-balanced, warm and
caring. The goal of this stage is to establish acaring. The goal of this stage is to establish a
balance between the various life areas.balance between the various life areas.

Genital stage drivesGenital stage drives: Drive energy is focused on the: Drive energy is focused on the
genitals once more, but this time with an adultgenitals once more, but this time with an adult
expression of sexuality.expression of sexuality.

Result of genital stage disturbanceResult of genital stage disturbance: Individual: Individual
cannot reach maturity, cannot shift the focus fromcannot reach maturity, cannot shift the focus from
their own body, their own parents and theirtheir own body, their own parents and their
immediate needs to larger responsibilities involvingimmediate needs to larger responsibilities involving
Genital Stage/ Sexual InterestGenital Stage/ Sexual Interest
14

 In order to deal with conflict and problemsIn order to deal with conflict and problems
in life, Freud stated that the ego employs ain life, Freud stated that the ego employs a
range of defense mechanisms.range of defense mechanisms.
 Defense mechanisms operate at anDefense mechanisms operate at an
unconscious level and help ward offunconscious level and help ward off
unpleasant feelings (i.e. anxiety) or makeunpleasant feelings (i.e. anxiety) or make
good things feel better for the individual.good things feel better for the individual.
All Defense Mechanisms share two common properties -All Defense Mechanisms share two common properties -
 They often appear unconsciously.They often appear unconsciously.
 They tend to distort, transform, orThey tend to distort, transform, or
otherwise falsify reality.otherwise falsify reality.
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
15

Freud identified three different types of anxiety-Freud identified three different types of anxiety-
Reality AnxietyReality Anxiety: based on fears of real and: based on fears of real and
possible events, such as being bitten by a dog orpossible events, such as being bitten by a dog or
falling from a ladder. The most common way offalling from a ladder. The most common way of
reducing tension is taking oneself away from thereducing tension is taking oneself away from the
situation, running away from the dog or simplysituation, running away from the dog or simply
refusing to go up the ladder.refusing to go up the ladder.
Neurotic AnxietyNeurotic Anxiety: comes from an unconscious fear: comes from an unconscious fear
that the basic impulses of the ID (the primitivethat the basic impulses of the ID (the primitive
part of our personality) will take control of thepart of our personality) will take control of the
person, leading to eventual punishment.person, leading to eventual punishment.
Moral AnxietyMoral Anxiety: comes from the Superego in the: comes from the Superego in the
form of a fear of violating values and moralform of a fear of violating values and moral
codes, and appears as feelings of guilt or shame.codes, and appears as feelings of guilt or shame.
Anxiety and TensionAnxiety and Tension
16

In 1936, Anna Freud enumerated the ten defense mechanisms
that appear in the works of Sigmund Freud –
Both Anna Freud and her father Sigmund studied
defense mechanisms but Anna spent more of her time
and research on five main mechanisms- repression,
regression, projection, reaction formation, and
sublimation.
All defense mechanisms are responses to anxiety and
how the consciousness and unconscious handle the
stress of a social situation.
1. Denial1. Denial
2. Displacement2. Displacement
3. Intellectualization3. Intellectualization
4. Projection4. Projection
5. Rationalization5. Rationalization
6. Reaction Formation6. Reaction Formation
7. Regression7. Regression
8. Repression8. Repression
9. Sublimation9. Sublimation
10. Suppression10. Suppression
17

DefenseDefense DescriptionDescription ExampleExample
DenialDenial arguing against anarguing against an
anxiety provokinganxiety provoking
stimuli by stating itstimuli by stating it
doesn't existdoesn't exist
denying that your physician'sdenying that your physician's
diagnosis of cancer is correctdiagnosis of cancer is correct
and seeking a second opinionand seeking a second opinion
DisplacementDisplacement taking out impulses on ataking out impulses on a
less threatening targetless threatening target
slamming a door instead ofslamming a door instead of
hitting as person, yelling athitting as person, yelling at
your spouse after an argumentyour spouse after an argument
with your bosswith your boss
IntellectualizationIntellectualization avoiding unacceptableavoiding unacceptable
emotions by focusing onemotions by focusing on
the intellectual aspectsthe intellectual aspects
focusing on the details of afocusing on the details of a
funeral as opposed to thefuneral as opposed to the
sadness and griefsadness and grief
ProjectionProjection placing unacceptableplacing unacceptable
impulses in yourselfimpulses in yourself
onto someone elseonto someone else
when losing an argument, youwhen losing an argument, you
state "You're just Stupid“;state "You're just Stupid“;
homophobiahomophobia
RationalizationRationalization supplying a logical orsupplying a logical or
rational reason asrational reason as
opposed to the realopposed to the real
reasonreason
stating that you were firedstating that you were fired
because you didn't kiss up thebecause you didn't kiss up the
boss, when the real reason wasboss, when the real reason was
your poor performanceyour poor performanceBangladesher Samajtattwa (Sociology of Bangladesh). Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100;18

DefenseDefense DescriptionDescription ExampleExample
ReactionReaction
FormationFormation
taking the oppositetaking the opposite
belief because the truebelief because the true
belief causes anxietybelief causes anxiety
having a bias against a particularhaving a bias against a particular
race or culture and then embracingrace or culture and then embracing
that race or culture to the extremethat race or culture to the extreme
RegressionRegression returning to a previousreturning to a previous
stage of developmentstage of development
sitting in a corner and crying aftersitting in a corner and crying after
hearing bad news; throwing ahearing bad news; throwing a
temper tantrum when you don't gettemper tantrum when you don't get
your wayyour way
RepressionRepression pulling into thepulling into the
unconsciousunconscious
forgetting sexual abuse from yourforgetting sexual abuse from your
childhood due to the trauma andchildhood due to the trauma and
anxietyanxiety
SublimationSublimation acting out unacceptableacting out unacceptable
impulses in a sociallyimpulses in a socially
acceptable wayacceptable way
sublimating your aggressive impulsessublimating your aggressive impulses
toward a career as a boxer;toward a career as a boxer;
becoming a surgeon because of yourbecoming a surgeon because of your
desire to cut; lifting weights todesire to cut; lifting weights to
release 'pent up' energyrelease 'pent up' energy
SuppressionSuppression pushing into thepushing into the
unconsciousunconscious
trying to forget something thattrying to forget something that
causes you anxietycauses you anxiety
Bangladesher Samajtattwa (Sociology of Bangladesh). Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100;19

The psychiatrist George Eman Vaillant introduced a four-The psychiatrist George Eman Vaillant introduced a four-
level classification of defense mechanisms-level classification of defense mechanisms-
Level ILevel I - pathological defenses (psychotic denial,- pathological defenses (psychotic denial,
delusional projection).delusional projection).
Level IILevel II - immature defenses (fantasy,- immature defenses (fantasy,
projection, passive aggression, acting out).projection, passive aggression, acting out).
Level IIILevel III - neurotic defenses (intellectualization,- neurotic defenses (intellectualization,
reaction formation, dissociation, displacement,reaction formation, dissociation, displacement,
repression).repression).
Level IVLevel IV - mature defenses (humor, sublimation,- mature defenses (humor, sublimation,
suppression, altruism, anticipation).suppression, altruism, anticipation).
20

1. Unconscious IncompetenceIncompetence
2.2. Conscience IncompetenceConscience Incompetence
3.3. Conscience CompetenceConscience Competence
4.4. Unconscious CompetenceUnconscious Competence
BEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
The New YOU!The New YOU!The New YOU!The New YOU!
Steps Toward ChangingSteps Toward Changing
BehaviorBehavior

The Choice is YOURSThe Choice is YOURS
WITH A POSITIVE ATTITUDEWITH A POSITIVE ATTITUDE
YOU CAN NEVER HAVEYOU CAN NEVER HAVE
A BAD DAYA BAD DAY

ChooseChoose POSIPOSI++IVEIVE LivingLiving

f Bangladesh). Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100; smskabir218@gmail.comf Bangladesh). Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100; smskabir218@gmail.com Friday, February 2, 2018Friday, February 2, 2018
QuestionsQuestions
AnswersAnswers

Bangladesher Samajtattwa (Sociology of Bangladesh). Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100;

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